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Gibbeting

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Not to be confused with the Halifax Gibbet, a kind of guillotine.

The reconstructed gallows-style gibbet at Caxton Gibbet, in Cambridgeshire, England

Gibbeting is the use of a gallows-type structure from which the dead or dying bodies of criminals were hanged on public display to deter other existing or potential criminals. Occasionally, the gibbet (/ˈdʒɪbɪt/) was also used as a method of public execution, with the criminal being left to die of exposure, thirst and/or starvation.[1] The practice of placing a criminal on display within a gibbet[2] is also called "hanging in chains".[3]

Display

Captain Kidd, who was tried and executed for piracy, hanging in chains
1899 sketch of John Breads's Gibbet Iron, Rye, East Sussex
A gibbet with a dummy inside

Gibbeting was a common law punishment, which a judge could impose in addition to execution. As a sentence for murder, this practice was codified in England by the Murder Act 1751. It was most often used for traitors, robbers, murderers, highwaymen, and pirates and was intended to discourage others from committing similar offenses. The structures were therefore often placed next to public highways (frequently at crossroads) and waterways.

Exhibiting a body could backfire against a monarch, especially if the monarch was unpopular. The rebels Henry of Montfort and Henry of Wylynton, enemies of Edward II, were drawn and hanged before being exhibited on a gibbet near Bristol. However, the people made relics of these bloody and mutilated remains out of respect and later used the relics in violent protest. Miracles were even reported at the spot where the bodies were hanging.[4]

Although the intention was deterrence, the public response was complex. Samuel Pepys expressed disgust at the practice. There was Christian objection that prosecution of criminals should end with their death. The sight and smell of decaying corpses was offensive and regarded as "pestilential", so it was seen as a threat to public health.

Pirates were sometimes executed by hanging on a gibbet erected close to the low-water mark by the sea or a tidal section of a river. Their bodies would be left dangling until they had been submerged by the tide three times. In London, Execution Dock is located on the north bank of the River Thames in Wapping; after tidal immersion, particularly notorious criminals' bodies could be hung in cages a little farther downstream at either Cuckold's Point or Blackwall Point, as a warning to other waterborne criminals of the possible consequences of their actions (such a fate befell Captain William Kidd in May 1701). There were objections that these displays offended foreign visitors and did not uphold the reputation of the law, though the scenes even became gruesome tourist attractions.[5]

Variants

In some cases, the bodies would be left until their clothes rotted or even until the bodies were almost completely decomposed, after which the bones would be scattered.

In cases of drawing and quartering, the body of the criminal was cut into four or five portions, with the several parts often gibbeted in different places.

Hanging cage at the main gate to Corciano, Province of Perugia, Italy

So that the public display might be prolonged, bodies were sometimes coated in tar or bound in chains. Sometimes, body-shaped iron cages were used to contain the decomposing corpses. For example, in March 1743 in the town of Rye, East Sussex, Allen Grebell was murdered by John Breads. Breads was imprisoned in the Ypres Tower and then hanged, after which his body was left to rot for more than 20 years in an iron cage on Gibbet Marsh. The cage, with Breads's skull clamped within the headframe, is still kept in the town hall.[6]

Another example of the cage variation is the gibbet iron, on display at the Atwater Kent Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The cage, created in 1781, was intended to be used to display the body of convicted pirate Thomas Wilkinson, so that sailors on passing ships might be warned of the consequences of piracy; Wilkinson's planned execution never took place, so the gibbet was never used.[7]

An example of an iron cage used to string up bodies on a gibbet can still be seen in the Westgate Museum at Winchester.[8]

Historical examples

Antiquity

The Old Testament and Torah law forbid gibbeting beyond sundown of the day that the body is hanged on the tree.[9] Public crucifixion with prolonged display of the body after death can be seen as a form of gibbeting.[10] Gibbeting was one of the methods said by Tacitus and Cassius Dio to have been used by Boudica's army in the massacre of Roman settlers in the destruction of Camulodunum (Colchester), Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St. Albans) in AD 60–61.

Bermuda

During the 17th and 18th centuries, gibbets were a common sight in Bermuda. Located in Smith's Parish at the entrance to Flatt's Inlet is Gibbet Island, which was used to hang the bodies of escaped slaves as a deterrent to others. The small island was used for this purpose because it was not on the mainland and therefore satisfied the beliefs of locals who did not want gibbets near their homes.[citation needed]

Canada

gibbet
The gibbet in which Marie-Josephte Corriveau was exhibited after her execution, the "cage" of La Corriveau

Marie-Josephte Corriveau (1733–1763), better known as "La Corriveau", is one of the most popular figures in Québécois folklore. She lived in New France, was sentenced to death by a military tribunal of twelve British officers for the murder of her second husband, was hanged for it, and her body hung in chains. Her story has become legendary in Quebec, and she is the subject of numerous books and plays.

During the Napoleonic Wars, the Royal Navy used Hangman's Beach on McNab's Island in Halifax Harbour to display the hanged bodies of deserters, in order to deter the crews of passing warships.

Colony of New South Wales

Pinchgut Island (originally Mat-te-wan-ye in the local Aboriginal language; later, Rock Island when renamed by Governor Arthur Phillip), a rocky outcrop within Port Jackson, is the location of Fort Denison and a former gibbeting site. Thomas Hill, a convict, was sentenced to a week on the rock in iron chains with only bread and water to consume; these conditions are said to have "literally pinched his gut", giving the island its current name. The rock was levelled in the 1790s, and a gibbet installed in 1796. Another convict, Francis Morgan, was sent to New South Wales for life following a murder conviction in 1793; he later killed again in 1796 and was hanged in chains on Pinchgut in November 1796. Morgan's dead body and, later, skeleton remained on display on the island for four years.[11]

England

See also: Head on a spike

The head of Oliver Cromwell was displayed on a spike after his death, after monarchists disinterred his body during the restoration of the monarchy.[12]

Robert Aske, who led the rebellion against Henry VIII known as Pilgrimage of Grace, was hanged in chains in 1537.[13]

Germany

Execution of Joseph Süss, 1738

The leaders of the Anabaptist movement in Münster were executed in 1536; their dead bodies were gibbeted in iron cages hanging from the steeple of St. Lambert's Church, and the cages are still on display there today. Similarly, following his execution by hanging in 1738, the corpse of Jewish financier Joseph Süß Oppenheimer was gibbeted in a human-sized bird cage that hung outside of Stuttgart on the so-called Pragsattel (the public execution place at the time) for six years, until the inauguration of Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg, who permitted the hasty burial of his corpse at an unknown location.

The Netherlands

After the siege and capture of the city of Zutphen in 1591 by the Anglo-Dutch army, the English dug up the body of the former English commander Rowland York and hanged and gibbeted it as a reminder of York's treachery in 1587. He had handed over the Zutphen sconce to the Spaniards after the English army under the Earl of Leicester was defeated by the Spaniards in the Battle of Zutphen.

Iran

In 838, the Iranian hero Babak Khorramdin had his hands and feet cut off by the Abbasid Caliphate and was then gibbeted alive while sewn into a cow's skin with the horns at ear level to crush his head gradually as the skin dried out.[14]

Malta

On 4 February 1820, six British pirates were hanged on their vessel in the middle of the harbour at Valletta. Thereafter, their bodies were hung in gibbets erected at the bastions of Fort Ricolli. Lieutenant Hobson of HMS Spey, in the tender Frederick, had apprehended them and their vessel in the harbour at Smyrna.[15]

United States

During the colonial era, Bird Island and Nix's Mate island in Boston Harbor were used for gibbeting pirates and sailors executed for crimes in Massachusetts. Their bodies were left hanging as a warning to sailors coming into the harbor and approaching Boston.[16] In 1755, a slave named Mark was hanged in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and then gibbeted in chains in Charlestown, Massachusetts; twenty years later, Paul Revere passed the remains of Mark on his famous ride.[17]

Six men were executed by gibbeting under civil authority in the Southern Colonies.[18] In Virginia, three men accused of piracy were executed by gibbeting in 1700.[19][20] In South Carolina, three men were executed by gibbeting: one accused of poisoning in 1744, and two accused of murder in 1754 and 1759.[18]

There have been no recorded executions using this method under the authority of the United States. However, a gang of Cuban pirates were gibbeted in New York c. 1815.[21]

Last recorded gibbetings

Afghanistan

The January 1921 issue of National Geographic Magazine contains two photographs of gibbet cages, referenced as "man-cages," in use in Afghanistan. Commentary included with the photograph indicates that the gibbet was a practice still in active use. Persons sentenced to death were placed alive in the cage and remained there until some undefined time weeks or months after their deaths.[22]

Australia

In 1837, five years after the practice had ceased in England, the body of John McKay was gibbeted near the spot where he had murdered Joseph Wilson near Perth, in the colony of Van Diemen's Land.[23] There was a great outcry, but the body was not removed until an acquaintance of Wilson passed the spot and, horrified by the spectacle of McKay's rotting corpse, pleaded with the authorities to remove it. The place where this occurred was just to the right (when travelling towards Launceston, not to be confused with the private road with the same name) on the Midlands Highway on the northern side of Perth.

In the Colony of Western Australia, gibbeting of executed Indigenous people continued into the mid-1850s.[24] In 1855, Aboriginal men Yandan and Yoongal were executed in Perth for separate murders, with their bodies then "conveyed under escort to York, there to be suspended in some conspicuous part of the district, where such a spectacle would be likely to prove a warning, and prevent a repetition of the murders which have of late been prevalent in the neighbourhood".[25]

United Kingdom

Blue plaque commemorating the hanging of two of the Hawkhurst gang in 1749

Hanging a body in chains was a post execution punishment that was used for those criminals who had committed heinous crimes such as murder. Smugglers were not usually hung in chains post execution. However during the mid eighteenth century a smuggling gang known as the Hawkhurst Gang, operated along the South coast of England between Kent and Dorset; their violent crimes coincided with the authorities desire to punish smugglers on the South coast and deter others from smuggling. Of the 75 members of the gang that were caught and convicted 14 were sentenced to gibbeting. Unusually the bodies were distributed around the area as a deterrent, rather than near where they lived, or the scene of the crime.[26]

Combe Gibbet, a replica gibbet in Berkshire

In 1751, an Act of Parliament stipulated that "in no case whatsoever shall the body of any murderer be suffered to be buried";[27] the cadaver was either to be publicly dissected or left "hanging in chains".[27] The use of gibbeting had been in decline for some years before it was formally repealed by statute in 1834.[28] In Scotland, the final case of gibbeting was that of Alexander Gillan in 1810.[29] The last two men gibbeted in England were William Jobling and James Cook, both in 1832. Their cases are good examples of the changing attitudes toward the practice.[30]

William Jobling was a miner hanged and gibbeted for the murder of Nicholas Fairles, a colliery owner and local magistrate, near Jarrow, Durham. After being hanged, the body was taken off the rope and loaded into a cart and taken on a tour of the area before arriving at Jarrow Slake, where the crime had been committed. Here, the body was placed into an iron gibbet cage. The cage and the scene were described thus:

The body was encased in flat bars of iron of two and a half inches in breadth, the feet were placed in stirrups, from which a bar of iron went up each side of the head, and ended in a ring by which he was suspended; a bar from the collar went down the breast, and another down the back, there were also bars in the inside of the legs which communicated with the above; and crossbars at the ankles, the knees, the thighs, the bowels the breast and the shoulders; the hands were hung by the side and covered with pitch, the face was pitched and covered with a piece of white cloth.[31]

The gibbet was a one-foot (30 cm) in diameter with strong bars of iron up each side. The post was fixed into a one-and-a-half-long-ton (1,500 kg) stone base sunk into the Slake.[32] The body was soon removed by fellow miners and given a decent burial.

James Cook was a bookbinder convicted of the murder of his creditor Paas, a manufacturer of brass instruments, in Leicester. During an attempted robbery, Cook beat Paas to death, and then took the body to his home, where he cut it into pieces and burned it to try to hide the evidence of the crime.[33] He was executed on Friday, 10 August 1832, in front of Leicester prison. Afterwards:

The head was shaved and tarred, to preserve it from the action of the weather; and the cap in which he had suffered was drawn over his face. On Saturday afternoon his body, attired as at the time of his execution, having been firmly fixed in the irons necessary to keep the limbs together, was carried to the place of its intended suspension.

His body was to be displayed on a purpose-built gallows 33 feet (10 m) high in Saffron Lane near the Aylestone Tollgate. According to The Newgate Calendar:

Thousands of persons were attracted to the spot, to view this novel but most barbarous exhibition; and considerable annoyance was felt by persons resident in the neighbourhood of the dreadful scene. Representations were in consequence made to the authorities, and on the following Tuesday morning instructions were received from the Home Office directing the removal of the gibbet.[34]

Although the practice of gibbeting had been abandoned by 1834 in Britain, during the British Raj of India in 1843, Charles James Napier threatened to have such structures built in parallel to any attempt to practice Sati, the ritualized burning of widows, to execute the perpetrators.[35]

Works of art depicting gibbeting include:

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Pettifer, Ernest (1992). Punishments of Former Days. Winchester: Waterside Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-8-72870-05-2.
  2. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd Ed., Oxford University. Electronic CD edition.
  3. ^ Gallagher, Rob. "Gibbeting". Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
  4. ^ Jusserland, J. J. (1891). English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages. London: T. Fisher Unwin. pp. 342–343.
  5. ^ Hanging in Chains By Albert Hartshorne, pp. 73–75, ISBN 0-554-81481-1, ISBN 978-0-554-81481-0
  6. ^ "Rye area and tourist information". Archived from the original on 12 January 2007.
  7. ^ Sellin, T. (1955). "The Philadelphia Gibbet Iron". Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 46 (11): 11–25.
  8. ^ "Latest News around the World". Southern Life. Winchester, UK. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  9. ^ Deuteronomy 21:22-23.
  10. ^ Seneca the Younger, Dialogue, Ad Marciam, De consolatione, 6.20.3
  11. ^ Smith, Tom (27 October 2018). "This Island off the Coast of Sydney Holds a Terrifying Secret". Culture Trip. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  12. ^ "Bits and Pieces of famous people in history". Historic UK.
  13. ^ Lewis, Simon (8 December 2018). "YORK CIVIC TRUST PLAQUES: Robert Aske, leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace against King Henry VIII". York Press. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  14. ^ The golden age of Islam by Maurice Lombard, p. 152, ISBN 1-55876-322-8, ISBN 978-1-55876-322-7
  15. ^ "Gale - Product Login". galeapps.gale.com.
  16. ^ Every Day Life in the Massachusetts Bay Colony by George Francis Dow
  17. ^ DeLombard, Jeannine Marie (2012). In the Shadow of the Gallows: Race, Crime, and American Civic Identity. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0812206333.
  18. ^ a b Espy, M.; Smykla, John Ortiz (20 July 2016). "Executions in the United States, 1608-2002: The ESPY File". Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. doi:10.3886/ICPSR08451.v5. Retrieved 5 November 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. ^ Whichard, Rogers Dey (1959). The History of Lower Tidewater Virginia. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co. p. 61.
  20. ^ Williams, Lloyd Haynes (1937). Pirates of Colonial Virginia. United States: Dietz Press. pp. 72–74.
  21. ^ Congressional series of United States public documents, vol. 936. 35th Congress, 1st session. Misc. doc. #207., Memorial of Lawrence Kearney..., P. 3. Published 2012 by US Congress.
  22. ^ Simpich, Frederick (January 1921). "Every-day Life in Afghanistan". The National Geographic Magazine. XXXIX (1): 85. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  23. ^ http://www.law.mq.edu.au/sctas/html/1837cases/RvMcKay,1837.htm Archived at the Wayback Machine (archived 21 August 2011)
  24. ^ Anderson, Steven (2016). "Death of a Spectacle: the Transition from Public to Private Executions in Colonial Australia" (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). University of Adelaide. p. 109.
  25. ^ "Native Executions". The Perth Gazette and Independent Journal of Politics and News. 20 July 1855.
  26. ^ Dyndor, Zoe (2015). "3: The Gibbet in the Landscape: Locating the Criminal Corpse in Mid-Eighteenth-Century England". In Ward, R (ed.). A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse. S. L. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-44401-1. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  27. ^ a b Dr D. R. Johnson, Introductory Anatomy Archived 4 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Centre for Human Biology, (now renamed Faculty of Biological Sciences, Leeds University), Retrieved 17 November 2008
  28. ^ Bennett, Rachel E. (2017). The Criminal Corpse in Scotland, 1740-1834. Palgrave Historical Studies in the Criminal Corpse and Afterlife. Palgrave. p. 188. ISBN 978-3-319-62017-6.
  29. ^ Bennett, Rachel E. (2017). The Criminal Corpse in Scotland, 1740-1834. Palgrave Historical Studies in the Criminal Corpse and Afterlife. Palgrave. p. 228. ISBN 978-3-319-62017-6.
  30. ^ Gatrell, V A C (1994). The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People, 1770-1868. Oxford: OUP. pp. 268–269. ISBN 978-0-19-285332-5.
  31. ^ Richardson, Moses (1844). The Local Historian's Table Book connected with the Counties of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Northumberland and Durham. Vol. IV. p. 131.
  32. ^ "Durham prison". Capitalpunishmentuk.org. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  33. ^ Slee, Christopher (1994). The Guinness Book of Lasts. Enfield, England: Guinness Publishing Ltd. p. 192. ISBN 0851127835.
  34. ^ "The Newgate Calendar – James Cook". exclassics.com. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  35. ^ Napier, William (1851). History of General Sir Charles Napier's Administration of Scinde. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 35. Retrieved 10 July 2011 – via Internet Archive.
  36. ^ Columbia Masterworks – ML 5162, Vinyl LP Album, Canada, 1958

Bibliography

  • Gatrell, V. A. C. (1996). The hanging tree: execution and the English people, 1770–1868. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 266–269. ISBN 978-0-19-820413-8.
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