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1830–31 United States House of Representatives elections

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1830–31 United States House of Representatives elections
← 1828 & 1829 July 5, 1830 – October 3, 1831[a] 1832 & 1833 →
All 213 seats in the United States House of Representatives
107 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader Andrew Stevenson John W. Taylor
Party Jacksonian National Republican
Leader's seat Virginia 9th New York 17th
Last election 136 seats 72 seats
Seats won 126 66
Seat change Decrease 10 Decrease 6
  Third party Fourth party
 
Party Anti-Masonic Nullifier
Last election 5 seats 0 seats
Seats won 17 4
Seat change Increase 12 Increase 4
Speaker before election

Andrew Stevenson
Jacksonian

Elected Speaker

Andrew Stevenson
Jacksonian

The 1830–31 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between July 5, 1830, and October 3, 1831. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 22nd United States Congress convened on December 5, 1831. Elections were held for all 213 seats, representing 24 states.

The supporters of President Andrew Jackson lost ten seats during his first term, but managed to maintain control of the chamber amidst the growth of two new opposition movements.

The brash style of Congress during the administration of Jackson caused a number of Americans to become dissatisfied with the government and both of the major parties. Anger over the Tariff of 1828 also provided a major issue, particularly in the agricultural South. The Jacksonians remained firmly in control of the House, but lost several seats, as did the minority National Republicans. The Anti-Masonic Party, an aspiring third party which was based on a single issue (distrust of Freemasonry), was actually able to gain a dozen seats, and four South Carolina Congressman who called themselves Nullifiers (based on the principle of states' rights) were also elected. Thus, this was the first election in the House where both major parties lost seats at the same time; this would not occur again until the 1854 elections.

Election summaries

[edit]

Not including special elections.

↓
66 17 4 126
National Republican AM N Jacksonian
State Type Date Total
seats 		National Republican Anti-Masonic Jacksonian Nullifier
Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change
Louisiana Districts July 5–7, 1830 3 2 Steady 0 Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Mississippi At-large August 2–3, 1830 1 0 Steady 0 Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Vermont Districts September 6, 1830[b] 5 3 Decrease1 2 Increase1 0 Steady 0 Steady
Maine Districts September 13, 1830 7 1 Decrease2 0 Steady 6 Increase2 0 Steady
Georgia At-large October 4, 1830 7 0 Steady 0 Steady 7 Steady 0 Steady
Ohio Districts October 12, 1830 14 8 Increase2 0 Steady 6 Decrease2 0 Steady
Pennsylvania Districts 26 2 Increase1 7 Increase6 17 Decrease7 0 Steady
South Carolina Districts October 11–12, 1830 9 0 Steady 0 Steady 5 Decrease4 4 Increase4
Massachusetts Districts November 1, 1830 13 13 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
New York Districts November 1–3, 1830 34 3 Decrease8 8 Increase5 23 Increase3 0 Steady
New Jersey At-large November 6, 1830 6 6 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Delaware At-large November 13, 1830 1 1 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Late elections (after the March 4, 1831 beginning of the term)
New Hampshire At-large March 8, 1831 6 0 Steady 0 Steady 6 Steady 0 Steady
Connecticut At-large April 14, 1831 6 6 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Virginia Districts April 1831 22 5 Decrease1 0 Steady 17 Increase1 0 Steady
Alabama Districts August 1, 1831 3 0 Steady 0 Steady 3 Steady 0 Steady
Illinois At-large 1 0 Steady 0 Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Kentucky Districts 12 4 Increase2 0 Steady 8 Decrease2 0 Steady
Missouri At-large August 2, 1831 1 0 Steady 0 Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Indiana Districts August 5, 1831 3 0 Decrease2 0 Steady 3 Increase2 0 Steady
Tennessee Districts August 4–5, 1831 9 1 Steady 0 Steady 8 Steady 0 Steady
North Carolina Districts August 11, 1831 13 2 Decrease1 0 Steady 11 Increase1 0 Steady
Rhode Island At-large August 23, 1831 2 2 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Maryland Districts October 3, 1831 9 5 Increase2 0 Steady 4 Decrease2 0 Steady
Total 213 66
31.0% 		Decrease6 17
8.0% 		Increase12 126
59.2% 		Decrease10 4
1.9% 		Increase4
House seats
Jacksonian
 
 59.15%
Nat. Republican
 
 30.99%
Anti-Masonic
 
 7.98%
Nullifier
 
 1.88%

Special elections

[edit]

21st Congress

[edit]
See also: 21st United States Congress
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Maine 5 James W. Ripley Jacksonian 1826 (special) Incumbent resigned March 12, 1830.
New member elected September 13, 1830 and seated December 6, 1830.
Jacksonian hold.
Ohio 11 John M. Goodenow Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent resigned April 9, 1830, after being appointed judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio.
New member elected October 11, 1830 and seated December 6, 1830.
Winner was later elected to the next term; see below.
Virginia 22 Alexander Smyth Jacksonian 1817
1828 (retired)
1827 		Incumbent died April 17, 1830.
New member elected in November 1830 and seated December 6, 1830.
Jacksonian hold.
Winner was later elected to the next term; see below.
New York 6 Hector Craig Jacksonian 1822
1824 (lost)
1828 		Incumbent resigned July 12, 1830.
New member elected November 3, 1830 and seated December 6, 1830.
National Republican gain.
Virginia 11 Philip P. Barbour Jacksonian 1815
1824 (retired)
1827 		Incumbent resigned October 15, 1830, after being appointed judge of US Circuit Court of the Eastern District of Virginia.
New member elected November 25, 1830 and seated December 6, 1830.
Jacksonian hold.

22nd Congress

[edit]
See also: 22nd United States Congress
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
North Carolina 2 Vacant Vacancy in term.
New member elected in 1831 and seated May 12, 1831.
Jacksonian gain.
Missouri at-large Spencer D. Pettis National
Republican 		1824 Incumbent died August 28, 1831.
New member elected October 31, 1831 and seated October 31, 1831.
National Republican hold.
Vermont 2 Rollin C. Mallary National
Republican 		1820 (contested) Incumbent died April 15, 1831.
New member elected November 1, 1831 and seated December 5, 1831.
Anti-Masonic gain.
First ballot (July 5, 1831)
Second ballot (September 6, 1831)
Third ballot (November 1, 1831):
Pennsylvania 11 William Ramsey Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent died September 29, 1831, before the new Congress convened.
New member elected November 22, 1831 and seated December 5, 1831.[8]
Jacksonian hold.
Georgia at-large Wilson Lumpkin Jacksonian 1814
1816 (lost)
1826 		Incumbent resgined in 1831 before the convening of Congress.
New member elected December 12, 1831 and seated January 21, 1832.
Jacksonian hold.
New York 20 George Fisher National
Republican 		1828 Incumbent lost contested election February 5, 1830 to Silas Wright, who then failed to qualify.
New member elected November 3, 1830 and seated December 6, 1830.
Jacksonian gain.
Winner was not a candidate for the next term; see below.
North Carolina 6 Robert Potter Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent resigned in November 1831.
New member elected December 15, 1831 and seated January 6, 1832.
Jacksonian hold.

Alabama

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[13]
Alabama 1
"Northern District" 		Clement C. Clay Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Alabama 2
"Middle District" 		R. E. B. Baylor Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent lost-re-election.
Jacksonian hold.
Alabama 3
"Southern District" 		Dixon H. Lewis Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.

Connecticut

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut

Connecticut elected its six at-large members on a general ticket on April 14, 1831, after the term began but before the Congress convened.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[14]
Connecticut at-large
6 seats on a general ticket 		Ralph I. Ingersoll National
Republican 		1825 Incumbent re-elected.
Noyes Barber National
Republican 		1821 Incumbent re-elected.
Ebenezer Young National
Republican 		1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Jabez W. Huntington National
Republican 		1829 Incumbent re-elected.
William L. Storrs National
Republican 		1829 Incumbent re-elected.
William W. Ellsworth National
Republican 		1829 Incumbent re-elected.

Delaware

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[15]
Delaware at-large Kensey Johns National
Republican 		1827 (special) Incumbent retired.
National Republican hold.

Georgia

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia

Georgia elected its 7 at-large members on October 4, 1830.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[15]
Georgia at-large
7 seats on a general ticket 		Richard Henry Wilde Jacksonian 1814
1816 (lost)
1824 (special)
1826 (lost)
1827 (special) 		Incumbent re-elected.
Wilson Lumpkin Jacksonian 1814
1816 (lost)
1826 		Incumbent re-elected.
Charles E. Haynes Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent lost re-election.
Jacksonian hold.
Henry G. Lamar Jacksonian 1829 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Thomas F. Foster Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
James M. Wayne Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Wiley Thompson Jacksonian 1820 Incumbent re-elected.

Illinois

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois

Illinois elected its sole member late on August 1, 1831.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[13]
Illinois at-large Joseph Duncan Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.

Indiana

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana

Indiana elected its three members late on August 5, 1831.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[13]
Indiana 1 Ratliff Boon Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Indiana 2 Jonathan Jennings National
Republican 		1822 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Indiana 3 John Test National
Republican 		1828 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.

Kentucky

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[13]
Kentucky 1 Henry Daniel Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected.
Kentucky 2 Nicholas D. Coleman Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent lost re-election.
National Republican gain.
Kentucky 3 James Clark National Republican 1825 Incumbent renominated but declined.
National Republican hold.
Kentucky 4 Robert P. Letcher National Republican 1822 Incumbent re-elected.
Kentucky 5 Richard M. Johnson Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.

▌Green tickY Richard M. Johnson (Jacksonian) 100%

Kentucky 6 Joseph Lecompte Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected.
Kentucky 7 John Kincaid Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian hold.
  • ▌Green tickY John Adair (Jacksonian) 54.90%
  • ▌ Unknown (National Republican) 45.10%
Kentucky 8 Nathan Gaither Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Kentucky 9 Charles A. Wickliffe Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent re-elected.
Kentucky 10 Joel Yancey Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent lost reelection.
National Republican gain.
Kentucky 11 Thomas Chilton Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent switched parties and lost reelection.
Jacksonian hold.
Kentucky 12 Chittenden Lyon Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected.

Louisiana

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[15]
Louisiana 1 Edward D. White Sr. National Republican 1828 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Green tickY Edward D. White Sr. (National Republican) 100%
Louisiana 2 Henry H. Gurley National Republican 1822 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian gain.
Louisiana 3 Walter Hampden Overton Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent retired.
National Republican gain.

Maine

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Maine
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[16]
Maine 1 Rufus McIntire Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected.
Maine 2 John Anderson Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected.
Maine 3 Joseph F. Wingate National Republican 1826 Incumbent lost reelection.
Jacksonian gain.
First ballot (September 13, 1830)
Second Ballot (November 22, 1830)
Maine 4 George Evans National Republican 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Maine 5 Cornelius Holland Jacksonian 1830[d] Incumbent re-elected.
Maine 6 Leonard Jarvis Jacksonian 1830 Incumbent re-elected.
Maine 7 Samuel Butman National Republican 1827 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian gain.

Maryland

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland

Maryland elected its nine members on October 3, 1831. In the fifth district, two members were elected on a general ticket. There was a net gain of 2 National Republicans thereby increasing their ratio from 3-to-6 to 5-to-4.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Maryland 1 Clement Dorsey National
Republican 		1824 Incumbent retired.
National Republican hold.
Maryland 2 Benedict Joseph Semmes National
Republican 		1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Maryland 3 George C. Washington National
Republican 		1826 Incumbent re-elected.
Maryland 4 Michael Sprigg Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent lost re-election.
Jacksonian hold.
Maryland 5
2 seats on a general ticket 		Benjamin C. Howard Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Elias Brown Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent lost re-election.
Jacksonian hold.
Maryland 6 George E. Mitchell Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Maryland 7 Richard Spencer Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent lost re-election.
National Republican gain.
Maryland 8 Ephraim King Wilson Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent retired.
National Republican gain.

Massachusetts

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts

Former U.S. President John Quincy Adams was elected in Massachusetts's 11th district, becoming the first former president to re-enter public life after leaving the presidency.

Elections were held November 1, 1830, but at least one district went to so many ballots it failed to achieve a majority election until 1832, just before the next cycle began.

(District numbers differ between sources. District numbers below reflect Martis's references.[20] Where noted, Congressional Quarterly's "Guide to U.S. Elections"[21] has different district numbers.)

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[16]
Massachusetts 1 (Suffolk) Benjamin Gorham National
Republican 		1820 (special)
1822 (retired)
1827 (special) 		Incumbent retired.
National Republican hold.
Massachusetts 2 (Essex–South) Benjamin W. Crowninshield National
Republican 		1822 Incumbent lost re-election from a different party.
National Republican hold.
Massachusetts 3 (Essex–North) John Varnum National
Republican 		1824 Incumbent retired.
New member elected late.
National Republican hold.
First ballot (November 1, 1830)
Second ballot (January 3, 1831)
Third ballot (April 4, 1831)
Fourth ballot (June 27, 1831)
Fifth ballot (September 5, 1831)
Sixth ballot (November 14, 1831)
Seventh ballot (January 16, 1832)
Eighth ballot (February 13, 1832)
Ninth ballot (March 12, 1832)
Tenth ballot (April 9, 1832)
Eleventh ballot (May 14, 1832)
Twelfth ballot (September 3, 1832)
Thirteenth ballot (November 12, 1832)
Massachusetts 4 (Middlesex) Edward Everett National
Republican 		1824 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 5 (Worcester–South)
CQGuide: 13th[21] 		John Davis National
Republican 		1824 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 6 (Worcester–North)
CQGuide: 5th[21] 		Joseph G. Kendall National
Republican 		1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 7 (Franklin)
CQGuide: 6th[21] 		George Grennell Jr. National
Republican 		1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 8 (Hampden) Isaac C. Bates National
Republican 		1826 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 9 (Berkshire)
CQGuide: 7th[21] 		Henry W. Dwight National
Republican 		1820 Incumbent lost re-election.
National Republican hold.
Massachusetts 10 (Norfolk)
CQGuide: 9th[21] 		John Bailey National
Republican 		1823 (special)
1824 (disqualified)
1824 (special) 		Incumbent retired.
National Republican hold.
Massachusetts 11 (Plymouth)
CQGuide: 12th[21] 		Joseph Richardson National
Republican 		1826 Incumbent retired.
National Republican hold.
Massachusetts 12 (Bristol)
CQGuide: 10th[21] 		James L. Hodges National
Republican 		1827 Incumbent re-elected late on the seventh ballot
First ballot (November 1, 1830)
Second ballot (January 3, 1831)
Third ballot (April 4, 1831)
Fourth ballot (June 27, 1831)
Fifth ballot (September 5, 1831)
Sixth ballot (November 14, 1831)
Seventh ballot (January 16, 1832)
Massachusetts 13 (Barnstable)
CQGuide: 11th[21] 		John Reed Jr. National
Republican 		1812
1816 (lost)
1820 		Incumbent re-elected.

Mississippi

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi

Elections held early, from August 2 to 3, 1830

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[15]
Mississippi at-large Thomas Hinds Jacksonian 1828 (special) Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Franklin E. Plummer (Jacksonian) 35.21%
  • ▌David Dickson (Jacksonian) 22.05%
  • ▌James C. Wilkins (Jacksonian) 17.82%
  • ▌William L. Sharkey (National Republican) 11.82%
  • ▌John H. Norton (National Republican) 11.78%
  • ▌Richard W. Webber (Jacksonian) 1.34%

Missouri

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri

Missouri elected its sole member late on August 2, 1831.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[13]
Missouri at-large Spencer Pettis Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.

New Hampshire

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire

New Hampshire elected its six members at-large late on March 8, 1831.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[13]
New Hampshire at-large
6 seats on a general ticket 		John Brodhead Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Thomas Chandler Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Joseph Hammons Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Jonathan Harvey Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Henry Hubbard Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
John W. Weeks Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.

New Jersey

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey

New Jersey elected its six members at-large on November 6, 1830.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[15]
New Jersey at-large
6 seats on a general ticket 		Isaac Pierson National
Republican 		1826 Incumbent lost renomination.
National Republican hold.
Richard M. Cooper National
Republican 		1828 Incumbent re-elected.
James F. Randolph National
Republican 		1828 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Thomas H. Hughes National
Republican 		1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Samuel Swan National
Republican 		1820 Incumbent retired.
National Republican hold.
Lewis Condict National
Republican 		1821 (special) Incumbent re-elected.

New York

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from New York

New York elected its 34 members from November 1 to 3, 1830.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[22]
New York 1 James Lent Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 2 Jacob Crocheron Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian hold.
  • ▌Green tickY John T. Bergen (Jacksonian) 50.36%
  • ▌John Wyckoff (National Republican) 49.64%
New York 3
3 seats on a general ticket 		Churchill C. Cambreleng Jacksonian 1821 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Churchill C. Cambreleng (Jacksonian) 17.8%
  • ▌Green tickY Campbell P. White (Jacksonian) 17.5%
  • ▌Green tickY Gulian C. Verplanck (Jacksonian) 17.5%
  • ▌Abraham Lawrence (National Republican) 12.3%
  • ▌Thomas R. Smith (National Republican) 12.0%
  • ▌Adoniram Chandler (National Republican) 11.9%
  • ▌Thomas Hertell (Working Men's) 3.6%
  • ▌John Frazee (Working Men's) 3.5%
  • ▌Isaac Pierce (Working Men's) 3.4%
  • Thomas Skidmore (Agrarian) 0.19%
  • Alden Porter (Agrarian) 0.19%
  • John Tuthill (Agrarian) 0.18%
Campbell P. White Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Gulian C. Verplanck Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 4 Henry B. Cowles National
Republican 		1828 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian gain.
  • ▌Green tickY Aaron Ward (Jacksonian) 53.58%
  • ▌John Hunter (National Republican) 31.58%
  • ▌Jonathan Ferris (Anti-Masonic) 14.83%
New York 5 Abraham Bockee Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent lost renomination.
National Republican gain.
New York 6 Vacant Rep. Hector Craig (J) resigned July 12, 1830.
National Republican gain.
  • ▌Green tickY Samuel J. Wilkin (National Republican) 50.86%
  • ▌Isaac R. Van Duzer (Jacksonian) 49.14%
New York 7 Charles G. DeWitt Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian hold.
  • ▌Green tickY John C. Brodhead (Jacksonian) 59.7%
  • ▌Thomas S. Lockwood (National Republican) 40.3%
New York 8 James Strong National
Republican 		1822 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian gain.
  • ▌Green tickY John King (Jacksonian) 56.8%
  • ▌Robert L. Livingston (National Republican) 43.2%
New York 9 John D. Dickinson National
Republican 		1826 Incumbent lost re-election.
Jacksonian gain.
New York 10 Ambrose Spencer National
Republican 		1828 Incumbent lost re-election.
Jacksonian gain.
New York 11 Perkins King Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Erastus Root (Jacksonian) 60.99%
  • ▌Isaac Ogden (Anti-Masonic) 39.01%
New York 12 Peter I. Borst Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Joseph Bouck (Jacksonian) 64.9%
  • ▌Peter W. Mann (Anti-Masonic) 35.1%
New York 13 William G. Angel Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY William G. Angel (Jacksonian) 50.93%
  • ▌Horace Lathrop (Anti-Masonic) 49.07%
New York 14 Henry R. Storrs National
Republican 		1822 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian gain.
  • ▌Green tickY Samuel Beardsley (Jacksonian) 57.29%
  • ▌Simon N. Dexter (Anti-Masonic) 40.12%
  • ▌Fortune C. White (Working Men's) 2.59%
New York 15 Michael Hoffman Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Michael Hoffman (Jacksonian) 60.71%
  • ▌Hiram Nolton (Anti-Masonic) 39.29%
New York 16 Benedict Arnold National
Republican 		1828 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian gain.
New York 17 John W. Taylor National
Republican 		1812 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 18 Henry C. Martindale National
Republican 		1822 Incumbent lost re-election.
Jacksonian gain.
New York 19 Isaac Finch National
Republican 		1828 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian gain.
New York 20
2 seats on a general ticket 		Joseph Hawkins National
Republican 		1828 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian gain.
Vacant Rep. George Fisher (NR) resigned February 5, 1830 following election contest.
Jacksonian gain.
New York 21 Vacant Rep. Robert Monell (J) resigned February 21, 1831 to become judge of the Sixth State Circuit Court.
Anti-Masonic gain.
  • ▌Green tickY John A. Collier (Anti-Masonic) 58.92%
  • ▌Abial Cook (Jacksonian) 41.08%
New York 22 Thomas Beekman National
Republican 		1828 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian gain.
  • ▌Green tickY Edward C. Reed (Jacksonian) 51.66%
  • ▌Eleazer W. Edgecomb (Anti-Masonic) 48.34%
New York 23 Jonas Earll Jr. Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Freeborn G. Jewett (Jacksonian) 62.37%
  • ▌William Jerome (National Republican) 37.63%
New York 24 Gershom Powers Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Ulysses F. Doubleday (Jacksonian) 50.1%
  • ▌Josiah Hopkins (Anti-Masonic) 46.75%
  • ▌Ephraim C. Marsh (Independent) 3.15%
New York 25 Thomas Maxwell Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent retired.
Anti-Masonic gain.
New York 26
2 seats on a general ticket 		Jehiel H. Halsey Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent lost re-election.
Anti-Masonic gain.
Robert S. Rose Anti-Masonic 1828 Incumbent retired.
Anti-Masonic hold.
New York 27 Timothy Childs Anti-Masonic 1828 Incumbent retired.
Anti-Masonic hold.
New York 28 John Magee Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent lost re-election.
Anti-Masonic gain.
New York 29 Phineas L. Tracy Anti-Masonic 1827 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
New York 30 Ebenezer F. Norton Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent lost re-election.
Anti-Masonic gain.

North Carolina

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina

North Carolina elected its members August 11, 1831, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[13]
North Carolina 1 William B. Shepard National
Republican 		1829 Incumbent re-elected.
North Carolina 2 John Branch Jacksonian 1831[e] Incumbent re-elected.
North Carolina 3 Thomas H. Hall Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected.
North Carolina 4 Jesse Speight Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
North Carolina 5 Edward Bishop Dudley Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian hold.
North Carolina 6 Robert Porter Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
North Carolina 7 Edmund Deberry National
Republican 		1829 Incumbent lost re-election.
Jacksonian gain.
North Carolina 8 Daniel Barringer Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
North Carolina 9 Augustine H. Shepperd Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected.
North Carolina 10 Abraham Rencher Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
North Carolina 11 Henry W. Connor Jacksonian 1821 Incumbent re-elected.
North Carolina 12 Samuel P. Carson Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent re-elected.
North Carolina 13 Lewis Williams National
Republican 		1815 Incumbent re-elected.

Ohio

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[24]
Ohio 1 James Findlay Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 2 James Shields Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent lost re-election.
National Republican gain.
Ohio 3 Joseph H. Crane National Republican 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 4 Joseph Vance National Republican 1820[g] Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 5 William Russell Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 6 William Creighton Jr. National Republican 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 7 Samuel F. Vinton National Republican 1822 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 8 William Stanbery Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected as a National Republican.
National Republican gain.
Ohio 9 William W. Irvin Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 10 William Kennon Sr. National Republican 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 11 Humphrey H. Leavitt Jacksonian 1830[h] Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 12 John Thomson Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 13 Elisha Whittlesey National Republican 1822 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 14 Mordecai Bartley National Republican 1822 Incumbent retired.
National Republican hold.

Pennsylvania

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania and 1831 Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district special election
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[25][i]
Pennsylvania 1 Joel B. Sutherland Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 2 Joseph Hemphill Jacksonian 1800
1802 (lost)
1818
1826 (resigned)
1828 		Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Henry Horn (Jacksonian) 55.6%
  • ▌Daniel W. Coxe (National Republican) 44.4%
Pennsylvania 3 Daniel H. Miller Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent lost-re-election.
National Republican gain.
Pennsylvania 4
3 seats on a general ticket 		James Buchanan Jacksonian 1820 Incumbent retired.
Anti-Masonic gain.
Joshua Evans Jr. Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
George G. Leiper Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent retired.
Anti-Masonic gain.
Pennsylvania 5 John B. Sterigere Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Joel K. Mann (Jacksonian) 56.4%
  • ▌John Freedly (Anti-Masonic) 43.6%
Pennsylvania 6 Innis Green Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian hold.
  • ▌Green tickY John C. Bucher (Jacksonian) 54.4%
  • ▌Valentine Hummel (National Republican) 45.6%
Pennsylvania 7
2 seats on a general ticket 		Joseph Fry Jr. Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Henry A. P. Muhlenberg (Jacksonian) 58.3%
  • ▌Green tickY Henry King (Jacksonian) 55.0%
  • ▌John Bentenman (Anti-Masonic) 44.2%
  • ▌Walter C. Livingston (Anti-Masonic) 42.5%
Henry A. P. Muhlenberg Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 8
2 seats on a general ticket 		Peter Ihrie Jr. Jacksonian 1829 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Peter Ihrie Jr. (Jacksonian) 61.0%
  • ▌Green tickY Samuel A. Smith (Jacksonian) 48.1%
  • ▌Lewis A. Coryell (Jacksonian) 33.4%
  • ▌Christian J. Hutter (Jacksonian) 29.7%
  • ▌James M. Porter (National Republican) 18.4%
  • ▌Stephen Brock (National Republican) 9.4%
Samuel A. Smith Jacksonian 1829 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 9
3 seats on a general ticket 		Philander Stephens Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
James Ford Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Alem Marr Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian hold.
Pennsylvania 10 Adam King Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Adam King (Jacksonian) 58.6%
  • ▌William McIlvine (National Republican) 41.4%
Pennsylvania 11
2 seats on a general ticket 		Thomas H. Crawford Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
William Ramsey Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.[26]
Pennsylvania 12 John Scott Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent lost-re-election.
Anti-Masonic gain.
Pennsylvania 13 Chauncey Forward Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
National Republican gain.
  • ▌Green tickY George Burd (National Republican) 50.2%
  • ▌David Mann (Anti-Masonic) 48.5%
  • ▌Reynolds[k] (Unknown) 1.3%
Pennsylvania 14 Thomas Irwin Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent lost-re-election.
Anti-Masonic gain.
Pennsylvania 15 William McCreery Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent lost-re-election.
Anti-Masonic gain.
Pennsylvania 16
2 seats on a general ticket 		Harmar Denny Anti-Masonic 1829 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Harmar Denny (Anti-Masonic) 55.2%
  • ▌Green tickY John Gilmore (Jacksonian) 41.6%
  • ▌Robert T. Stewart (Jacksonian) 35.7%
  • ▌William Ayers (Anti-Masonic) 35.4%
  • ▌Walter Forward (Anti-Masonic) 32.2%
John Gilmore Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 17 Richard Coulter Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Richard Coulter (Jacksonian) 63.5%
  • ▌Thomas Pollock (Anti-Masonic) 26.5%
Pennsylvania 18 Thomas H. Sill National
Republican 		1826 (special) Incumbent retired.
Anti-Masonic gain.
  • ▌Green tickY John Banks (Anti-Masonic) 57.1%
  • ▌Thomas S. Cunningham (Jacksonian) 42.9%

Rhode Island

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island

Rhode Island elected its two members at-large late on August 23, 1831.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[13]
Rhode Island at-large
2 seats on a general ticket 		Tristam Burges National Republican 1825 Incumbent re-elected.
Dutee J. Pearce National Republican 1825 Incumbent re-elected.

South Carolina

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina

South Carolina elected its nine members from October 11 to 12, 1830.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[24]
South Carolina 1 William Drayton Jacksonian 1825 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
South Carolina 2 Robert W. Barnwell Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected as a Nullifier.
Nullifier gain.
South Carolina 3 John Campbell Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent lost re-election as a Nullifier.
Jacksonian hold.
South Carolina 4 William D. Martin Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian hold.
South Carolina 5 George McDuffie Jacksonian 1820 Incumbent re-elected as a Nullifier.
Nullifier gain.
South Carolina 6 Warren R. Davis Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected as a Nullifier.
Nullifier gain.
South Carolina 7 William T. Nuckolls Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
South Carolina 8 James Blair Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
South Carolina 9 Starling Tucker Jacksonian 1816 Incumbent retired.
Nullifier gain.

Tennessee

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee

Election held late, on August 4, 1831.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[13]
Tennessee 1 John Blair Jacksonian 1823 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 2 Pryor Lea Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent lost re-election.
National Republican gain.
Tennessee 3 James I. Standifer Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 4 Jacob C. Isacks Jacksonian 1823 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 5 Robert Desha Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian hold.
  • ▌Green tickY William Hall (Jacksonian) 50.70%
  • ▌Robert H. Burton (Unknown) 49.30%
Tennessee 6 James K. Polk Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 7 John Bell Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 8 Cave Johnson Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 9 Davy Crockett National
Republican 		1827 Incumbent lost re-election.
Jacksonian gain.

Vermont

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont

Vermont elected its five members on September 6, 1830. Vermont required a majority vote for election, so the 3rd district election was settled on the second ballot on December 7, 1830, and the 4th district election was settled on the eleventh ballot on June 4, 1832.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[7]
Vermont 1 Jonathan Hunt National
Republican 		1827 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Jonathan Hunt (National Republican) 58.5%
  • ▌Orsamus C. Merrill (Jacksonian) 31.7%
  • ▌Samuel Elliott (Independent) 6.1%
  • ▌John S. Pettibone (Anti-Masonic) 1.6%
Vermont 2 Rollin C. Mallary National
Republican 		1824 Incumbent re-elected.
Vermont 3 Horace Everett National
Republican 		1828 Incumbent re-elected.
First ballot (September 6, 1830)
  • ▌Horace Everett (National Republican) 49.0%
  • ▌Royal M. Ransom (Anti-Masonic) 34.7%
  • ▌Alden Partridge (Jacksonian) 13.5%
  • ▌Jacob Collamer (Unknown) 0.4%
  • Write-ins 2.4%
Second ballot (December 7, 1830)
  • ▌Green tickY Horace Everett (National Republican) 51.2%
  • ▌Royal M. Ransom (Anti-Masonic) 34.9%
  • ▌Alden Partridge (Jacksonian) 11.6%
Vermont 4 Benjamin Swift National
Republican 		1827 Incumbent retired.
National Republican hold.
First ballot (September 6, 1830)
  • ▌Heman Allen (National Republican) 48.6%
  • ▌Benjamin F. Bailey (Jacksonian) 29.6%
  • ▌Benjamin Swift (Anti-Masonic) 19.3%
  • ▌Samuel Swift (Unknown) 0.2%
  • ▌Stephen Royce (Unknown) 0.0%
  • ▌Alvah Sabin (Unknown) 0.0%
Second ballot (December 7, 1830)
Third ballot (February 7, 1831)
Fourth ballot (April 4, 1831)
  • ▌Benjamin Swift (Anti-Masonic) 50.0%
  • ▌Benjamin F. Bailey (Jacksonian) 49.1%
  • Write-ins 0.9%
Fifth ballot (June 6, 1831)
Sixth ballot (August 1, 1831)
Seventh ballot (October 1, 1831)
Eighth ballot (December 5, 1831)
Ninth ballot (February 6, 1832)
  • ▌Benjamin F. Bailey (Jacksonian) 44.4%
  • ▌Heman Allen (National Republican) 34.7%
  • ▌Asa Aldis (Anti-Masonic) 20.5%
Tenth ballot (April 2, 1832)
  • ▌Benjamin F. Bailey (Jacksonian) 44.1%
  • ▌Heman Allen (National Republican) 32.3%
  • ▌Truman Galusha (Anti-Masonic) 23.4%
  • Scattering
Eleventh ballot (June 4, 1832)
Vermont 5 William Cahoon Anti-Masonic 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY William Cahoon (Anti-Masonic) 52.6%
  • ▌Israel P. Dana (Jacksonian) 44.2%
  • ▌James Bell (National Republican) 0.8%

Virginia

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[27]
Virginia 1 George Loyall Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent lost re-election.
National Republican gain.
Virginia 2 James Trezvant Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian hold.
  • ▌Green tickY John Y. Mason (Jacksonian) 57.9%
  • ▌Richard Eppes (Independent) 42.1%
Virginia 3 William S. Archer Jacksonian 1820 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 4 Mark Alexander Jacksonian 1819 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 5 Thomas Bouldin Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 6 Thomas Davenport Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 7 Nathaniel Claiborne Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 8 Richard Coke Jr. Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Richard Coke Jr. (Jacksonian) 77.3%
  • ▌Carter M. Braxton (Jacksonian) 22.7%
Virginia 9 Andrew Stevenson Jacksonian 1821 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 10 William F. Gordon Jacksonian 1829 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 11 John M. Patton Jacksonian 1830 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY John M. Patton (Jacksonian) 57.4%
  • ▌Laurence T. Dade (Jacksonian) 42.6%
Virginia 12 John Roane Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent retired.
Jacksonian hold.
  • ▌Green tickY John J. Roane (Jacksonian) 43.7%
  • ▌John H. Bernard (Independent) 31.7%
  • ▌Edwin Upshaw (Jacksonian) 14.1%
  • ▌Jonathan M. Garnett (Independent) 10.5%
Virginia 13 John Taliaferro National
Republican 		1824 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
Jacksonian gain.
Virginia 14 Charles F. Mercer National
Republican 		1817 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Charles F. Mercer (National Republican) 55.3%
  • ▌John Gibson (Independent) 44.7%
Virginia 15 John S. Barbour Jacksonian 1823 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY John S. Barbour (Jacksonian) 70.1%
  • ▌John R. Wallace (Independent) 29.9%
Virginia 16 William Armstrong National
Republican 		1825 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 17 Robert Allen Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 18 Philip Doddridge National
Republican 		1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 19 William McCoy Jacksonian 1811 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY William McCoy (Jacksonian) 80.6%
  • ▌Erasmus Stribling (Independent) 19.4%
Virginia 20 Robert Craig Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 21 Lewis Maxwell National
Republican 		1827 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Lewis Maxwell (National Republican) 50.9%
  • ▌Daniel Smith (National Republican) 44.1%
  • ▌Johnson Reynolds (Independent) 5.0%
Virginia 22 Joseph Draper Jacksonian 1830 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
Jacksonian hold.

Non-voting delegates

[edit]
See also: Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives

Arkansas Territory

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas

Arkansas elected its delegate late on September 4, 1831.

District Incumbent This race
Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Arkansas Territory at-large Ambrose H. Sevier Jacksonian 1828 (special) Incumbent re-elected.

Florida Territory

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Florida

Florida elected its delegate on September 1, 1830.

District Incumbent This race
Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Florida Territory at-large Joseph M. White Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent re-elected.

Michigan Territory

[edit]
See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan

Arkansas elected its delegate late on August 8, 1831.

District Incumbent This race
Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Michigan Territory at-large Vacant Del. John Biddle (J) resigned February 21, 1831.
National Republican gain.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Not including special elections and some regular elections that went to multiple ballots.
  2. ^ In 4th district, the election wasn't completed until 1832.
  3. ^ Full name unknown
  4. ^ Incumbent first elected in special election on September 13, 1830.
  5. ^ Incumbent first elected in special election and first seated in the 22nd United States Congress on May 12, 1831.
  6. ^ Data incomplete.
  7. ^ Redistricted from the 5th district in 1822.
  8. ^ Initially elected to fill a vacant seat prior to the general election.
  9. ^ For plural districts, percent is based on assumption that each voter cast as many votes as there are seats.
  10. ^ Ran on joint Jacksonian/National Republican ticket.
  11. ^ Source did not give full name

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Our Campaigns - ME District 5 - Special Election Race - Sep 13, 1830". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  2. ^ "Our Campaigns - OH District 11 - Special Election Race - Oct 11, 1830". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  3. ^ "Our Campaigns - VA District 22 Special Election Race - Nov 00, 1830". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  4. ^ "Our Campaigns - NY District 6 - Special Election Race - Nov 01, 1830". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  5. ^ "Our Campaigns - VA District 11 Special Election Race - Nov 25, 1830". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  6. ^ "Our Campaigns - MO At-Large - Special Election Race - Oct 31, 1831". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  7. ^ a b "VT Elections Database » Vermont Election Results and Statistics". VT Elections Database. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  8. ^ "Twenty-second Congress March 4, 1831, to March 3, 1833". Historian of the United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
  9. ^ Cox, Harold (January 31, 2007). "Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006" (PDF). The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University. (erroneously dating Ramsey's death and the election)
  10. ^ "Our Campaigns - GA At-Large - Special Election Race - Dec 12, 1831". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  11. ^ "Our Campaigns - NY District 20 - Special Election Race - Nov 01, 1830". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  12. ^ "Our Campaigns - NC - District 06 - Special Election Race - Dec 15, 1831". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Dubin 1998, p. 99.
  14. ^ "State of Connecticut Elections Database » Search Past Election Results". State of Connecticut Elections Database. Retrieved September 23, 2024.
  15. ^ a b c d e Dubin 1998, p. 97.
  16. ^ a b Dubin 1998, p. 97; 100.
  17. ^ a b c d e f CQGuide, p. 556.
  18. ^ "Our Campaigns - MD District 5 Race - Oct 03, 1831". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  19. ^ "Our Campaigns - MD District 8 Race - Oct 03, 1831". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  20. ^ Martis.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i CQGuide, p. 554.
  22. ^ Dubin 1998, p. 97–98.
  23. ^ "Our Campaigns - NC District 11 Race - Aug 11, 1831". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  24. ^ a b Dubin 1998, p. 98.
  25. ^ "Wilkes University Elections Statistics Project" (PDF).
  26. ^ "Twenty-second Congress (membership roster) – see footnotes 28 and 29" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 12, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
  27. ^ "Virginia Elections Database » Virginia Election Results and Statistics". Virginia Elections Database. Retrieved August 31, 2024.
  28. ^ "AR Territorial Delegate Race - Sep 04, 1831". Our Campaigns. July 16, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  29. ^ "FL Territory - Delegate Race - Sep 01, 1830". Our Campaigns. May 16, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  30. ^ "MI Territorial Delegate Race - Aug 08, 1831". Our Campaigns. July 16, 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2022.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
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