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Almora

Coordinates: 29°35′50″N 79°39′33″E / 29.5971°N 79.6591°E / 29.5971; 79.6591
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Almora (disambiguation).

Almora
Town
Almora City
View of Almora in 2013
Nicknames: 
Cultural Capital of Kumaon, Heart of Kumaon
Almora is located in Uttarakhand
Almora
Almora
Location in Uttarakhand, India
Almora is located in India
Almora
Almora
Almora (India)
Coordinates: 29°35′50″N 79°39′33″E / 29.5971°N 79.6591°E / 29.5971; 79.6591
Country India
StateUttarakhand
DivisionKumaon
DistrictAlmora
Established1568
Founded byBalo Kalyan Chand
Government
 • TypeMayor–Council
 • MayorPrakash Joshi[1]
Area
 • Total16.60 km2 (6.41 sq mi)
Elevation
1,642 m (5,387 ft)
Population
 (2011)[2]
 • Total35,513
 • Density2,100/km2 (5,500/sq mi)
DemonymAlmoran (English) Almoradi(Kumaoni)
Languages
 • OfficialHindi
Sanskrit
 • NativeKumaoni
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
263601[3]
Telephone code91-5962
Vehicle registrationUK-01
Sex ratio1142 ♂/♀
ClimateAlpine (BSh) and Humid subtropical(Cwb) (Köppen)
Avg. annual temperature−3 to 28 °C (27 to 82 °F)
Avg. summer temperature12 to 28 °C (54 to 82 °F)
Avg. winter temperature−3 to 15 °C (27 to 59 °F)
Websitealmora.nic.in

Almora (Kumaoni: Almāḍ) is a municipal corporation and a cantonment town in the state of Uttarakhand, India. It is the administrative headquarters of Almora district.[4] Almora is located on a ridge at the southern edge of the Kumaon Hills of the Himalaya range. The Koshi (Kaushiki) and Suyal (Salmale) rivers flow along the city and snow-capped Himalayas can be seen in the background.

Almora was founded in 1568.[5] by King Kalyan Chand;[6][7][8] however, there are accounts of human settlements in the hills and surrounding region in the Hindu epic Mahabharata[9] (8th and 9th century BCE[10]). Almora was the seat of Chand kings that ruled over the Kumaon Kingdom. It is considered the cultural heart of the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand.

According to the provisional results of the 2011 Census of India, Almora had a population of about 179,000.[citation needed] Nestled within higher peaks of the Himalaya, Almora enjoys a year-round mild temperate climate. The town is visited by thousands of tourists annually from all over the world.[citation needed] There are 11 blocks (i.e. VikashKhand) in Almora district.[citation needed]

Etymology

[edit]

Almora got its name from Bhilmora, a kind of sorrel (although some have tried to derive it from Berberis "kilmora"[11][12]), a short plant commonly found there[13] which was used for washing the utensils of the sun temple at Katarmal. The people bringing the Bhilmora/kilmora were called Bhilmori/Kilmori and later "Almori" and the place came to be known as "Almora".[14][15]

When king Bhishm Chand laid the foundation of the town, he had initially named it Alamnagar. Prior to that, Almora was known as 'Rajapur' during the early phase of Chand rule.[16][17][18] The name 'Rajpur' is also mentioned over a number of ancient copper plates.[18] There is still a place called Rajpur in Almora.

History

[edit]

Almora was founded in 1568[19] by Kalyan Chand during the rule of the Chand dynasty.[20] Prior to that the region was under the control of Katyuri King Bhaichaldeo who donated a part of Almora to Sri Chand Tiwari.

Ancient Paintings at Lakhudiyar Caves

According to local tradition, the earliest inhabitants in Almora were Tewaris who were required to supply Sorrel daily for cleansing the vessels of the sun temple at Katarmal.[2]: 8  Ancient lore mentioned in Vishnu Purana and Mahabharata present primordial accounts of human settlements in the city.[2]: 8  The Sakas, the Nagas, the Kiratas, the Khasas and the Hunas are credited to be the most ancient tribes.[2]: 8  The Kauravas and Pandavas of the Hastinapur royal family were the next important princes from the plains who are said to have affected the conquest of these parts.[21]: 166  After the Mahabharata war the district seems to have remained for some time under the sway of the kings of Hastinapur whose authority was never more than nominal.[21]: 166  The actual rulers were the local chiefs of whom the Kulindas (or Kunindas) were probably strong in the southern and western part of the city.[2]: 8  The Khasas were another ancient people who belonged to an early Aryan stock and were widely scattered in those times.[21]: 167  They gave this region the name Khasadesha or Khasamandala.[2]: 8 [21]: 167 

The Malla Mahal at Almora fort complex - the residence of the Chand kings

The next age was probably a period of many petty states rivalling each other for supremacy, which culminated in the inauguration of the noted and enduring dynasty of the Chands. Earlier than this, the Katyuris are recorded as the dominant clans in copper and stone engravings.[22] The Chand dynasty from their inception in 953 A.D. to their ouster in the late 18th century present a saga of strife, with a horrifying series of wars with the rulers of Garhwal culminating in the destruction of this prosperous land and establishment of inglorious Gurkha rule. This dynasty was peculiar in that it made Almora the seat of strongest hill power in 1563 A.D.[23] From that time onwards, the limits of the kingdom of Kumaon extended over the entire tracts of the districts of Almora and Nainital. Towards the end of the 17th century, the Chand Rajas again attacked the Garhwal kingdom, and in 1688, King Udyot Chand erected several temples at Almora, including Tripur Sundari, Udyot Chandeshwer and Parbateshwer, to mark his victory over Garhwal and Doti. The Parbateshwar temple was renamed twice, eventually becoming the present Nanda Devi temple.

Almora Bazaar, c1860

In 1791, the Gorkhas of Nepal while expanding their kingdom westwards across the Kali River, invaded and overran Almora.[2]: 8 [24] In the meantime, the British were engaged in preventing the Gorkhas from over-running the whole of the northern frontier.[25] The Gorkha rule lasted for twenty-four years. Due to their repeated intrusion into British territories in the Terai from 1800 onwards, Lord Moira, the Governor-General of India, decided to attack Almora in December 1814,[26] marking the beginning of the Anglo-Gorkha war. The war that broke out in 1814[27][28] resulted in the defeat of the Gorkhas and subsequently led to the signing of the Treaty of Sugauli in 1816.[29]: 594 [30] According to the treaty, Nepal had to cede all those territories which the Gorkhas had annexed to the British East India Company. After the war, the old Lal Mandi fort, near Almora was renamed ‘Fort Moira’.

Unlike neighbouring hill stations such as Nainital and Shimla, which were developed by the British,[31][32][33] Almora was developed long before by the Chand kings.[34] The place where the present cantonment is located was formerly known as Lalmandi.[18][35][36] Presently where the collectorate exists, the 'Malla Mahal' (Upper Court) of the Chand kings was located.[18][37] The site of the present District Hospital used to be 'Talla Mahal' (Lower Court) of the Chand rulers.[18][38] Almora had a population of 8,596 in 1901,[39] falling to 8,359 in 1921.[40]

Geography

[edit]

Location

[edit]
Kosi River valley near Almora, Uttarakhand, India

Almora is located at 29°35′50″N 79°39′33″E / 29.5971°N 79.6591°E / 29.5971; 79.6591[41] in Almora district in Uttarakhand. It is situated 365 km north-east the national capital New Delhi and 415 km south-east of the state capital Dehradun. It lies in the revenue Division Kumaon[42] and is located 63 km north of Nainital, the administrative headquarters of Kumaon.[43] It has an average elevation of 1,604 m (5,262 ft) above mean sea level.

Almora is situated on a ridge at the southern edge of the Kumaon Hills[18] of the Central Himalaya range in the shape of a horse saddle shaped hillock. The eastern portion of the ridge is known as Talifat[44] and the western one is known as Selifat.[18] The Almora Market is situated at the top of the ridge, where these two, Talifat and Selifat jointly terminate.[18] It is surrounded by thick forests of pine, deodar and fir trees. Flowing alongside the city are the Koshi (Kaushiki) and Suyal (Salmale) rivers. The snow-capped Himalayas can be seen in the background.

Climate

[edit]
View of Almora after rains

The climate of Almora is characterised by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The main seasons are summer from March to June, the monsoon season from July to October and winter from November to February. In summer, Almora is largely under the influence of moist, maritime airflow from the western side of the subtropical anticyclonic cells over low-latitude ocean waters. Temperatures are high and can lead to warm, oppressive nights. Summers are usually somewhat wetter than winters, with much of the rainfall coming from convectional thunderstorm activity; tropical cyclones also enhance warm-season rainfall in some regions. The coldest month is usually quite mild, although frosts are not uncommon, and winter precipitation is derived primarily from frontal cyclones along the polar front. The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate is Cwa (Humid Subtropical Climate).[45]

The average temperature for the year in Almora is 23.5 °C or 74.3 °F.[46] This information is as per the Abaal Institute. The warmest month, on average, is June with an average temperature of 31.1 °C or 88.0 °F.[46] The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 13.3 °C or 55.9 °F.[46] The average amount of precipitation for the year in Almora is 1,132.5 millimetres or 44.59 inches.[46] The month with the most precipitation on average is August with 330.3 millimetres or 13.00 inches of precipitation.[46] The month with the least precipitation on average is November with an average of 4.6 millimetres or 0.18 inches.[46] There are an average of 46.8 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in August with 11.9 days and the least precipitation occurring in November with 0.6 days.[46]

Climate data for Almora
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0) 		16.1
(61.0) 		20.6
(69.1) 		25.6
(78.1) 		28.3
(82.9) 		27.8
(82.0) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.0
(77.0) 		23.3
(73.9) 		20.0
(68.0) 		16.1
(61.0) 		22.3
(72.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.9
(48.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		23.3
(73.9) 		22.2
(72.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.2
(72.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		15.0
(59.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		17.8
(64.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5.6
(42.1) 		7.2
(45.0) 		10.6
(51.1) 		15.0
(59.0) 		17.8
(64.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		15.0
(59.0) 		10.6
(51.1) 		7.2
(45.0) 		13.9
(57.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 20.2
(0.80) 		27.7
(1.09) 		17.8
(0.70) 		17.5
(0.69) 		30.5
(1.20) 		115.0
(4.53) 		258.5
(10.18) 		236.8
(9.32) 		128.8
(5.07) 		23.8
(0.94) 		3.3
(0.13) 		8.8
(0.35) 		888.7
(35)
Source: https://weatherspark.com/y/110033/Average-Weather-in-Almora-India-Year-Round

Flora and fauna

[edit]
Forests in Almora over hills

The region is immensely rich with 4000 species of plants, having remarkable diversity in its natural vegetation by virtue of its having a great range of elevation. Climatic variations, particularly in temperature and precipitation associated with the alignment and elevation of its ranges and valleys, determine the altitudinal growth and variety of vegetation. The flora of this region may be classified into tropical, Himalayan sub-tropical and subalpine and alpine vegetation. The alpine and sub-alpine zones are considered as the most natural abode of the largest number of medicinal plants.

The sub-alpine zones of Almora and outskirts are a natural sanctuary for leopard, Langur, Himalayan black bear, kakar, goral, etc. Whereas the high altitude zones abound musk deer, popularly called "Kastura Mrig", snow leopard, blue sheep, thar, etc. The entire zone is rich in a remarkable variety of birds possessing plumage of magnificent design and colours like the peacock, and which also includes the grey quail, black francolin/kala titar, whistling thrush, chakor, monal, cheer pheasant, kokla, and Kalij pheasant.

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1871 6,260—    
1881 7,390+18.1%
1891 7,826+5.9%
1901 8,596+9.8%
1911 10,560+22.8%
1921 8,359−20.8%
1931 9,688+15.9%
1941 10,995+13.5%
1951 12,757+16.0%
1961 16,602+30.1%
1971 20,881+25.8%
1981 22,705+8.7%
1991 28,051+23.5%
2001 32,358+15.4%
2011 35,513+9.8%
Source: [2][47][48][49][50]
<div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;

Religions in Almora (2011)

  Hinduism (90.84%)
  Islam (7.54%)
  Sikhism (0.23%)
  Other or not religious (1.39%)

As of the 2011 India census, Almora has a population of 35,513 of which 18,306 are males, while 17,207 are females.[2]: 20  Out of the total population, The Almora Municipal Board has a population of 34,122,[51] while The Almora Cantonment Board has a population of 1,391.[52] The population of children in the age range of 0-6 years is 3,081, which is 8.67% of the total population of Almora.[2]: 20  The literacy rate of Almora city is 86.19%,[2]: 21  higher than the state average of 78.82%. Male literacy is around 88.06%, while the female literacy rate is 84.21%.[2]: 21  Almora had a population of 32,358 according to the 2001 Census of India.[53]

The earliest known reference to the population of Almora occurs in the book 'The Kingdom of Nepal' by Francis Hamilton. During his visit to Fatehgarh, Hamilton was told by Pt. Hariballav Pande that there were around a thousand houses in Almora during the Gorkha rule.[24]: 297  Mr. G.W. Traill, the second commissioner of the Kumaon division, has written that there were 742 houses in Almora in 1821, in which 1,369 men, 1,178 women, and 968 children lived, and thus the total population of the town was 3,505.[54]: 115 

Hinduism is practised by 90.84% of the total population and is the majority religion of Almora. Islam is practiced by 7.54% of people and is the largest minority religion. Other religions like Sikhism, Christianity and Buddhism are also practiced by a small number of people. Hindi and Sanskrit are the official languages of the state while Kumaoni is the mother tongue of the majority.

The Municipal board (Nagar Palika Parishad) of Almora was established in 1864. The Almora Nagar Palika Parishad has a population of 34,122 of which 17,358 are males while 16,764 are females as per the report released by Census India 2011.[51] The population of children within the age range of 0-6 is 2950 which is 8.65% of the total population of Almora (NPP).[51] In Almora Nagar Palika Parishad, the female sex ratio is of 966 against the state average of 963.[51] Moreover, the child sex ratio in Almora is around 857 compared to Uttarakhand's state average of 890.[51] Literacy rate of Almora city is 94.51% higher than state average of 78.82%.[51] In Almora, Male literacy is around 96.84% while female literacy rate is 92.13%.[51] Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 16.38% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 1.00% of total population in Almora (NPP).[51] Out of total population, 10,057 were engaged in work or business activity. Of this 7,901 were males while 2,156 were females.[51] Of the total 10,057 working population, 93.25% were engaged in main work while 6.75% of total workers were engaged in marginal work.[51] Almora Nagar Palika Parishad has total administration over 8,014 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. Almora is divided into 11 wards for which elections are held every 5 years.

Culture

[edit]

These mountains are associated with the best memories of our race: Here, therefore, must be one of centers, not merely of activity, but more of calmness of meditation, and of peace and I hope someone to realize it.

— Swami Vivekananda (replying to the address given to him by the people of Almora.)

[55][56]

Temples

[edit]
Kasar Devi Temple

Almora has many notable temples, including Kasar Devi, Nanda Devi, Doli Daana, Shyayi Devi, Khakmara, Asht Bhairav, Jakhandevi, Katarmal (Sun Temple), Pataal Devi, Raghunath Mandir, Badreshwar, Banari Devi, Chitai, Jageshwar,[57] Binsar Mahadev, Garhnath and Baijnath.

Kasar Devi temple constructed in 2nd century CE, was visited by Swami Vivekananda and this area has a Chabad House.[58][59]: 96 [60]

Rudreshwar Mahadev Temple, near Sanara Ganiya, is dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is beside the river Ram Ganga. A sun temple (only the second in the world) is at Katarmal, a short distance from the town. The temple of Manila Devi, Devi Maa, the family goddess of the Katyuri clan, lies around 85 km from Ranikhet. Udaipur a temple of Golu devta is 5 km from Binta near Dwarahat.

Dunagiri has the highly revered temple of Shakti or Mother Goddess. Dunagiri is known as the birthplace of modern-day Kriya Yoga. There is a notable temple in Almora district which is in the village of Chaura near Bhaisor Gaun, Someshwar. This temple is dedicated to Lord Golu who is considered as a lord of justice in Uttarakhand. This temple is about 40 km from Almora town. Another temple of Almora district is Airdau which is in Someshwar. Someshwar is a tehsil in the Almora district, which is very rich in agricultural ways.

Pandu Kholi is another ancient temple in the Almora district. According to Hindu mythology, Pandavas spent some time here to escape from Duryodhana. The distance of this temple from Almora is about 80  km. Another very ancient and holy Shiva temple in Someshwar town is known as Khakeshwar Mahadev temple. It is in Bhaisor Gaun village, on the bank of a river.

Transport

[edit]

Road

[edit]
Kathgodam is the nearest railway station to Almora

Well connected by motorable roads with major destinations of Uttarakhand state and northern India. Uttarakhand Transport Corporation runs Buses from Almora bus station to major north Indian cities such as Delhi, Dehradun, Lucknow, Chandigarh etc. Taxis and Private Buses, mostly run by K.M.O.U, connect Almora to other major destinations of the Kumaon region. Government of Uttarakhand is constructing an ISBT near Lower Mall Road,[61] which will be helpful for establishing a large tourist network in the city and to destinations in the surrounding Kumaon region. It will be the second ISBT of Uttarakhand after Dehradun.[62] A Sub Regional Transport Office is located in Almora[63] where Vehicles are registered by the number UK-01.[64]

Train

[edit]

Kathgodam railway station is the nearest railway station. Kathgodam is the last terminus of the broad gauge line of North East Railways that connects Kumaon with Delhi, Dehradun and Howrah.

Air

[edit]

Pantnagar Airport, located in Pantnagar is the primary Airport serving the entire Kumaon Region. Bareilly Airport is another domestic airport which also serves the Kumaon region. Indira Gandhi International Airport, located in Delhi is the nearest International Airport.

Education

[edit]

Almora has three universities, Kumaun University, Soban Singh Jeena University and Uttarakhand Residential University. Almora has a total of 23 Primary Schools, 7 Middle Schools, 2 Secondary Schools, and 9 Senior Secondary Schools.

  • Kumaon engineering college

Media and communications

[edit]

All India Radio has a local station in Almora which transmits programs of mass interest.[65] Almora station of A.I.R. was founded in June 1986 and is a primary channel station running on medium wave catering the whole of Kumaon division.[66] The main service providers are Dish TV and Doordarshan. BSNL, Vodafone and Airtel have the three largest cellular networks in the city. There are Internet cafés in and around the city, but broadband connectivity is limited. Satellite dishes exist in most homes in the region and the channels available throughout India are also available here.

Multiple local Hindi and English newspapers are published, whereas regional and national Hindi and English newspapers, printed elsewhere in India, are also circulated in Almora. a number of historical newspapers and magazines have been published from Almora like Prabuddha Bharata, Almora Akhbar, Shakti and Swadhin Praja etc.[67]

In 1871 A.D. Pt. Buddhiballav Pant opened a debating club.[68]: 134  When Sir William Muir, the then provincial Governor, came here he was highly pleased with the working of this club.[54]: 120  It is said that he also advised to open a press here and publish a newspaper. Mr. Pant, as advised, opened a press here and started publishing a weekly magazine Almora Akhbar.[67]: 21  Almora Akhbar was the oldest Hindi weekly of this province. In 1913 A.D. Badri Datt Pandey took over the editing work of the magazine. Almora Akhbar made much progress; The number of its customers rose from 50–60 to 1500; however, it was closed in 1917. In 1918 one of the partners purchased the Debating Club Press and named it Vindhyavasini Press. From 1922 A.D. a weekly named Zila Samachar began to be published.[54]: 120  Later on it came to be called Kumaun Kumud and was still being published until the late 1930s.[54]: 120 

In 1893–1894, Babu Devidas opened Kumaun Printing Press which published a weekly named Kurmanchal Samachar.[54]: 120  Another weekly named Kurmanchal Mitra was also published but it was stopped after sometime.[54]: 120  The Prabuddha Bharata started publication in August 1898 from Almora, and was edited by Swami Swarupananda.[69] In 1918 A.D. Badri Datt Pandey with the help of his friends opened a press named Deshbhakta and started publishing a magazine Shakti from it.[67]: 21 [68]: 134 [70]: 45  Being displeased at the policy of Shakti, some of his partners filed suits and withdrew their shares and in 1919 A.D. opened Sombari Press from which for some time a magazine named 'Jyoti' was published.[54]: 120  Later on this press also was sold and the publication was stopped. Shakti continued published till 1942, when owing to policies of the government, its publication was stopped.[68]: 134  The publication resumed again in 1946 with the efforts of Pandit Gobind Ballabh Pant.[70][68]: 134 

In 1930 A.D., a paper named Swadhin Praja was published.[68]: 134 [71] Its director was patriot Victor Mohan Joshi.[71] In 1934 A.D. a weekly named Samta was published.[71] Directed by an artisan, Hari Prasad Tamta,[71] it received a monthly help of Rs. 2001- from the government.[54]: 120  Formerly it was printed in Indra Printing Press but later the publication shifted to Krishna Press in Haldwani.[54]: 120  Since 1935 A.D. an illustrated monthly magazine named Natkhat is being published from Indra Printing Press.[54]: 120 

Notable people

[edit]
Swami Vivekananda visited Almora thrice during his Himalayan sojourns
Govind Ballabh Pant was born in Almora
Cricketer Mahendra Singh Dhoni has ancestral roots in Almora

Further reading

[edit]
  • Rivett-Carnac, J. H. (1879). Archaeological notes on ancient sculpturings on rocks in Kumaon, India. Calcutta : G.H. Rouse.
  • Upreti, Ganga Dutt (1894). Proverbs & folklore of Kumaun and Garhwal. Lodiana Mission Press.
  • Oakley, E Sherman (1905). Holy Himalaya; the religion, traditions, and scenery of Himalayan province (Kumaon and Garwhal). Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier, London.
  • of Kumaon, Raja Rudradeva; (Ed. with English tr. Haraprasada Shastri) (1910). Syanika sastra: or A Book on Hawking. Asiatic Society, Calcutta.

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l District Census Handbook (PDF). Dehradun: Directorate of Census Operations, Uttarakhand. p. 8. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  3. ^ "Almora Pin Code". pin-code.net. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
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  7. ^ Bhattacherje, S. B. (May 2009). Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 55. ISBN 9788120740747.
  8. ^ Tyagi, Nutan (1991). Hill Resorts of U.P. Himalaya,: A Geographical Study. Indus Publishing. p. 76. ISBN 9788185182629.
  9. ^ Debroy, Bibek (July 2012). The Mahabharata: Volume 3. Penguin Books India. p. 20. ISBN 9780143100157.
  10. ^ Brockington, J. L. (1998). The Sanskrit Epics. BRILL. p. 26. ISBN 9004102604.
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  12. ^ Shah, Giriraj. Abode of gods: Uttarakhand. Cosmo Publications. p. 113.
  13. ^ "Almora District". www.mapsofindia.com. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  14. ^ Vathsala, V P (25 September 2016). "On the hills of Almora". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  15. ^ "Himalayan Region, Almora - BHOR". Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  16. ^ Riddick, John F. (2006). The History of British India: A Chronology. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313322808.
  17. ^ Agarwal, Rohit. "Top 8 Places To Visit In Almora". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h Dehradun, NIC, Uttarakhand State Unit. "About us: District of Almora, Uttarakhand, India". almora.nic.in. Archived from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ "Almora History - kmvn Resources and Information". www.kmvn.org. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  20. ^ "Almora Travel and Tourism Guide". Travel India. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  21. ^ a b c d Aggarwal, J. C.; Agrawal, S. P. (1995). Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788170225720.
  22. ^ Census of India, 1981: Uttar Pradesh. Series 22. Controller of Publications. 1982. p. 1. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
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