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Amri culture

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Amri–Nal
Geographical rangeSindh and Balochistan, Pakistan
Dates5000-3000 BCE
Major sitesAmri,Sohr Damb area in Naal, Balochistan

Amri–Nal culture is attributed to Amri archaeological sites in Sindh and Balochistan provinces of Pakistan. It flourished in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC. The dual typesites are Amri and Sohr Damb area in Naal, Balochistan.

Location

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Several settlements attributed to the Amri culture have been discovered, mainly in lower Sindh. They are often distributed along the terraces of old and active river courses and consist of sites of different size and shape, which are sometimes stratified below settlements of later periods. Among these, that of the Tharro Hills, near the town of Gujo, is one of the most famous of lower Sindh.

Cultural context

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See also: Archaeological culture, Archaeological cultural dating, Phases in archaeology, Tools and technology of archaeology, and Pottery culture in Indian subcontinent

The earliest site of this culture is Kunal (4000 BCE)[1] in Haryana which is older than Rehman Dheri (3300 BCE).[2] The type site, the first excavated site of this type of culture is Kot Diji.[3] Rehman Dheri, which was considered oldest example of this culture, is now the second oldest example of this culture after Kunal was excavated and found to be older than Rehman Dher with similar older cultural artifacts then the Rehman Dheri.[1]

Kot Diji and Amri are close to each other in Sindh, they earlier developed indigenous culture which had common elements, later they came in contact with Harappan culture and fully developed into Harappan culture. Earliest examples of artifacts belonging to this culture were found at Rehman Dheri, however, later excavations found the oldest example of this culture at Kunal. These are cultural ancestor to site at Harappa. These sites have pre-Harappan indigenous cultural levels, distinct from the culture of Harappa, these are at Banawali (level I), Kot Diji (level 3A), Amri (level II). Rehman Dheri also has a pre Kot Diji phase (RHD1 3300-28 BCE) which are not part of IVC culture. Kot Diji has two later phases that continue into and alongside Mature Harappan Phase (RHDII and RHDII 2500-2100 BCE). Fortified towns found here are dated as follows.[3][1][4][5][6]

Amri-Nal cultural arfictas

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See also: Archaeological analysis of pottery and Fabric analysis of pottery

Amri-Nal culture: Based on the pottery found here, it is classified as a separate archaeological culture / subculture.[9]

The Amri culture is a characteristic Chalcolithic cultural aspect of Lower Sindh. It does not exist in Balochistan and also in the Las Bela province where, in contrast, are known many sites of the Nal culture. Unfortunately both these two cultural aspects are very insufficiently radiocarbon dated, though we suggest that they flourished around the middle of the fourth millennium cal BC. Amri is a stratified mound located in Upper Sindh, alonb the right (western) bankof the Indus. The Amri sequence is quite thick here, so we can suggest that the site was settled for a few centuries.

The Amri culture fine ware is light buff with linear geometric motifs painted in dark brown and black, while the coarse one, though not so coarse at all, is slipped in red (see Casal 1964). The knapped stone assemblage is also very typical and does not find parallels in that of the following early Bronze Age Kot Diji aspect. It is characterised by a blade assemblage, with implements detached by pressute flaking, with semi-abrupt retouch. The most typical tool is a triangle retouched along three sides, otherwise called "Amri Triangle" (see Biagi 2005). There are many sites of this cultural aspect in Sindh. The late Professor A.R. Khan discovered many, that are systematically weathered and very often fortified, like the Tharro Hills or Kot Raja Manjera (see Khan 1979)

See also

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References

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  • Casal J.-M. 1964 - Fouilles d'Amri. Klincksieck, Paris (2 volumes)
  • Biagi P. - The chipped stone assemblage of the Tharro Hills (Thatta, Sindh, Pakistan): a preliminary typological analysis. Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche, Supplemento 1: 553–566. Florence
  • Khan A. R. 1979 - Studies in Geomorphology and Prehistory of Sind. Grassroots III (2), Special Issue. Jamshoro, University of Sind, Pakistan Studies Centre.
  1. ^ a b c d e f Archaeological Survey of, India (2004). "Excavations at Kunal,Haryana" (PDF). Indian Archaeology 1998-99 a Review: 11–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  2. ^ a b c UNESCO Karez System Cultural Landscape
  3. ^ a b Charles Keith Maisels, Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China. Routledge, 2003 ISBN 1134837305
  4. ^ Higham, Charles (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations. Infobase Publishing. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-1-4381-0996-1.
  5. ^ Sigfried J. de Laet, Ahmad Hasan Dani, eds. History of Humanity: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C. UNESCO, 1996 ISBN 9231028111 p.674
  6. ^ a b Tejas Garge (2010), Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal. Ancient Asia. 2, pp.15–40. doi:10.5334/aa.10203
  7. ^ Haryana Gazateer, Revennue Dept of Haryana, Capter-V.
  8. ^ Museum at pre-Harappan site soon, The Tribune, 23 Dec 2020.
  9. ^ The Harappan Civilisation: Its Sub-cultures, Daily Pioneer, 10 May 2018.
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