ci
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Page categories
English
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Mandarin 詞/词 (cí).
Noun
editci (uncountable)
- One of the Classical Chinese poetry forms
Anagrams
editAka (Central Africa)
editNoun
editci
Further reading
edit- Marvin Lionel Bender, Topics in Nilo-Saharan linguistics (1989) (cí, cì)
- [1] (ɕi)
Balinese
editRomanization
editci
- Romanization of ᬘᬶ
Bambara
editEtymology 1
editNoun
editcí
- thatch, especially of the species Diheteropogon grandiflorus
Etymology 2
editNoun
editcí
- commission, errand
- message, order
- mission, task, assignment
- ò cí bɛ́ í kàn
- it is your duty
- work, labor (especially agricultural)
- cí kɛ́
- to work in the fields
- usefulness, utility
- cí tɛ́ nìn ná
- that's useless
Verb
editcí
Etymology 3
editVerb
editcì
- to hit
- fíyɛn bɛ́ cì
- the wind is blowing
- fàli cì
- to hit an donkey
- to break
- à y'á kùn cì
- He knocked him unconscious
- to destroy
- to split, divide, cut
- dɔ́gɔ cì
- to split wood
- to burst, explode with a loud noise
- màrifa cì
- to fire off a round (with a gun)
- to trace, tattoo
- bála cì
- to plot an area of a field to be hoed
- tùgu cì
- to vaccinate in the arm
Noun
editcì
Corsican
editEtymology
editUltimately from either Latin hīc (“here”) or hinc (“from here”). Akin to Italian ci; see there for more. Compare Sicilian cci.
Adverb
editci
Pronoun
editci
- us (both direct and indirect object)
See also
editReferences
editDalmatian
editEtymology
editFrom Latin quem. Compare Portuguese quem, Romanian cine, Spanish quien, Romansch che, Sardinian chíne.
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editci
Dhimal
editNoun
editci
Further reading
edit- John T. King, A Grammar of Dhimal
Esperanto
editEtymology
editFrom Italian or French tu, Russian ты (ty), etc., plus the i of personal pronouns.
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editci (accusative cin, possessive cia)
- (rare) thou, you (second-person informal singular pronoun)
- 1905, Ludoviko Lazaro Zamenhof, Fundamento de Esperanto:
- Mi legas. — Ci skribas (anstataŭ “ci” oni uzas ordinare “vi”).
- I read. — Thou writest (instead of “ci” one ordinarily uses “vi”.)
- 1899, Felikso Zamenhof, (Please provide the book title or journal name):
- Ekamis la konato / Kaj reciproke ŝi; / Post paso de monato / Ŝanĝiĝis »Vi« per »ci«.
- Her acquaintance fell in love / and reciprocally she; / after the passage of a month / "You" changed into "thee".
- 1907, Henri Vallienne, Kastelo de Prelongo, ch. 6:
- Cia sintenado estos vere fiera, li moke murmuretis en ŝian orelon, kiam ci estos vekinta la tutan loĝantaron.
- Thine attitude shall be truly proud, he mockingly whispered into her ear, when thou shalt have awakened the whole population.
Usage notes
editSome people believe that this word was used in the past and then became archaic, but this is not true. Actually, this word has never been in common usage; Zamenhof advised against using 'ci' as early as the Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia, published in 1888. Many Esperantists don't even understand it. Some authors have used 'ci' to portray archaic language, for translations, and for stylistic effects. This usage is criticized by other writers.
- Ludwig L. Zamenhof, Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia; Ludwig L. Zamenhof, Lingvaj Respondoj; Bertilo Wennergren, Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko (PMEG); Bernard Golden, La Gazeto #11, June 15, 1987; Zlatko Tisjlar, Frekvencmorfemaro de Parolata Esperanto.
French
editEtymology
editInherited from Late Latin ecce hīc.
Pronunciation
editAdverb
editci
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- “ci”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Hausa
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Chadic, ultimately from Proto-Afroasiatic *taʔ- (“to eat, especially something soft, to close lips, especially loosely”). Compare Akkadian 𒋫𒀪𒌑 (ta-ʔu-u2 /ta'u/, “to eat”), Mehri tewō (“eat”), Arabic تَأْتَأَ (taʔtaʔa, “to stammer, to stutter, to reduplicate sounds, to mumble or move lips”), and with varying Berber forms Tamahaq ⵜⵜ (tǝtt), Tarifit ⵜⵜ (tǝtt), Central Atlas Tamazight ⵜⵛ (tc), and Kabyle teṭṭ (pharyngeal-coloring found as well in the Arabic variant تَعْتَعَ (taʕtaʕa), and in that sense possible further connections to طَعِمَ (ṭaʕima, “to taste”) and عَضَّ (ʕaḍḍa, “to bite”)).
Pronunciation
editVerb
editci (grade Ø)
Ido
editPronunciation
editDeterminer
editci
- Alternative form of ici (“these”)
Pronoun
editci
- Alternative form of ici (“these”)
Indonesian
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom Xiamen Hokkien 錢/钱 (chîⁿ, “mace”).
Noun
editci (first-person possessive ciku, second-person possessive cimu, third-person possessive cinya)
- (obsolete) weight unit: 1/10 tahil (for opium).
Etymology 2
editFrom Sundanese ᮎᮤ (ci), ultimately from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *wahiʀ.
Noun
editci (first-person possessive ciku, second-person possessive cimu, third-person possessive cinya)
- river (large stream which drains a landmass), specifically, those located in Banten, West Java, and far-western Central Java
Synonyms
editEtymology 3
editNoun
editci (first-person possessive ciku, second-person possessive cimu, third-person possessive cinya)
Further reading
edit- “ci” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
Interlingua
editPronunciation
editAdverb
editci
- here (at this place)
Italian
editEtymology 1
editFrom Latin cē (the name of the letter C).
Pronunciation
editNoun
editci f (invariable)
- The name of the Latin-script letter C/c.; cee
See also
edit- (Latin-script letter names) lettera; a, bi, ci, di, e, effe, gi, acca, i, gei / i lunga, cappa, elle, emme, enne, o, pi, cu, erre, esse, ti, u, vu / vi, doppia vu, ics, ipsilon / i greca, zeta
Further reading
edit- ci2 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
Etymology 2
editUncertain. Rohlfs[1] and Von Wartburg[2] favoured/favored Late Latin ecce hīc. Maiden[3] casts doubt on this etymology, pointing out that Italian ci is an unstressed 'weak' form, while Latin hic otherwise survives in Italian only in stressed forms (reinforced by Latin ecce or eccum) such as ciò, qua, and qui. (It should also be noted that all of the latter trigger syntactic doubling in a following word, thanks to their original final /k/, while ci does not.)[4] Maiden proposes instead an origin in Latin hince, variant of hinc (“hence, from here”), pointing out that in parts of southern Italy there exists a 1PL pronoun 'nci (cf. also 'nce). Treccani,[5] on the other hand, proposes an origin in Latin hīce, a variant of hīc (“here”). In any case, the Italian term is certainly cognate with Neapolitan ce, Sicilian cci and Sassarese zi, all three of which share similar adverbial senses, with the latter two also having pronominal senses.
Alternative forms
edit- -ci (enclitic)
Pronunciation
edit
Pronoun
editci
- us
- Loro ci conoscono ― They know us
- (reflexive pronoun) ourselves; each other
- Ci arrabbiamo ― We (ourselves) get angry
- Ci amiamo ― We love each other
- to us
- Lui ci ha detto questo ― He said this to us
- replaces the indefinite personal pronoun si (“one”) before reflexive si (“oneself”); one
- Ci si lava. ― One washes oneself.
- Ci si annoia quando non c'è niente da fare.
- One gets bored when there is nothing to do.
- it, to it
- Non ci credo. ― I do not believe it.
Usage notes
editSee also
editNumber | Person | Gender | Nominative | Reflexive | Accusative | Dative | Combined | Disjunctive | Locative | Partitive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | first | — | io | mi, m', -mi | me | me | — | |||
second | — | tu | ti, t', -ti | te | te | |||||
third | m | lui | si2, s', -si | lo, l', -lo | gli, -gli | glie, se2 | lui, sé | ci, c', vi, v' (formal) |
ne, n' | |
f | lei, Lei1 | la, La1, l', L'1, -la, -La1 | le3, Le1, -le3, -Le1 | lei, Lei1, sé | ||||||
Plural | first | — | noi | ci, c', -ci | ce | noi | — | |||
second | — | voi, Voi4 | vi, Vi4, v', V'4, -vi, -Vi4 | ve | voi, Voi4 | |||||
third | m | loro, Loro1 | si, s', -si | li, Li1, -li, -Li1 | gli, -gli, loro (formal), Loro1 |
glie, se | loro, Loro1, sé | ci, c', vi, v' (formal) |
ne, n' | |
f | le, Le1, -le, -Le1 | |||||||||
1 | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | |||||||||
2 | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | |||||||||
3 | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | |||||||||
4 | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). |
Adverb
editci
- to there, here, there
- Synonym: vi (formal)
- Ci sono andato ― I have been there
- Ci siamo ― We're here
- Ci sono molte cose ― There are many things
- C'è un problema ― There is a problem
- forms part of many verbs:
- volerci ― to require/take
- abituarci ― to get used to it
- riuscirci ― to be able to do it
- entrarci ― to do with something
- contarci ― to count on it
- pensarci ― to think about it
- starci ― to agree / to be up for something
- farcela ― to manage to do something
- crederci ― to believe it
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Rohlfs, Gerhard. 1969. Grammatica storica della lingua italiana e dei suoi dialetti, vol. 3: Sintassi e formazione delle parole. Torino: Einaudi. §899.
- ^ Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “hīc”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 4: G H I, page 425
- ^ Maiden, Martin. 1995. A linguistic history of Italian. London: Longman. §9.1.1.
- ^ ci in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)
- ^ ci1 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
Etymology 3
editAlternative forms
editNoun
editci m (uncountable)
Further reading
editKangjia
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Mongolic *či; compare Mongolian чи (či), Dongxiang chi.
Pronoun
editci
Kanuri
editNoun
editci
Latgalian
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Belarusian ці (ci).
Pronunciation
editParticle
editci
- Used to form polar questions.
Synonyms
editReferences
edit- A. Andronov, L. Leikuma (2008) Latgalīšu-Latvīšu-Krīvu sarunu vuordineica, Lvava, →ISBN, page 13
Latin
editVerb
editcī
Malay
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editNoun
editci (Jawi spelling چي, plural ci-ci, informal 1st possessive ciku, 2nd possessive cimu, 3rd possessive cinya)
- river (large stream which drains a landmass)
Synonyms
editFurther reading
edit- “ci” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
Mandarin
editRomanization
editci
- Nonstandard spelling of cī.
- Nonstandard spelling of cí.
- Nonstandard spelling of cǐ.
- Nonstandard spelling of cì.
Usage notes
edit- Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
Noone
editVerb
editci
Synonyms
editReferences
edit- R. Blench, Beboid Comparative
Nupe
editPronunciation
editConjunction
editci
- Used to order actions temporally: then; and
- Musa à bá nakàn yínna, Gàná ci à gí eci yínna ― Musa will cut meat today, and Gana will eat yam today
Usage notes
edit- ci is solely used to join verbs/sentences and not nouns, for which tò is used. Additionally, when ci is used, the subject of each verb must be specified.
See also
editOld French
editEtymology
editFrom Late Latin ecce hīc.
Adverb
editci
- here (in this place)
- c. 1250, Marie de France, Guigemar:
- Va t'en de ci ! Lai me aveir pes.
- Go, leave this place! Let me have peace.
Descendants
editOld Irish
editPronoun
editci
- Alternative form of cía
Conjunction
editci
- Alternative form of cía
Polish
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editAlternative forms
edit- (stressed) tobie
Etymology 2
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *ti.
Pronoun
editci
Etymology 3
editPronoun
editci m
Romanian
editEtymology
editFrom ce.
Pronunciation
editConjunction
editci
- (adversative) but; so that; on the contrary, opposite
- Nici eu, ci el. ― Not I, but he.
See also
editSicilian
editAlternative forms
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editAkin to Italian ci; see there for more.
Adverb
editci
Etymology 2
editPronoun
editci
Usage notes
edit- Unlike in Italian, the Sicilian pronoun ci is not used for the first-person plural ('us'). The Sicilian equivalent is ni.
Inflection
edit3rd person | m | f | pl |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | iddu | idda | iddi |
prepositional | iddu | idda | iddi |
accusative | lu | la | li |
dative | ci | ci | ci |
reflexive | si | si | si |
Tarantino
editPronoun
editci (relative)
Tedim Chin
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Kuki-Chin *tsii, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tsji.
Noun
editci
References
edit- Zomi Ordbog based on the work of D.L. Haokip
Venetan
editEtymology
editFrom Latin quis (compare Italian chi).
Pronoun
editci (interrogative)
- who?
Usage notes
edit- Redoubled for reinforcement.
- Ci èlo ci?
- Who on earth is he?
- Ci èlo ci?
Walloon
editEtymology
editFrom Old French cist, from Latin ecce istum (< iste).
Pronunciation
editDeterminer
editci (after an open syllabe : ç', feminine : cisse, masculine form before vowel : cist, feminine form before vowel : ciste, plural : ces)
- this
- Ci rotch
- This rock
- C' est ç' rotch-ci
- It's this rock
- Cist ome
- This man
- Cisse gayole
- This box
- Ciste afwaire
- This affair
- Ces måjhons
- These houses
Pronoun
editWelsh
editEtymology
editFrom Middle Welsh ci, from Proto-Brythonic *ki, from Proto-Celtic *kū, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editci m (plural cŵn)
Coordinate terms
edit- gast (“bitch (all senses)”)
Derived terms
edit- bresych y cŵn (“ dog's mercury”)
- ci poeth (“hotdog”)
- ciaidd (“savage, fierce”)
- corgi (“corgi”)
- cynaidd (“canine”)
- cynffongi (“sycophant, sponger”)
- cynol (“canine”)
- dwrgi (“otter”)
- gellgi (“a Welsh staghound”)
- gwenci (“weasel”)
- hyddgi (“staghound”)
- (literary) ciros (“dog roses”)
- rhos y cŵn (“dog roses, sweetbriers”)
- rhosyn y cŵn (“dogrose”)
- ufferngi (“hell-hound”)
Mutation
editWhite Hmong
editPronunciation
editVerb
editci
Zhuang
editPronunciation
edit- (Standard Zhuang) IPA(key): /ɕi˨˦/
- Tone numbers: ci1
- Hyphenation: ci
Etymology 1
editNoun
editci (1957–1982 spelling ci)
Classifier
editci (1957–1982 spelling ci)
Verb
editci (1957–1982 spelling ci)
- to sew with a sewing machine
- to machine on a lathe
Etymology 2
editVerb
editci (Sawndip form 𫩝, 1957–1982 spelling ci)
- (intransitive, of wind) to blow
- (transitive) to blow
- Synonym: (dialectal) baed
- (transitive) to play (a wind instrument)
- (transitive) to pump (a bellows)
Etymology 3
editVerb
editci (1957–1982 spelling ci)
Etymology 4
editClassifier
editci (1957–1982 spelling ci)
- Used for stick-like objects.
- English terms borrowed from Mandarin
- English terms derived from Mandarin
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English uncountable nouns
- Aka (Central Africa) lemmas
- Aka (Central Africa) nouns
- Balinese non-lemma forms
- Balinese romanizations
- Bambara lemmas
- Bambara nouns
- Bambara terms with usage examples
- Bambara verbs
- Corsican terms derived from Latin
- Corsican lemmas
- Corsican adverbs
- Corsican pronouns
- Corsican personal pronouns
- Dalmatian terms inherited from Latin
- Dalmatian terms derived from Latin
- Dalmatian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Dalmatian lemmas
- Dalmatian pronouns
- Dhimal lemmas
- Dhimal nouns
- Esperanto terms derived from Italian
- Esperanto terms derived from French
- Esperanto terms derived from Russian
- Esperanto terms with IPA pronunciation
- Esperanto terms with audio pronunciation
- Esperanto lemmas
- Esperanto pronouns
- Esperanto terms with rare senses
- Esperanto terms with quotations
- Esperanto 1894 Universala Vortaro
- Words approved by the Akademio de Esperanto
- French terms inherited from Late Latin
- French terms derived from Late Latin
- French 1-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French terms with audio pronunciation
- French terms with homophones
- French lemmas
- French adverbs
- French terms with archaic senses
- French contractions
- Hausa terms derived from Proto-Chadic
- Hausa terms derived from Proto-Afroasiatic
- Hausa terms with IPA pronunciation
- Hausa lemmas
- Hausa verbs
- Ido terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ido non-lemma forms
- Ido determiner forms
- Ido pronoun forms
- Indonesian 1-syllable words
- Indonesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Indonesian terms borrowed from Xiamen Hokkien
- Indonesian terms derived from Xiamen Hokkien
- Indonesian lemmas
- Indonesian nouns
- Indonesian uncountable nouns
- Indonesian terms with obsolete senses
- Indonesian terms borrowed from Sundanese
- Indonesian terms derived from Sundanese
- Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Interlingua terms with IPA pronunciation
- Interlingua lemmas
- Interlingua adverbs
- Italian terms derived from Latin
- Italian 1-syllable words
- Italian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Italian/i
- Rhymes:Italian/i/1 syllable
- Italian lemmas
- Italian nouns
- Italian indeclinable nouns
- Italian countable nouns
- Italian feminine nouns
- it:Latin letter names
- Italian terms with unknown etymologies
- Italian pronouns
- Italian terms with usage examples
- Italian reflexive pronouns
- Italian adverbs
- Italian uncountable nouns
- Italian masculine nouns
- it:Languages
- Kangjia terms inherited from Proto-Mongolic
- Kangjia terms derived from Proto-Mongolic
- Kangjia lemmas
- Kangjia pronouns
- Kanuri lemmas
- Kanuri nouns
- kr:Anatomy
- Latgalian terms borrowed from Belarusian
- Latgalian terms derived from Belarusian
- Latgalian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latgalian lemmas
- Latgalian particles
- Latin non-lemma forms
- Latin verb forms
- Malay terms derived from Sundanese
- Malay terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Malay/t͡ʃi
- Rhymes:Malay/i
- Malay lemmas
- Malay nouns
- ms:Liquids
- Hanyu Pinyin
- Mandarin non-lemma forms
- Mandarin nonstandard forms
- Noone lemmas
- Noone verbs
- Nupe terms with IPA pronunciation
- Nupe lemmas
- Nupe conjunctions
- Nupe terms with usage examples
- Old French terms inherited from Late Latin
- Old French terms derived from Late Latin
- Old French lemmas
- Old French adverbs
- Old French terms with quotations
- Old Irish lemmas
- Old Irish pronouns
- Old Irish conjunctions
- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Polish/i
- Rhymes:Polish/i/1 syllable
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Polish non-lemma forms
- Polish pronoun forms
- Polish short adjective forms
- Romanian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Romanian lemmas
- Romanian conjunctions
- Romanian terms with usage examples
- Sicilian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Sicilian lemmas
- Sicilian adverbs
- Sicilian pronouns
- Tarantino lemmas
- Tarantino pronouns
- Tedim Chin terms inherited from Proto-Kuki-Chin
- Tedim Chin terms derived from Proto-Kuki-Chin
- Tedim Chin terms inherited from Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Tedim Chin terms derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Tedim Chin lemmas
- Tedim Chin nouns
- Venetan terms inherited from Latin
- Venetan terms derived from Latin
- Venetan lemmas
- Venetan pronouns
- Walloon terms inherited from Old French
- Walloon terms derived from Old French
- Walloon terms inherited from Latin
- Walloon terms derived from Latin
- Walloon terms with IPA pronunciation
- Walloon lemmas
- Walloon determiners
- Picard terms with usage examples
- Walloon pronouns
- Welsh terms inherited from Middle Welsh
- Welsh terms derived from Middle Welsh
- Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic
- Welsh terms derived from Proto-Brythonic
- Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Celtic
- Welsh terms derived from Proto-Celtic
- Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Welsh terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Welsh terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Welsh/iː
- Welsh lemmas
- Welsh nouns
- Welsh countable nouns
- Welsh masculine nouns
- cy:Dogs
- White Hmong terms with IPA pronunciation
- White Hmong lemmas
- White Hmong verbs
- Zhuang terms with IPA pronunciation
- Zhuang 1-syllable words
- Zhuang terms borrowed from Chinese
- Zhuang terms derived from Chinese
- Zhuang lemmas
- Zhuang nouns
- Zhuang classifiers
- Zhuang verbs
- Zhuang intransitive verbs
- Zhuang transitive verbs