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Contract management

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contract management or contract administration is the management of contracts made with customers, vendors, partners, or employees. Contract management includes negotiating the terms and conditions in contracts and ensuring compliance with the terms and conditions, as well as documenting and agreeing on any changes or amendments that may arise during its implementation or execution. It can be summarized as the process of systematically and efficiently managing contract creation, execution, and analysis for the purpose of maximizing financial and operational performance and minimizing risk.[1]

Common commercial contracts include purchase orders, sales invoices, utility contracts, letters of engagement for the appointment of consultants and professionals, and construction contracts. Complex contracts are often necessary for construction projects, goods or services that are highly regulated, goods or services with detailed technical specifications, intellectual property (IP) agreements, outsourcing and international trade. Most larger contracts require the effective use of contract management software to aid administration among multiple parties.

A study published in 2007 found that for "42% of enterprises ... the top driver for improvements in the management of contracts [was] the pressure to better assess and mitigate risks" and additionally, "nearly 65% of enterprises report that contract lifecycle management (CLM) has improved exposure to financial and legal risk".[2]

Contracts

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HM Prison Altcourse in Liverpool, operated by G4S under a UK government contract

A contract is a written or oral legally-binding agreement between the parties identified in the agreement to fulfill the terms and conditions outlined in the agreement. A prerequisite requirement for the enforcement of a contract, amongst other things, is the condition that the parties to the contract accept the terms of the claimed contract. Historically, this was most commonly achieved through signature or performance, but in many jurisdictions - especially with the advance of electronic commerce - the forms of acceptance have expanded to include various forms of electronic signature.[3]

Contracts can be of many types, e.g. sales contracts (including leases), purchasing contracts, partnership agreements, trade agreements, and intellectual property agreements.

  • A sales contract is a contract between a company (the seller) and a customer where the company agrees to sell products and/or services and the customer in return is obligated to pay for the product/services bought.
  • A purchasing contract is a contract between a company (the buyer) and a supplier who is promising to sell products and/or services within agreed terms and conditions. The company (buyer) in return is obligated to acknowledge the goods / or service and pay for liability created. When the purchasing contract is between a retailer and manufacturer, the contract also includes conditions for processing returned items. However due to the cost of reverse logistics, retailers often dispose of returns rather than sending them the back to the vendor.
  • A partnership agreement may be a contract which formally establishes the terms of a partnership between two legal entities such that they regard each other as 'partners' in a commercial arrangement. However, such expressions may also be merely a means to reflect the desire of the contracting parties to act 'as if' both are in a partnership with common goals. Therefore, it might not be the common law arrangement of a partnership which by definition creates fiduciary duties and which also has 'joint and several' liabilities.

Contract management activities

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The business-standard contract management model, as employed by many organizations in the United States,[citation needed] typically exercises purview over the following business disciplines:

  • Authorizing and negotiation
  • Baseline management
  • Commitment management
  • Communication management.
  • Contract visibility and awareness
  • Application of commercial levers designed to secure the anticipated benefits of the contract, ensure that risk remains where it has been placed by the contract and discharge the incentives built into the contract to secure good performance and discourage poor performance.[4]
  • Document management
  • Growth (for sales-side contracts)
  • Contract compliance/governance

Phases of contract management

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See also: Contract award

Contract management can be divided into three phases:[5]

  • pre-contract phase
  • contract execution phase
  • post-award phase (often referred to as contract compliance/governance), including contract termination.

In the post-award or "downstream" phase,[6] some organisations have a contract management team, others may require operational managers to include the management of contracts within their role.[7] The Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply (CIPS) suggests that the requirement for dedicated contract management depends on contract value, contract length, complexity of services and level of risk, although in the initial stages of a contract, the assessment of risk and the implementation of core contract management processes may be appropriate tasks for a dedicated contract manager.[7] CIPS also notes that in some cases the procurement team may have an extended role in maintaining contract management. Contracting for services may be more complex than supply-only contracts and therefore require closer management.[7]

Contract variation

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There may be occasions during the post-award phase when what is agreed in a contract needs to be changed later on. A number of bases may be used to support a subsequent change, so that the whole contract remains enforceable under the new arrangement.

A change may be based on:

  • A mutual agreement of both parties to vary the contract, outside the framework of the existing contract. This would be an independent basis for changing the contract.
  • A unilateral decision to vary the contract, contemplated and allowed for by the existing contract. This would normally have notice periods for fairness and often the right of the other, especially in consumer contracts, to cease the contractual relationship. Any one-way imposition of change should be contractually justified, otherwise it may be interpreted as a repudiation of the original contract, enabling the other party to terminate the contract and seek damages.
  • A bilateral decision to vary the contracting, within the variation or change control process outlined in the existing contract. These are often called change control provisions.

Contract compliance/governance

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See also: Relational contract

During the post-award phase, it is important to ensure that contract conditions and terms are met, but it is also critical to take a closer look for items such as unrecorded liabilities, under-reported revenue or overpayments. If these items are overlooked, the margin may be negatively impacted. A contract compliance audit will often commence with an opportunity review to identify the highest risk areas. Having a dedicated contract compliance (and/or governance) program in place has been shown to result in a typical recovery of 2-4% and sometimes as high as 20%.[8]

Current thinking about contract management in complex relationships is shifting from a compliance “management” to a “governance” perspective, with the focus on creating a governance structure in which the parties have a vested interest in managing what are often highly complex contractual arrangements in a more collaborative, aligned, flexible, and credible way. In 1979, Nobel laureate Oliver Williamson wrote that the governance structure is the “framework within which the integrity of a transaction is decided”. He further added that “because contracts are varied and complex, governance structures vary with the nature of the transaction”.[9]

A collaborative governance framework has four components:[10]

  • A relationship management structure (how the parties work together to make both day-to-day operational decisions as well as strategic decisions)
  • A joint performance and transformation management process designed to track the overall performance of the partnership
  • An exit management plan as a controlling mechanism to encourage the organizations to make ethical, proactive changes for the mutual benefit of all the parties.
  • Compliance to special concerns and regulations, which include the more traditional components of contract compliance

Contracts and trust

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Another dimension of contract management relates to the interplay between contracts and trust. In particular, management scholars have discussed the nature of the relationship between contract and trust development.[11] On the one hand, some have argued that contracts and trust would substitute each other; that is, the use of one mechanism decreases the advantages of the other.[12][13] On the other hand, others suggest contract and trust complement each other; that is, the use of one increases the benefits of using the other mechanism.[14][15]

Managerial functions

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In 2008, the International Association for Contract and Commercial Management (IACCM, now World Commerce & Contracting) began a project intended to clarify the role of a contract manager, which has since been updated on several occasions. This work identified that among contract managers themselves, there is a "widespread belief that the title (and its variants, such as Commercial Manager) masks massive variations in job role, status and responsibilities". However, the IACCM's research found indications that "the core responsibilities of Contract Managers (and by deduction, Contract Management Departments) are very similar" and applied across a range of tasks from bid preparation and contract negotiation to a "middleman" role between an organization's employees and its customers, and compliance and ensuring contract close-out, extension or renewal at its end point.[16]

Scholars in business and management have paid attention to the role of contracts in managing relationships between individuals or between organizations. In particular, contracts work as instruments of control and coordination.[17] On the one hand, contracts can moderate the risks of exploitation or misappropriation by an opportunistic partner. On the other hand, contracts can help foster communication and information sharing between parties.

Public sector contract management

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In the UK public sector, concerns were raised by the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee in 2009 regarding resourcing and training in relation to contract management. The committee reported that

No commercial director/head of procurement rated the level of resources allocated to the management of their major contracts as 'good', and 22% of contract managers considered they did not have time to perform their responsibilities well. Most contract managers had undertaken relevant training, although 60% of organisations did not provide a structured training programme for their staff.[18]

Contract management standards were published in 2014 by the Crown Commercial Service, and have been updated periodically.[19] These standards were developed as a result of a 2013 "Cross Government Review of Major Contracts",[20] commissioned by the Cabinet Office to assess the management of major contracts held by the companies G4S and Serco,[21] and led by Bill Crothers, the government's Chief Procurement Officer. Having highlighted previous failings, by September 2014 the UK's National Audit Office (NAO) felt that the government was "starting to improve how it manages its contracts", but important improvement work remained to be done.[22] In December 2016 the NAO re-published a good practice contract management framework which had been first published in 2008 [21] with the help of the Office of Government Commerce, then part of HM Treasury. The NAO "believed", based on practitioner feedback, that this framework was "one of the best references for the basic tasks necessary for good contract management".[23]

John Manzoni, then Chief Executive of the UK's civil service, noted in 2019 that some staff would identify as "contract managers", while other staff carried out a contract management function within the context of a wider role.[24] As of April 2021 the UK government has in place a "Contract Management Capability Programme" aiming to develop the skills of government staff involved in contract management roles in either of these capacities.[25]

In the United States, the National Contract Management Association and the National Association of Government Contractors offer certification in the skills required for government contract management.[26]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Best Practices in Contract Management: Strategies for Optimizing Business Relationships<". Aberdeen Group. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
  2. ^ "Contract Management: Optimizing Revenues and Capturing Savings". Aberdeen Group. May 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
  3. ^ "Contracts". Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 2015-07-22.
  4. ^ Marikar, Q., The cost of poor contract management – are you using all tools at your disposal?, accessed 31 May 2021
  5. ^ Contract & Commercial Management - The Operational Guide, Van Haren Publishing, October 2011, ISBN 978 90 8753 627 5
  6. ^ Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply (2013), Contract Management Guide, p. 24, accessed 31 July 2021
  7. ^ a b c Chartered Institute of Purchasing & Supply (2010), Guide to Contract Management, p. 13
  8. ^ 2008 Building Energy Efficiency Standards. California Energy Commission.
  9. ^ Williamson, Oliver E.|1979|"Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations"|Journal of Law and Economics: Vol. 22: No. 2, Article 3|accessible at: http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/jle/vol22/iss2/3
  10. ^ Vitasek, Kate; et al. (2011). The Vested Outsourcing Manual (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230112681.
  11. ^ Poppo, Laura; Zenger, Todd (2002). "Do formal contracts and relational governance function as substitutes or complements?". Strategic Management Journal. 23 (8): 707–725. doi:10.1002/smj.249. ISSN 0143-2095.
  12. ^ Ghoshal, Sumantra; Moran, Peter (1996). "Bad for Practice: A Critique of the Transaction Cost Theory". The Academy of Management Review. 21 (1): 13. doi:10.2307/258627. JSTOR 258627.
  13. ^ Lui, Steven S.; Ngo, Hang-Yue (2004). "The Role of Trust and Contractual Safeguards on Cooperation in Non-equity Alliances". Journal of Management. 30 (4): 471–485. doi:10.1016/j.jm.2004.02.002. ISSN 0149-2063. S2CID 144788583.
  14. ^ Ryall, Michael D.; Sampson, Rachelle C. (2009). "Formal Contracts in the Presence of Relational Enforcement Mechanisms: Evidence from Technology Development Projects". Management Science. 55 (6): 906–925. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1090.0995.
  15. ^ Zhou, Kevin Zheng; Xu, Dean (2012). "How foreign firms curtail local supplier opportunism in China: Detailed contracts, centralized control, and relational governance". Journal of International Business Studies. 43 (7): 677–692. doi:10.1057/jibs.2012.7. ISSN 0047-2506. S2CID 167843632.
  16. ^ IACCM, The Role of a Contract Manager, updated 24 January 2014, accessed 14 May 2021
  17. ^ Reuer, Jeffrey J.; Ariño, Africa (2007). "Strategic alliance contracts: dimensions and determinants of contractual complexity". Strategic Management Journal. 28 (3): 313–330. doi:10.1002/smj.581. ISSN 1097-0266.
  18. ^ House of Commons Public Accounts Committee, Central government's management of service contracts: Summary, published 28 April 2009, accessed 29 July 2022
  19. ^ Crown Commercial Service, Commercial capability: contract management standards last updated 8 February 2021, accessed 10 April 2021
  20. ^ HM Government, Cross Government Review of Major Contracts: Summary of Findings and Recommendations endorsed by the Oversight Group, Autumn 2013, accessed 29 July 2022
  21. ^ a b Crown Commercial Service, Contract management framework summary, updated 8 February 2021, accessed 10 April 2021
  22. ^ National Audit Office, Transforming government’s contract management, published 4 September 2014, accessed 8 May 2023
  23. ^ National Audit Office, Good practice contract management framework, published December 2016, archived at the National Archives, accessed 12 May 2022
  24. ^ Manzoni, J., Foreword to Contract Management: Professional Standards Version 2.0, Government Commercial Function, July 2019, p. 1, accessed on 23 September 2024
  25. ^ Civil Service, Civil Service: helping you with managing contracts and suppliers, updated 21 April 2021, accessed 8 May 2023
  26. ^ Villanova University, What is Government Contract Management?, updated 5 January 2021, accessed 8 May 2023
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