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Hawkei

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Hawkei
A Hawkei protected mobility vehicle on display at the 2014 MSPO
A Hawkei protected mobility vehicle on display at the 2014 International Defence Industry Exhibition
TypeMultirole armoured car / military light utility vehicle
Place of originAustralia
Production history
DesignerThales Australia
Boeing Australia
Plasan
Designed2010
ManufacturerThales Australia
Produced2016—present
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications
Mass7,000 kg (15,432 lb) (kerb),
10,000 kg (22,046 lb) (GVM)
Length5,780mm
Width2,396mm
Height2,300mm
Crew4-6
ArmorGreater than STANAG 4569 (Level 1). Additional applique armour provided by Plasan composite and V-shaped monocoque hull
Main
armament
Manned weapon mount up to 12.7mm HMG or 40mm AGL
or remote weapon system up to 12.7mm HMG or 40mm AGL or ATGM[1]
EngineSteyr M16 six-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine.
200 kW (268 hp) @ 4,000rpm
610 N⋅m (450 lb⋅ft) @ 2,000rpm
TransmissionZF 8-speed automatic
SuspensionAxleTech 3000, fully independent suspension, coil and double wishbone
Fuel capacity200 L (53 U.S. gal)
Operational
range
600 km (373 mi)
Maximum speed 130km/h (81 mph)
Steering
system
Power-assisted

The Hawkei is an Australian light four-wheel-drive protected mobility vehicle. Originally designed in 2010 to meet an Australian Defence Force (ADF) requirement for a light armoured patrol vehicle to replace some of its Land Rover Perentie variants. The Hawkei is a highly mobile, highly protected, 7-tonne vehicle, with inbuilt systems to allow it to be used as a fighting platform.[2] It has been developed with Vehicle Electronic Architecture to be mission system ready.[3]

It is intended to undertake a range of mission profiles, including troop movement, command and control, electronic warfare, liaison, surveillance and reconnaissance.[4] Prime contractors include: Thales Australia, Boeing Australia, Plasan (Israel) and PAC Group. In October 2015, the Australian Government announced the purchase of 1,100 Hawkei vehicles from Thales Australia.[5]

History

[edit]

As part of a wider project to replace the ADF's fleet of operational support vehicles, Project Land 121 Phase 4 – Protected Mobility Vehicle (Light) or PMV-L, is a requirement for up to 1,300 specialised light armoured vehicles to replace some of the in-service Land Rovers. Key criteria for the project included: off-road mobility, integrated vehicle electronic architecture, substantial payloads, high levels of protection against land mines, improvised explosive devices and ballistic weapons, while being light enough to be airlifted by military helicopters. The three options considered as part of the project were:

  • Option 1, Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) Program - align the PMV-L requirement to the United States JLTV program to replace its fleet of High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle or 'Humvee' (awarded 25 August 2015 to Oshkosh offering L-ATV);[6]
  • Option 2, Manufactured and Supported in Australia (MSA); and
  • Option 3, Market available – pursuit of this option is subject to Australian Government decisions on Options 1 and 2.[7]

Competitors for the MSA option included the combat-proven MOWAG Eagle IV from General Dynamics Land Systems; the British military then selected Ocelot from Force Protection; and the Hawkei offering from Thales Australia. The JLTV option included entries from BAE Systems/Navistar,[8] AM General/General Dynamics[9] and Lockheed Martin.[10]

In December 2011 the Department of Defence (DoD) announced Hawkei as the preferred vehicle for further development and testing under the MSA option.[3]

In October 2015, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull and Minister for Defence Marise Payne announced the purchase of 1,100 Hawkei vehicles and trailers at a cost of $1.3 billion with the Hawkei to be manufactured at Thales's facility in Bendigo.[11][12] The purchase includes 1058 trailers designed by Schutt Industries and manufactured by Thales at their facility in Eagle Farm.[13][14] Two variants of the Hawkei will be purchased: a 4-door variant and a 2-door utility variant.[15][16] The 4-door variant will be able to be configured using a mission-kit for three roles: Command, Liaison and Reconnaissance.[15][17] 635 4-door variants and 465 2-door variants will be purchased.[18][13]

In September 2018, the Australian National Audit Office released a report which criticised aspects of the Hawkei project.[19] The report judged that Australia should have remained in the JLTV program to provide competition for the Hawkei procurement and that the Department of Defence had not kept ministers fully informed about the Hawkei program. This included not providing ministers with a study which found that there were few benefits from building the vehicles in Australia. The ANAO was unable to publish some elements of the audit after Attorney General Christian Porter ruled that publishing it would compromise national security. Thales had taken legal action earlier in the year seeking to have material removed from the report.[20] Some of the suppressed elements of the report were released in 2021 following a freedom of information request, and included material stating that the Department of Defence had been unable to demonstrate that the Hawkei represented value for money compared to the JLTV.[21]

In December 2018, the Hawkei faced reliability issues following a demonstration test conducted on 19 November 2018, delaying full-rate production.[22]

In September 2020, Defence Minister Linda Reynolds and Defence Industry Minister Melissa Price announced that the Hawkei would enter full-rate production at Thales's facility in Bendigo at approximately 50 vehicles per month.[23]

In November 2020, the DoD temporarily suspended the use of the Hawkei fleet until an issue with the anti-lock braking system (ABS) was found.[24][25] In July 2021, Defence Minister Peter Dutton and Defence Industry Minister Melissa Price announced that Thales had developed a fix for the braking issue.[26][24]

In March 2022, the production of the 1,000th Hawkei was completed by Thales.[27]

In November 2022, Thales advised the DoD that it had identified a new issue with the Hawkei's brakes.[24] As a result the DoD banned the Hawkei from use on civilian roads and imposed a 40 km/h (25 mph) maximum speed limit on their use.[28] Thales developed an interim solution with the ABS modulator on every Hawkei changed every ten months on a sample fleet of 125 vehicles.[29] In July 2024, Defence Industry Minister Pat Conroy and Brigadier John-Paul Ouvrier announced that Thales had resolved the Hawkei's ABS issues and that there would be a remediation program to install the fixes.[30][31]

Variants

[edit]

All variants use the same four wheeled platform.

4 door

[edit]

Dual cab with a crew of four to six, weapons system options including up to 12.7mm guns or 40 mm grenade systems in various mounts with a remote operated option.[32][33]

The 4-doors variants include the following sub variants:[34]

  • Liaison: vehicle with general communication equipment, up to 4 personnel
  • Command: vehicle with additional integrated electronic command, control and communication systems, up to 4 personnel
  • Reconnaissance: vehicle equipped for light infantry, reconnaissance and Air Force security missions, up to 4 personnel.

2 door

[edit]
A Hawkei utility variant in 2016

Single-extended cab with a flat-bed cargo area measuring; L: 2,000 mm (79 in) x W: 2,400 mm (94 in). The vehicle has a crew of 2–3 and has a kerb weight of 6,800 kg (14,991 lb) with a rated cargo load of 3,000 kg (6,614 lb). The load bed is designed to accommodate four 1000mm × 1200mm (40" x 48") NATO standard military pallets or a single tricon (one-third ISO 20 ft) container.[32][35]

Proposed variants

[edit]

Border Protection

[edit]

Dual cab with a crew of four to six, various equipment options including force protection radar, surveillance and communications systems.[36]

Special Operations Vehicle

[edit]

Dual cab manned by a crew of four to six with up to three weapon systems:[37][38]

  • Front co-driver swing mount;
  • Roof mounted manual gunring or remote weapon station; and/or
  • Rear-facing swing mount.

Options included full doors, half doors, windscreen and scalable racking system for payload.[37]

Etymology

[edit]

The Hawkei is named after Acanthophis hawkei,[39] a species of death adder. In turn, the snake is named after former Prime Minister of Australia Bob Hawke.[40]

Operators

[edit]

Potential operators

[edit]
 Canada
The Canadian Army is looking for a successor of the Mercedes G-Wagon and Chevrolet Silverado under the Light Utility Vehicle (LUV) project.
The project has a budget of $250 to 499 million Canadian dollars, it is expected to be implemented in 2027 or 2028, and the delivery to start in 2028 or 2029, until 2031 or 2032.[42]
Several vehicles are being considered.
  • Roshel probably with the Senator which is already being manufactured in Canada, and being supplied by Canada to Ukraine.[43]
  • Thales Hawkei which was observed ongoing testing in Canada in April 2020.[44]
 Japan
On August 5, 2022, it was reported in Japan that Mitsubishi Heavy Industries may manufacture the Hawkei under licence from Thales in case the contract is awarded to them for the JGSDF.[45] It's marketed to replace the Komatsu LAV.[46] The Hawkei and the Mowag Eagle V were ordered in limited quantity for trials in 2023, and were observed on public roads in Japan.[47]
 United Kingdom
Thales UK is offering the Bushmaster and the Hawkei for the Land Mobility Programme.[48]
The Hawkei would be part of the Light Protected Mobility category, whose role would consist of command and liaison, command and control, patrol tasks, ISTAR, GBAD, CBRN, tactical support and utility.[49][50] This category will replace the Stormer HVM, FV430 Bulldog, Iveco LMV (Panther) and the Foxhound.

Failed bids

[edit]
 France and  Belgium
THE VBAE programme (Véhicule Blindé d’Aide à Engagement) is a future light armoured vehicle in collaboration between France and Belgium.[51] For the French Army, it will replace the VBL.
The Thales Hawkei was one of the competitors.[52]
In December 2023 OCCAR signed a cooperation agreement with Arquus, Nexter (KNDS France) and John Cockerill to pre-design a contender for the VBAE programme.[53] In July 2024, the development was approved and therefore, unless major changes, the Scarabee will become the VBAE.[54]
 Poland
The Thales Hawkei was one of the four finalists of the Pegaz Programme. This programme was initially planned in two phases. The first phase intended to equip the special operations forces and the military police with 4×4 to participate in missions such as patrol, intervention, counter-terrorism and reconnaissance scenarios.[55] In the longer run, the winner of the competition was intended to become the new multi-purpose 4×4 of the Polish Army.
The pre-selected vehicles were the Fortress Mk2 (French), Thales Hawkei (Australia), Patriot II (Polish / Czech) and Tur V.
In 2021, the programme was cancelled.[56] This programme could have resulted in an initial purchase of 50 vehicles, and as many as 700 over the long term.[57]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Hawkei's Genesis: Protection, Mobility and Performance". Thales Group. 14 March 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  2. ^ "Hawkei - Next Generation Protected Mobility Vehicle" (PDF). Thales Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  3. ^ a b "Thales Hawkei Receives Contract for Further Development". Deagel.com. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  4. ^ "Hawkei - Next Generation Protected Mobility Vehicle". Thales Group. 8 May 2023.
  5. ^ Tufrey, LS Jayson (22 October 2015). "Our vehicle of the future" (PDF). Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper (1362 ed.). Canberra, Australia: Department of Defence. pp. 2–3. ISSN 0729-5685. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017.
  6. ^ "Oshkosh Beats Lockheed, AM General For Historic JLTV Win". Breaking Defense. 26 August 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  7. ^ "Defence Materiel Organisation– Defence Capability Plan (Public Version Aug 2011)". Department of Defence. August 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  8. ^ "BAE Systems – Navistar Defense – ArvinMeritor Team Delivers Australian Joint Light Tactical Vehicle Prototypes". BAE Systems/Navistar Press Release. Business Wire. 21 June 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2012. BAE Systems, through its U.S. Combat Systems business, along with partners Navistar Defense and ArvinMeritor, delivered three right-hand-drive, operation-configured Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) prototypes in a ceremony today in West Point, Mississippi. Each of these prototypes will be sent to Australia for durability testing that mutually supports both U.S. and Australian interests.
  9. ^ "GTV Delivers Right-Hand Operation JLTV Technology Development Vehicles on Schedule". Press Release. General Tactical Vehicles. 20 July 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2012. Test and evaluation of the RHO JLTVs includes a five-month reliability and durability test and evaluation process at the Monegeetta Proving Ground in Monegeetta, Victoria, Australia. Test-site management for GTV will be performed by General Dynamics Land Systems–Australia and supported by Australian in-country suppliers.
  10. ^ "Lockheed Martin Delivers Right Hand Operation JLTV Technology Development Vehicles To U.S. Government For Testing". Press Release. Lockheed Martin. 23 June 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2012. Lockheed Martin [NYSE: LMT] today delivered two right hand operation Joint Light Tactical Vehicles (JLTV), and a companion trailer, to the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps and representatives of the Australian Army for Technology Development (TD) phase assessment and testing. The two variants included a JLTV Category B Command and Control on the Move and a Category C Utility vehicle, which is designed with a focus on payload. All vehicles feature right-hand operation, but are otherwise identical to the U.S. vehicles.
  11. ^ "Hawkei: Army to spend $1.3 billion on Australian-made replacement for ageing Land Rover fleet". ABC News. 5 October 2015.
  12. ^ "Joint media release – Army's Hawkei to be built in Australia" (Press release). Department of Defence. 5 October 2015. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  13. ^ a b Basan, MAJ Thomas (30 October 2020). "Hawkei is Coming, What can we do with it?" (PDF). The Cove. Australian Army. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  14. ^ The Auditor-General (2018). Army's Protected Mobility Vehicle - Light (PDF). Auditor-General Report No.6 2018–19. Canberra: Australian National Audit Office. p. 5. ISBN 9781760333850. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  15. ^ a b The Auditor-General 2018, p. 67.
  16. ^ The Auditor-General (2021). 2020–21 Major Projects Report (PDF). Auditor-General Report No.13 2021–22. Canberra: Australian National Audit Office. p. 199. ISBN 9781760336981. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  17. ^ The Auditor-General 2021, p. 199.
  18. ^ The Auditor-General 2021, p. 203.
  19. ^ The Auditor-General 2018.
  20. ^ Callinan, Rory (12 September 2018). "Auditor general prevented from tabling full report into $1bn Hawkei military contract". The Australian. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  21. ^ Greene, Andrew (9 January 2021). "Australian military's $1.3 billion Hawkei contract criticisms revealed after previously sealed by the Attorney-General". ABC News. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  22. ^ "SITREP | Australia's Hawkei Protected Mobility Vehicle". www.indrastra.com. ISSN 2381-3652. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  23. ^ "Hawkei ready to enter full rate production". Department of Defence Ministers (Press release). 3 September 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  24. ^ a b c The Auditor-General 2024, p. 198.
  25. ^ Worthington, Brett (4 March 2022). "Brake problems delay Defence's billion-dollar Hawkei tactical vehicle project". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  26. ^ Minister for Defence Petter Dutton; Minister for Defence Industry Melissa Price (11 July 2021). "Hawkei Vehicle Reaches Initial Operational Capability". Department of Defence Ministers (Press release). Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  27. ^ "Thales in Australia completes the 1000th Hawkei". Thales (Press release). 20 April 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  28. ^ Packham, Ben (15 November 2022). "Speed limit, road ban for Defence's $2bn 4WDs". The Australian. p. 7. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  29. ^ O'Callaghan, Tom (28 October 2023). "Army issues deadline on dodgy brakes". Bendigo Advertiser. p. 3. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  30. ^ "Updated - Press Conference, Bendigo (transcript)". Department of Defence Ministers. 16 July 2024. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  31. ^ Schubert, Shannon (16 July 2024). "Hundreds of Australian Hawkei military vehicles with braking issue now fixed and ready to rollout". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  32. ^ a b "Hawkei New Generation Protected Vehicle" (PDF). Thales. August 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  33. ^ "Command brochure". Thales Group. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013.
  34. ^ The Auditor-General 2024, p. 197.
  35. ^ "Hawkei Ute". Thales Group. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013.
  36. ^ "Hawkei Border Protection". Thales Group. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013.
  37. ^ a b "Hawkei Special Operations Vehicle". Thales Group. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013.
  38. ^ "Thales - Hawkei The next generation in protection". Michael Luzar. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016.
  39. ^ "Hawkei's genesis: protection, mobility & performance". 14 March 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
  40. ^ Wells; Wellington (1985). "A classification of the Amphibia and Reptilia of Australia" (PDF): 43. Retrieved 8 September 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  41. ^ The Auditor-General (2024). 2022–23 Major Projects Report: Department of Defence (PDF). Auditor-General Report No.14 2023–24. Canberra: Australian National Audit Office. pp. 197–198. ISBN 9781760338800. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  42. ^ Government of Canada, National Defence (30 May 2018). "Light Utility Vehicle - Defence Capabilities Blueprint". apps.forces.gc.ca. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  43. ^ Manuel, Rojoef (23 May 2024). "Roshel Taps Babcock to Support Canada's Light Utility Vehicle Replacements". The Defense Post. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  44. ^ "A cold weather test". Canadian Army Today magazine. Cremona Ink. 21 April 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  45. ^ "Japan mulls options for several armoured vehicle programmes | Shephard".
  46. ^ "JGSDF lines up next-generation wheeled armoured vehicles | Shephard".
  47. ^ "Japan to procure Hawkei, Eagle light vehicles for trials". Default. 26 June 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  48. ^ "IAV 2024: Thales UK pitches Bushmaster and Hawkei for British Army's Land Mobility Programme". Default. 29 January 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  49. ^ "IAV 2024: British Army outlines procurement plans for Land Mobility Programme". Janes.com. 29 January 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  50. ^ "UK starts to move on Land Mobility Programme | Shephard". www.shephardmedia.com. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  51. ^ "OCCAR - VBAE". www.occar.int. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  52. ^ Gain, Nathan (11 June 2018). "Le Hawkei de Thales, futur VBAE de l'Armée de Terre française ?". FOB - Forces Operations Blog (in French). Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  53. ^ "OCCAR - Launching of Pre-Design Phase of Véhicule Blindé d'Aide à l'Engagement (VBAE) Programme with Signature of VBAE contract". www.occar.int. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  54. ^ Lagneau, Laurent (15 July 2024). "Futur blindé d'aide à l'engagement : Le ministère des Armées met en avant le SCARABEE d'Arquus". Zone Militaire (in French). Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  55. ^ "EAGLE Multi-Role Vehicle Proposed for Polish Army". defence24.com (in Polish). 3 September 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  56. ^ "Pegaz Programme: A Fiasco? [COMMENTARY]". defence24.com (in Polish). 2 August 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  57. ^ "Pyne spruiks Hawkei, FFGs and defence industry in Poland". Australian Defence Magazine. 1 November 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
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