[go: up one dir, main page]
Jump to content

Google Analytics

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Google Analytics
Developer(s)Google
Initial release14 November 2005; 19 years ago (2005-11-14)
Stable release(s) [±]
Android4.12 (Build 695900444) / 12 November 2024; 14 days ago (2024-11-12)[1][2]
PlatformWeb, Android
TypeWeb analytics
Websiteanalytics.google.com

Google Analytics is a web analytics service offered by Google that tracks and reports website traffic and also mobile app traffic and events, currently as a platform inside the Google Marketing Platform brand.[3] Google launched the service in November 2005 after acquiring Urchin.[4][5]

As of 2019, Google Analytics is the most widely used web analytics service on the web.[6] Google Analytics provides an SDK that allows gathering usage data from iOS and Android apps, known as Google Analytics for Mobile Apps.[7]

Google Analytics has undergone many updates since its inception and is currently on its 4th iteration—GA4.[8] GA4 is the default Google Analytics installation and is the renamed version for the (App + Web) Property that Google released in 2019 in a Beta form. GA4 has also replaced Universal Analytics (UA). One notable feature of GA4 is a natural integration with Google's BigQuery—a feature previously only available with the enterprise GA 360. This move indicates efforts by Google to integrate GA and its free users into their wider cloud offering.[9]

As of July 1, 2023, Universal Analytics ceased collecting new data, with Google Analytics 4 succeeding it as the primary analytics platform. Google had previously announced this change in March 2022. While users had the ability to use Universal Analytics up to the July 2023 deadline, no new data has been added to UA since its sunset.[10] On July 1, 2024, all users, including GA 360, will lose access to all Universal Analytics properties.[10]

Features

[edit]

Google Analytics is used to track website activity such as session duration, pages per session and the engagement rate of individuals using the site, along with the information on the source of the traffic. It can be integrated with Google Ads,[11] with which users can create and review online campaigns by tracking landing page quality and conversions (key events). Goals might include sales, lead generation, viewing a specific page, or downloading a particular file. Google Analytics' approach is to show high-level, dashboard-type data for the casual user, and more in-depth data further into the report set. Google Analytics analysis can identify poorly performing pages with techniques such as funnel visualization, where visitors came from (referrers), how long they stayed on the website and their geographical position. It also provides more advanced features, including custom visitor segmentation.[12] Google Analytics e-commerce reporting can track sales activity and performance. The e-commerce reports show a site's transactions, revenue, and many other commerce-related metrics.[13]

On September 29, 2011, Google Analytics launched Real-Time analytics, enabling a user to have insights about visitors currently on the site.[14] A user can have 100 site profiles. Each profile generally corresponds to one website. It is limited to sites that have online traffic of fewer than 5 million page views per month (roughly 2 page-views per second) unless the site is linked to a Google Ads campaign.[15] Google Analytics includes Google Website Optimizer, re-branded as Google Analytics Content Experiments.[16][17] Google Analytics' Cohort analysis helps in understanding the behavior of component groups of users apart from your user population. It is beneficial to marketers and analysts for the successful implementation of a marketing strategy.

The latest version of Google Analytics, commonly referred as GA4, encompasses additional features focusing on predictions, customizability, and privacy. Some of these features can be listed as:

  • A new concept to allow the same property to be used both for website and mobile app,[18][19]
  • AI-powered predictive metrics supported by machine learning,[20][21]
  • A customizable, easy-to-navigate homepage,[22]
  • An Explore section to provide completely custom reports for specific business needs,[23]
  • A built-in DebugView to analyze and debug the upcoming data instantly,[24]
  • Anomaly detection,[25]
  • Improved e-commerce reports.[26]
  • Has feature to analysis user journey from behavior analysis section.

History

[edit]

Google acquired Urchin Software Corp. in April 2005.[4] Google's service was developed from Urchin on Demand. The system also brings ideas from Adaptive Path, whose product, Measure Map, was acquired and used in the redesign of Google Analytics in 2006.[27] Google continued to sell the standalone, installable Urchin WebAnalytics Software through a network of value-added resellers until discontinuation on March 28, 2012.[28][29] The Google-branded version was rolled out in November 2005 to anyone who wished to sign up. However, due to extremely high demand for the service, new sign-ups were suspended a week later. As capacity was added to the system, Google began using a lottery-type invitation-code model. Before August 2006, Google was sending out batches of invitation codes as server availability permitted; since mid-August 2006 the service has been fully available to all users – whether they use Google for advertising or not.[30]

The newer version of Google Analytics tracking code is known as the asynchronous tracking code,[31] which Google claims is more sensitive and accurate, and is able to track very short activities on the website. The previous version delayed page loading, and so, for performance reasons, it was generally placed just before the </body> body close HTML tag. The new code can be placed between the <head> ... </head> HTML head tags because, once triggered, it runs in parallel with page loading.[32] In April 2011 Google announced the availability of a new version of Google Analytics featuring multiple dashboards, more custom report options, and a new interface design.[33] This version was later updated with some other features such as real-time analytics and goal flow charts.[14][34]

In October 2012 another new version of Google Analytics was announced, called Universal Analytics.[35] The key differences from the previous versions were: cross-platform tracking, flexible tracking code to collect data from any device, and the introduction of custom dimensions and custom metrics.[36]

In March 2016, Google released Google Analytics 360, which is a software suite that provides analytics on return on investment and other marketing indicators. Google Analytics 360 includes seven main products: Analytics, Tag Manager, Optimize, Data Studio, Surveys, Attribution, and Audience Center.[37]

In October 2017 a new methodology to collect data for Google Analytics was announced, called Global Site Tag, or gTag.js. Its stated purpose was to unify the tagging system to simplify implementation. This new tag type is an alternative to the existing Analytics.js tag type or Google Tag Manager.[38]

In June 2018, Google introduced Google Marketing Platform, an online advertisement and analytics brand.[39] It consists of two former brands of Google, DoubleClick Digital Marketing and Google Analytics 360.[40]

In October 2020, Google released Google Analytics 4, under the acronym GA4.[41]

As of July 1, 2023, Universal Analytics ceased collecting new data, with Google Analytics 4 succeeding it as the primary analytics platform. Google had previously announced this transition in March 2022. While users had the option to use Universal Analytics up to the July 2023 deadline, no new data has been added to UA since its discontinuation.[42]

July 1, 2024: Standard Universal Analytics properties completely stopped processing data and users lost access to the interface and API. There is a one-time exception for Google Analytics 360 customers, whose access ends on that date as well.[43]

Technology

[edit]

Google Analytics is implemented with "page tags", in this case, called the Google Analytics Tracking Code,[44] which is a snippet of JavaScript code that the website owner adds to every page of the website. The tracking code runs in the client browser when the client browses the page (if JavaScript is enabled in the browser) and collects visitor data and sends it to a Google data collection server as part of a request for a web beacon.[45]

The tracking code loads a larger JavaScript file from the Google web server and then sets variables with the user's account number.[46] The larger file (currently known as ga.js) was typically 40 kB as of May 2018.

The file does not usually have to be loaded, however, due to browser caching. Assuming caching is enabled in the browser, it downloads ga.js only once at the start of the visit. Furthermore, as all websites that implement Google Analytics with the ga.js code use the same master file from Google, a browser that has previously visited any other website running Google Analytics will already have the file cached on their machine.

In addition to transmitting information to a Google server, the tracking code sets a first party cookie (If cookies are enabled in the browser) on each visitor's computer. This cookie stores anonymous information called the ClientId.[47] Before the launch of Universal Analytics, there were several cookies storing information such as whether the visitor had been to the site before (new or returning visitor), the timestamp of the current visit, and the referrer site or campaign that directed the visitor to the page (e.g., search engine, keywords, banner, or email).

If the visitor arrived at the site by clicking on a link tagged with UTM parameters (Urchin Tracking Module) such as: https://www.example.com/page?utm_content=buffercf3b2&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer

then the tag values are passed to the database too.

Limitations

[edit]

In addition, Google Analytics for Mobile Package allows Google Analytics to be applied to mobile websites. The Mobile Package contains server-side tracking codes that use PHP, JavaServer Pages, ASP.NET, or Perl for its server-side language.[48] However, many ad filtering programs and extensions such as Firefox's Enhanced Tracking Protection,[49] the browser extension NoScript and the mobile phone app Disconnect Mobile can block the Google Analytics Tracking Code. This prevents some traffic and users from being tracked and leads to holes in the collected data. Also, privacy networks like Tor will mask the user's actual location and present inaccurate geographical data. A small fraction of users do not have JavaScript-enabled/capable browsers or turn this feature off.[50] These limitations, mainly ad filtering programs, can allow a significant number—sometimes the majority—of visitors to avoid the tracker.[51]

One potential impact on data accuracy comes from users deleting or blocking Google Analytics cookies.[52] Without cookies being set, Google Analytics cannot collect data.[53] Any individual web user can block or delete cookies resulting in the data loss of those visits for Google Analytics users. Website owners can encourage users not to disable cookies by, for example, making visitors more comfortable using the site through posting a privacy policy. As a user navigates between web pages, Google Analytics provides website owners JavaScript tags (libraries) to record information about the page a user has seen, for example the URL of the page. Google analytics JavaScript libraries uses HTTP cookies, with which it remembers what a user has done on previous pages and his interactions.[54]

Another limitation of Google Analytics for large websites is the use of sampling in the generation of many of its reports. To reduce the load on their servers and to provide users with a relatively quick response to their query, Google Analytics limits reports to 500,000 randomly sampled sessions at the profile level for its calculations. While margins of error are indicated for the visits metric, margins of error are not provided for any other metrics in the Google Analytics reports. For small segments of data, the margin of error can be very large.[55]

One of the biggest limitation of Google Analytics, is its inability to track and attribute offline conversions. Offline conversion tracking is required to measure the impact of online marketing campaigns in "offline" environments, such as Point of Sale, Call Centers, Affiliate Networks, or payment gateways. Since Google Analytics is a JavaScript tag set on a website, when the visitor switch from the website environment to a phone conversation, the tracking is lost, and the "call center" activity can not be directly linked to the initial visit or visitor. Third-party tools integrated with Google Analytics, are now capable of tracking customer journey from online to offline environments.[56]

Performance

[edit]

There have been several online discussions about the impact of Google Analytics on site performance.[57][58][59] However, Google introduced asynchronous JavaScript code in December 2009 to reduce the risk of slowing the loading of pages tagged with the ga.js script.[60][61]

Privacy

[edit]
Main articles: Browser security and Privacy concerns regarding Google

Due to its ubiquity, Google Analytics raises some privacy concerns. Whenever someone visits a website that uses Google Analytics, Google tracks that visit via the user's IP address in order to determine the user's approximate geographic location. To meet German legal requirements, Google Analytics can anonymize the IP address.[62] Google has also released a browser plug-in that turns off data about a page visit being sent to Google, however, this browser extension is not available for mobile browsers.[63][64] Since this plug-in is produced and distributed by Google itself, it has met much discussion and criticism. Furthermore, the realization of Google scripts tracking user behavior has spawned the production of multiple, often open-source, browser plug-ins to reject tracking cookies.[65] These plug-ins allow users to block Google Analytics and similar sites from tracking their activities. Many browsers allow users to reject third-party cookies and tracking scripts, in some cases this is the default option.

It has been anecdotally reported that errors can occur behind proxy servers and multiple firewalls, changing timestamps and registering invalid searches.[66] Webmasters who seek to mitigate Google Analytics' specific privacy issues can employ a number of alternatives having their backends hosted on their own machines. Until its discontinuation, an example of such a product was Urchin WebAnalytics Software from Google itself.[28][29] On January 20, 2015, the Associated Press reported that HealthCare.gov was providing access to enrollees' personal data to private companies that specialized in advertising, mentioning Google Analytics specifically.[67] Additionally, in 2022, countries such as Austria, France, and Italy have prohibited the service which lets webmaster tools track and analyze their site traffic. The government stated in its decisions that information are collected via cookies and transmitted to the United States could potentially be seen by third parties and the government which could breach GDPR as users are not ensured due process for redress.[68]

The new version of Google Analytics, also known as GA4, is equipped with deeper anonymization of user data through which the GA4 anonymizes IP addresses of all users by default, meaning it's not possible to perform any changes for this setting.[69]

Support and training

[edit]

Google offers training for Google Analytics 4 (GA4) through its Skillshop platform, which includes four courses and a certification as of August 2024.[70] For developers and those seeking in-depth technical details, Google provides detailed GA4 documentation.[71] Announcements related to updates and new features for GA4 are made on the Google Marketing Platform Blog.[72] Support for enterprise-level users is accessible via the Google Enterprise Marketing Portal.[73] The official Google Analytics YouTube channel also hosts a range of video tutorials and insights.[74]

Third-party support

[edit]

The Google Analytics API[75] is used by third parties to build custom applications[76] such as reporting tools. Many such applications exist. One was built to run on iOS (Apple) devices and is featured in Apple's app store.[77] There are some third-party products that also provide Google Analytics-based tracking.[78] The Management API, Core Reporting API, MCF Reporting API, and Real Time Reporting API are subject to limits and quotas.[79]

Popularity

[edit]

Google Analytics is the most widely used website statistics service.[6] In May 2008, Pingdom released a survey stating that 161 of the 500 (32%) biggest sites globally according to their Alexa rank were using Google Analytics.[80][81]

A later piece of market share analysis claimed that Google Analytics was used by around 49.95% of the top 1,000,000 websites (as ranked in 2010 by Alexa Internet).[82]

In 2012, its use was around 55% of the 10,000 most popular websites.[83] And as of April 2022, Google Analytics was used by 73.7% of the 10,000 most popular websites ordered by popularity, as reported by BuiltWith.[84]

As of August 2023, the newer version, Google Analytics 4 (GA4), is used by approximately 13.5 million websites.[85]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Google Analytics". Google Play. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
  2. ^ "Google Analytics 4.12.695900444". APKMirror. November 12, 2024. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
  3. ^ "Get the Power of Google Analytics: Now available in Standard or Premium, whatever your needs are Google Analytics can help". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
  4. ^ a b "Our history in depth". Retrieved July 16, 2012.
  5. ^ "Google Acquires Urchin Software". The New York Times. Associated Press. March 29, 2005. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
  6. ^ a b "Usage of traffic analysis tools for websites". W3Techs. February 27, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2019. Site frequently updated.
  7. ^ "Google Analytics for Mobile Apps | Analytics Implementation Guides and Solutions | Google Developers". Google Developers. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  8. ^ "Add the Google Analytics tag for Google Analytics 4 properties to your site with gtag.js".
  9. ^ "GA4 BigQuery Export". support.google.com. Retrieved May 13, 2023.
  10. ^ a b "Google Analytics 4 has replaced Universal Analytics". support.google.com. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
  11. ^ "Link Google Analytics and Google Ads accounts - Previous - Google Ads Help". support.google.com. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
  12. ^ Build new segments, retrieved August 8, 2017
  13. ^ Enhanced Ecommerce Reports, retrieved February 17, 2016
  14. ^ a b "What's happening on your site right now?".
  15. ^ "Google Analytics Help: Does Google Analytics have a pageview limit?".
  16. ^ "Website Optimizer". Retrieved July 20, 2012.
  17. ^ Tzemah, Nir. "Helping to Create Better Websites: Introducing Content Experiments". Google Analytics Blog. Retrieved June 4, 2012.
  18. ^ "[GA4] Measure activity across platforms - Analytics Help". support.google.com. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  19. ^ "[GA4] Set up Analytics for a website and/or app - Analytics Help". support.google.com. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  20. ^ "[GA4] Predictive metrics - Analytics Help". support.google.com. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  21. ^ "Everything You Need to Know About Machine Learning in Google Analytics 4". Data Driven U. July 29, 2021. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  22. ^ "Latest GA4 Updates & Tips & Tricks That You Will Love". Analyzify Hub. March 6, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  23. ^ "[GA4] Get started with Explorations - Analytics Help". support.google.com. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  24. ^ "Validating Google Analytics 4 With Debug Mode". Ken Williams Blog. May 10, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  25. ^ "7 GA4 Features That Will (Hopefully) Make You Hate It Less". Search Engine Journal. July 22, 2021. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  26. ^ "Important GA4 eCommerce reports for Shopify Stores". Analyzify Hub. November 22, 2021. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  27. ^ "Here comes Measure Map".
  28. ^ a b Muret, Paul (January 20, 2012). "The End of an Era for Urchin Software". Google Analytics. Archived from the original on April 13, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
  29. ^ a b Muret, Paul. "The End of an Era for Urchin Software". Google Analytics. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
  30. ^ "Google Analytics - zenbatetanola". sites.google.com. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  31. ^ "Asynchronous Tracking Code".
  32. ^ "Google Tag Manager: A Step-By-Step Guide | Analytics & Optimization". online-behavior.com. Archived from the original on March 17, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  33. ^ "The New Google Analytics Available to Everyone".
  34. ^ "Introducing Flow Visualization: visualizing visitor flow".
  35. ^ "Re-imagining Google Analytics to support the versatile usage patterns of today's users".
  36. ^ "About Universal Analytics - Analytics Help". support.google.com.
  37. ^ Muret, Paul (March 15, 2016). "Introducing the Google Analytics 360 suite". Google. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  38. ^ "Add gtag.js to your site".
  39. ^ "Introducing simpler brands and solutions for advertisers and publishers". Google. June 27, 2018. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
  40. ^ Spangler, Todd (June 27, 2018). "Google Killing Off DoubleClick, AdWords Names in Rebranding of Ad Products". Variety. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
  41. ^ Srinivasan, Vidhya (October 14, 2020). "Introducing the new Google Analytics". Google. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  42. ^ "Universal Analytics discontinuation notice". Google. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  43. ^ "Google Analytics 4 has replaced Universal Analytics - Analytics Help". support.google.com. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
  44. ^ "How To Use Google Analytics Event Tracking". Matthew Woodward. January 9, 2020.
  45. ^ "Tracking Code Overview | Google Analytics". Google Developers.
  46. ^ "Example account structures - Analytics Help". support.google.com.
  47. ^ "Cookies and User Identification". developers.google.com.
  48. ^ "Google Analytics for Mobile package". Archived from the original on January 24, 2013.
  49. ^ "Enhanced Tracking Protection in Firefox for desktop | Firefox Help". support.mozilla.org. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  50. ^ "What percentage of browsers with javascript disabled? - Blockmetry". blockmetry.com. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  51. ^ Chetty, Marshini; Narayanan, Arvind; Vitak, Jessica; Mathur, Arunesh (2018). Characterizing the Use of Browser-Based Blocking Extensions To Prevent Online Tracking. pp. 103–116. ISBN 9781939133106.
  52. ^ Brian Clifton. "Accuracy Whitepaper for web analytics".
  53. ^ "Cookies and User Identification | Analytics for Web (analytics.js)". Google Developers. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  54. ^ "Google Analytics Cookie Usage on Websites". Google Analytics. Google Inc. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  55. ^ "Segmentation Options in Google Analytics". Archived from the original on June 22, 2009.
  56. ^ "What affiliate marketers have missed about Google Analytics". Search Engine Watch. January 5, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
  57. ^ "Google Groups".
  58. ^ "Google Analytics Code is Slowing Down My Site - Analytics Market". January 27, 2019.
  59. ^ "Is Google Analytics Slow or Not? — Woopra". February 4, 2009. Archived from the original on February 15, 2010. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
  60. ^ "Google Analytics Launches Asynchronous Tracking - The official Google Code blog". December 1, 2009.
  61. ^ "Making the Web Faster".
  62. ^ "Tracking Code: The _gat Global Object". January 24, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
  63. ^ Albanesius, Chloe (May 25, 2010). "Opt Out of Google Analytics Data Gathering With New Beta Tool". PC Magazine.
  64. ^ "Greater choice and transparency for Google Analytics". May 25, 2010.
  65. ^ "The NoScript Firefox extension provides extra protection for Firefox, Flock, Seamonkey, and other Mozilla-based browsers".
  66. ^ Greenberg, Andy (December 11, 2008). "The Virus Filters". Forbes.
  67. ^ "Government health care website quietly sharing personal data. Associated Press". Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
  68. ^ Jules Wang (June 27, 2022). "Google Analytics is losing track of millions of users as regulators ban the service". Android Police. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  69. ^ "Privacy Features in Google Analytics 4 Properties | Bounteous". www.bounteous.com. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  70. ^ "[GA4] Enroll in Analytics Academy courses on Skillshop".
  71. ^ "Google Analytics 4 Documentation".
  72. ^ "Google Marketing Platform Blog".
  73. ^ "Google Enterprise Marketing Portal".
  74. ^ "Google Analytics YouTube Channel". YouTube.
  75. ^ "Google Analytics - Google Developers".
  76. ^ "Apps - Google Analytics Partner Services and Technologies".
  77. ^ "Analytics by Net Conversion". iTunes.
  78. ^ "Google Analytics Tracking for WSO2 API Manager". December 20, 2012.
  79. ^ "API Limits and Quotas - Analytics Management API - Google Developers".
  80. ^ "Google Analytics dominates the top 500 websites". Pingdom. May 28, 2008. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
  81. ^ "La terminología de Google Analytics #marketing #seo". Frikipandi - Web de Tecnología - Lo más Friki de la red. April 3, 2014.
  82. ^ "Google Analytics Market Share". MetricMail. Archived from the original on August 27, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
  83. ^ "Google Biz Chief: Over 10M Websites Now Using Google Analytics". TechCrunch. April 12, 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2012.
  84. ^ "Google Analytics Usage Statistics".
  85. ^ "Google Analytics 4 (GA4) Usage Statistics". August 2023.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google_Analytics&oldid=1258613669"