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Conqueror (tank)

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FV 214 Conqueror
Conqueror Mk I at The Tank Museum, Bovington (2008)
TypeHeavy gun tank
Place of originUnited Kingdom
Service history
In service1955–1966 (only in West Germany)
Production history
Designed1944
ManufacturerRoyal Ordnance Factory, Dalmuir
Produced1955–1959
No. built185
Specifications
Mass64 tonnes (71 short tons; 63 long tons)
Length38 feet (12 m) gun forward, 25 feet 4 inches (7.72 m) hull
Width13 feet 1 inch (3.99 m)
Height10 feet 5 inches (3.18 m)
Crew4
Armour5 inches (130 mm) hull front, 13 inches (330 mm) turret front
Main
armament
L1 120 mm rifled gun
Secondary
armament
2×L3A1 7.62 mm machine guns
EngineRolls-Royce Meteor M120
810 hp (604 kW)
Power/weight12 hp/tonne
SuspensionHorstmann suspension
Operational
range
161 km (100 mi)
Maximum speed 35 km/h (22 mph)

The FV 214 Conqueror, also known as tank, heavy No. 1, 120 mm gun, Conqueror was a British heavy tank of the post-World War II era. It was developed as a response to the Soviet IS-3 heavy tank. The Conqueror's main armament, an L1 120 mm gun,[1] was larger than the 20-pounder (83.4 mm) gun carried by its peer, the Centurion. The Conqueror's role was to provide long range anti-tank support for the Centurion. Nine Conquerors were issued for each regiment in Germany, usually grouped in three tank troops. In the British Army both the Conqueror and the Centurion were replaced by the Chieftain.

Design and development

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The chassis was from the A 45 Infantry Support Tank, a project started in 1944 shortly after that of the A 41 Centurion. After the war, the project was relocated to that of the "Universal Tank" design of the FV 200 series. The 200 series was to have used a common hull for all uses (self-propelled artillery, armoured personnel carrier, three varieties of tank, etc.). One tank type was to be the heavy FV 201 of 55 tonnes, armed with an 83.8 mm gun.

In 1949, it was decided to bring the armament up to 120 mm. As this delayed the project, in 1952 the FV 201 hull was combined with a 17 pounder-armed Centurion Mk 2 turret to give the FV 221 Caernarvon Mark I.[2][3] Twenty-one were built with the Mk III 20 pounder turret as the Caernarvon Mk II. The FV 221 may originally have been intended to be the "Main Battle Tank" member of the FV 201 series but with the success of the A 41 Centurion such a vehicle was no longer required. In either event, the Caernarvon was only used for chassis development work serving in troop trials. In 1955, the first Conqueror was produced. Twenty Mark 1 and 165 Mark 2 Conquerors were built, including conversions of Caernarvon Mk IIs. Production continued until 1959.[1] It lost much tactical relevance once the Centurion was upgraded to an L7 105 mm gun.

The new, larger-calibre gun design chosen was the Royal Ordnance OQF 120mm Tank L1, a British adaptation of the American M58 gun [zh] used on the US M103 heavy tank;[4] with separate charge and projectile, as would also be the case in the Chieftain that followed. The charge was not bagged but in a brass cartridge, which offered some safety advantages, but reduced shell capacity to 35.[5] Secondary armament was provided in a pair of L3A1 machine guns, the British designation for the Browning M1919A4. One was mounted coaxially with the main gun while the other was fitted to the commander's cupola.

The rotating cupola of the Tank Museum's Conqueror

The armour was very heavy for the time, especially in the front, where it could be up to either 18.8 or 26.7 inches (480 – 680 mm) thick in the horizontal plane, depending on the source.[6] Unfortunately, this, along with the weight of the huge turret required to house the large gun and the very large hull volume, made the vehicle very heavy, giving it a relatively low top speed and making it unreliable. Also, few bridges could support its weight. However, rather like the Second World War Churchill tank, the Conqueror had exceptional terrain handling characteristics.

One feature of particular note was the rotating commander's cupola, which was at the heart of the Conqueror's fire control system and was advanced for its time. The commander could align the cupola on a target independently of the turret, measure the range with a coincidence rangefinder, and then direct the gunner on to the new lay mechanically indicated to him by the cupola. In theory, when the gunner traversed to the new lay, he would find the target already under his sights, ready to be engaged. Meanwhile, the commander was free to search for the next target. The Soviet bloc also used similar devices, such as the TPKU-2 and TKN-3, on all of their post–World War II tanks, though theirs did not include a rangefinder.

It was the largest and heaviest tank used by the British Army at that time.

Variants

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Conqueror Mk 2 of the British Army of the Rhine in 1962.
Caernarvon Mk 2
FV 222 Conqueror ARV Mk II

The variants of the Conqueror tank and developments directly related to its development are:

  • FV 214 Conqueror
    • Mk I (had three periscopes for the driver).
    • Mk II (included better join of frontal armour plates, a single periscope for the driver, and an improved exhaust system).
    • Mk II/I/H – rebuilt Caernarvons.[7]
  • Tank, heavy No. 2, 183 mm gun, FV 215
Design study of Conqueror chassis with limited traverse turret mounting 183 mm gun. Wooden mockup produced.[8]
  • FV 221 Caernarvon
    • Mk I – prototype.
    • Mk II – experimental series, 21 built.
  • FV 222 Conqueror armoured recovery vehicle (ARV)
    • Mk I – 8 produced.
    • Mk II[9] – 20 produced. Weight: 57 tons. Winch capacity: 45 tons (direct pull).

Operators

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Surviving vehicles

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Scammell Contractor hauling the REME's Conqueror ARV2 FV222 Tank Recovery Vehicle (2008)

In the United Kingdom, Conqueror tanks are displayed at The Tank Museum, Bovington,[10] at the Land Warfare Hall of the Imperial War Museum Duxford and at the Defence Capability Centre in Shrivenham. Other tanks are in the collections of the Musée des Blindés in France, the Gunfire Museum in Brasschaat, Belgium (a Mark 2), the Kubinka Tank Museum, Russia, and the Royal Tank Museum, Amman, Jordan. One is privately owned in the United States as part of the Littlefield Collection and another is in use as a gate guardian outside the Royal Tank Regiment Officers' Mess, which was restored by 2nd Royal Tank Regiment Light Aid Detachment (REME) in 2009, having previously been in a deteriorating state at Castlemartin Ranges (where it had previously been the guardian "Romulus" before being replaced by a German Leopard MBT).

There are also two MkII ARVs at the Military History Museum on the Isle of Wight in an unrestored condition. A MkII ARV is held by the REME Museum of Technology, although it is not on display.[11] There was formerly a Conqueror gate guardian at Base Vehicle Depot Ludgershall – informally known as "William". It is now part of the Isle of Wight Military Museum.

A Conqueror ARV remained in service at the Amphibious Experimental Establishment AXE, at Instow in North Devon, UK. It was used for beach tank recovery practice. At least one Conqueror exists in poor condition on the grounds of Kirkcudbright Training Area in Scotland, where it was used as a gunnery target. A number of Conquerors remain on the Haltern Training area in Germany.

Tanks of comparable role, performance and era

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  • M103 heavy tank – American heavy tank sharing the Conqueror's main armament.
  • AMX-50 – French heavy tank also armed with a 120 mm gun.
  • IS-3 – Soviet heavy tank which the Conqueror was designed to counter.
  • T-10 tank – Soviet heavy tank in service at the same time as the Conqueror.

References

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Notes
  1. ^ a b Ford, World's Great Tanks, p. 119
  2. ^ "Huge Tank Developed by British May Be Most Powerful Ever." Popular Mechanics, April 1954, p. 132.
  3. ^ Evans; McWilliams; Whitworth; Birch (2004). The Rolls-Royce Meteor. Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust. p. 112. ISBN 1-872922-24-4.
  4. ^ Dunstan, Centurion, p. 10
  5. ^ Norman, pages 14 and 16
  6. ^ Nash, Mark (18 April 2020). "Tank, Heavy No. 1, 120 mm Gun, FV214 Conqueror". Tank Encyclopedia. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
  7. ^ "FV-214 Conqueror". Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  8. ^ AFV Profile No. 38
  9. ^ Baxter, Breakdown, p. 77
  10. ^ "Museum accession record". Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  11. ^ "Conqueror Armoured Recovery Vehicle Mark 2". REME Museum of Technology. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
Bibliography

Norman, Michael, AFV Profile No. 38 Conqueror Heavy Gun Tank, Profile Publications

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Conqueror tanks.

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