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1948 South Korean Constitutional Assembly election

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1948 South Korean Constitutional Assembly election
South Korea
← 1946 10 May 1948 1950 →
All 200 seats in the Constituent National Assembly
101 seats needed for a majority
Turnout95.50%
Party Leader Vote % Seats
National Association Syngman Rhee 25.87 55
Korea Democratic Kim Seong-su 13.51 29
Korea Youth Ji Cheong-cheon 9.66 12
National Youth Lee Beom-seok 2.23 6
Taehan Labour Federation 1.57 1
Farmers Federation 0.77 2
Other parties – 5.92 10
Independents – 40.47 85
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Results by constituency
Speaker before Speaker after
None Rhee Syng-man
National Association
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Constitutional Assembly elections were held in South Korea on 10 May 1948. They were held under the U.S. military occupation, with supervision from the United Nations, and resulted in a victory for the National Association for the Rapid Realisation of Korean Independence, which won 55 of the 200 seats, although 85 were held by independents. Voter turnout was 95%.[1]

The elections were the first time in Korean history that the citizens were allowed to vote for a national legislative body.[2] The Korean peninsula had been under Japanese colonial rule for thirty-five years (1910–1945), and for hundreds of years before that, it had been governed by the (Yi Dynasty) Korean royal family and scholarly officials.

Background

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Voting in the election

The elections were a milestone in Korean political history. The Korean people had not previously experienced democracy under written constitutional rule; the very foundation of South Korean politics were still under construction and were unstable.[3] The elections would lead to a constitution, roughly based on the constitution of the United States, and establish democracy in South Korea.[3]

In 1948 the subject of an election of any kind in South Korea was an issue worldwide. On 8 and 9 March 1948, UN delegates from Australia, Canada, India, and Syria expressed their doubts and some complete rejection of the elections on 10 May 1948 for South Korea.[4] The UN delegates were concerned by Korea's political maturity at the time, feeling that the elections might not validly express the popular will in a country which had only been independent for four years.[5] Some Korean politicians, such as Kim Koo and Kim Kyu-sik, denounced the election as it would dash the hopes of reunification with North Korea.[4] However, a vote in the South Korean Interim Legislature on 10 March ruled 40 to 0 in favor of holding the election.[4]

The elections were originally intended to be held throughout the Korean peninsula, but Soviet Union forces and Kim Il-sung refused the UN supervisors entry into North Korea for the elections.[6] They were therefore held only in the US-administered territory, making the elections a purely South Korean event. Because of this, Kim Koo the last president of the Korean Provisional Government and Kim Kyu-sik the former chairman of the South Korean Interim Legislature,[7] denounced the elections as they would dash hopes of reunification with North Korea, but could not prevent them from happening.[4] The voters elected members of a constitutional convention, which then voted on the constitution and re-convened as the national legislature to elect the president. At the proceedings, they left one hundred seats open in the Constituent National Assembly for North Koreans to vote on when they were able.[6]

Electoral system

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The election system corresponded to the same limited system that had been established under the Japanese. In larger towns, only landowners and taxpayers could vote, while in small towns, elders voted on behalf of everyone else.[8][9]

Conduct

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The elections were marred by terrorism resulting in 600 deaths between March and May.[10] In April, North Korea, supposedly in an effort to delay the elections, sponsored a unity conference in Pyongyang to promote reunification of the two Koreas, which both Kim Koo and Kim Kyu-sik attended. The conference was inconclusive towards any upcoming reunification,[clarification needed] and did not delay the elections.[11]

The people of Jeju island saw the election as a unilateral attempt by the United States military government under the flag of United Nations to separate a southern regime and to employ its first president Syngman Rhee,[12][2] The Jeju uprising occurred, during which tens of thousands of Jeju people were killed.[12]

Results

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PartyVotes%Seats
NARRKI1,755,54325.8755
Korea Democratic Party916,32213.5129
Korea Youth Party655,6539.6612
National Youth Party151,0432.236
Taehan Labour Federation106,6291.571
Farmers Federation52,5120.772
Other parties401,5545.9210
Independents2,745,48340.4785
Total6,784,739100.00200
Valid votes7,216,94296.38
Invalid/blank votes270,7073.62
Total votes7,487,649100.00
Registered voters/turnout7,840,87195.50
Source: Nohlen et al.[a]
  1. ^ The official results are inconsistent, with party totals around 400,000 lower than the reported number of valid votes.[13]

By city/province

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Region Total
seats 		Seats won
NARRKI KNP KY NY TLF FF Other Ind.
Seoul 10 1 4 2 0 0 0 1 2
Gyeonggi 29 7 2 3 0 0 0 1 16
Gangwon 12 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 5
North Chungcheong 12 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 8
South Chungcheong 19 10 0 1 0 0 0 0 8
North Jeolla 22 6 4 1 2 0 1 0 8
South Jeolla 29 5 10 1 1 0 1 2 9
North Gyeongsang 33 11 5 2 0 1 0 3 11
South Gyeongsang 31 6 3 0 3 0 0 2 17
Jeju 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Total 200 55 29 12 6 1 2 10 85
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  • Turnout
    Turnout

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II, p428 ISBN 0-19-924959-8
  2. ^ a b Wright, Edward Reynolds. Korean Politics in Transition. University of Washington Press. Seattle Washington. 1975. Page 19
  3. ^ a b Kim, Ilpyong. Young, Whan Kihl. Political Change in South Korea. The Korean PWPA, Inc. Paragon House, New York. 1988. p24.
  4. ^ a b c d Oliver, Robert Tarbell (1978). Syngman Rhee and American Involvement in Korea, 1942-1960: A Personal Narrative. Seoul, South Korea: Panmun Book Company. p. 149. OCLC 568651495.
  5. ^ Allen, Richard C. (3 February 2016). Korea's Syngman Rhee: An Unauthorized Portrait. Rutland Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Publishing. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4629-1809-6.
  6. ^ a b Malkasian, Carter (2001). The Korean War 1950-1953. Taylor & Francis. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-57958-364-4.
  7. ^ Weems, Benjamin (1948). "Behind the Korean Election". Far Eastern Survey. 17 (12): 142–147. doi:10.2307/3022008. ISSN 0362-8949. JSTOR 3022008.
  8. ^ Cumings, Bruce (2010). The Korean War: A History. p. 113.
  9. ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. pp. 66, 69. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
  10. ^ Stueck, William (14 May 2004). The Korean War in world history. Univ Pr of Kentucky. p. 38. ISBN 0-8131-2306-2.
  11. ^ Allen, p. 93
  12. ^ a b Jung Hee, Song (March 31, 2010). "Islanders still mourn April 3 massacre". Jeju weekly. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
  13. ^ Nohlen et al., p428
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