孝

孝 U+5B5D, 孝 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B5D ← 孜 [U+5B5C] CJK Unified Ideographs 孞 → [U+5B5E]

Translingual

Han character

孝 (Kangxi radical 39, 子+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 十大弓木 (JKND), four-corner 4440₇, composition ⿱耂子)

Derived characters

• 侾, 哮, 𡌉, 𫰪, 𡷸, 𭜸, 𢭦, 涍, 㹲, 㫴, 㭳, 𤉗, 𤥝, 𤽴, 𥆔, 硣, 𰳽, 𥺄, 誟, 𧱐, 踍, 酵, 﨧, 𡦝, 𰍝, 𩩉, 𩷨, 𪊷, 𡦱, 𡦵
• 𨛨, 教, 𪵋, 𡦊, 𩳔, 𱈩, 𰌲, 𡦳, 𡦲, 𠭂, 宯, 䓔, 窙, 庨, 痚, 𨴹(𫔲), 𩱞

Related characters

• 老

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 278, character 11
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6952
• Dae Jaweon: page 546, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1011, character 4
• Unihan data for U+5B5D

Chinese

trad.		孝
simp. #		孝

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 孝
Western Zhou
Bronze inscriptions

Characters in the same phonetic series (孝) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
酵	*kruːs
窙	*qʰruː
哮	*qʰruː, *qʰruːs
庨	*qʰruː
涍	*qʰruː, *qʰruːs
孝	*qʰruːs

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 耂 (“an old man with long hair, bent over”) + 子 (“a child”) – an old man and a child, filial piety between generations. Compare top component to 老 (OC *ruːʔ, “old”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xiào (xiao⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄠˋ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): haau³

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): hau¹

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): hau

  (Meixian, Guangdong): hau⁴

• Eastern Min (BUC): háu / há
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hàu / hà

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hao³ / ha³

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵hau; ⁵shiau

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xiào
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄠˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siào
    • Wade–Giles: hsiao⁴
    • Yale: syàu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiaw
    • Palladius: сяо (sjao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: haau³
    • Yale: haau
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haau³
    • Guangdong Romanization: hao³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːu̯³³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: hau¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hau³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hau
    • Hakka Romanization System: hau
    • Hagfa Pinyim: hau⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /hau̯⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: hau⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /hau⁵³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: háu / há
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɑu²¹³/, /hɑ²¹³/

Note:

• háu - literary;
• há - vernacular.

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hàu / hà
    • Tâi-lô: hàu / hà
    • Phofsit Daibuun: haux, hax
    • IPA (Xiamen): /hau²¹/, /ha²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hau⁴¹/, /ha⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hau²¹/, /ha²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /hau¹¹/, /ha¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hau²¹/, /ha²¹/

Note:

• hàu - literary;
• hà - vernacular.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: hao³ / ha³
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hàu / hà
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hau²¹³/, /ha²¹³/

Note:

• hao3 - literary;
• ha3 - vernacular.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵hau; ⁵shiau
    • MiniDict: hau^去; shiau^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²hau; ²xiau
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /hɔ³⁴/, /ɕiɔ³⁴/

Note:

• 2hau - vernacular;
• 2xiau - literary.

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 孝
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɕiɑu⁵¹/
	Harbin	/ɕiau⁵³/
	Tianjin	/ɕiɑu⁵³/
	Jinan	/ɕiɔ²¹/
	Qingdao	/ɕiɔ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ɕiau³¹²/
	Xi'an	/ɕiau⁴⁴/
	Xining	/ɕiɔ²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/ɕiɔ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ɕiɔ¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ɕiɔ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ɕiau³⁵/
	Chengdu	/ɕiau¹³/
	Guiyang	/ɕiao²¹³/
	Kunming	/ɕiɔ²¹²/
	Nanjing	/ɕiɔo⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/ɕiɔ⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɕiau⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/ɕiɔ³⁵/ /xɔ³⁵/ ～帽子
	Hohhot	/ɕiɔ⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/hɔ³⁵/ /ɕiɔ³⁵/
	Suzhou	/ɕiæ⁵¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ɕiɔ⁴⁴⁵/
	Wenzhou	/huɔ⁴²/
Hui	Shexian	/ɕiɔ³²⁴/ /xɔ³²⁴/
	Tunxi	/xo¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ɕiau⁵⁵/ /xau⁵⁵/ ～帽子
	Xiangtan	/ɕiaɯ⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/hɑu²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/hau⁵³/
	Taoyuan	/hɑu⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hau³³/
	Nanning	/hau³³/
	Hong Kong	/hau³³/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/hau²¹/ /ha²¹/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/hɑu²¹²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/xau³³/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/hau²¹³/ /ha²¹³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/hiau³⁵/ /ha³⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: xaewH

Rime
Character	孝
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	肴 (90)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	呼敎切
Baxter	xaewH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hˠauH/
Pan Wuyun	/hᵚauH/
Shao Rongfen	/xauH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/haɨwH/
Li Rong	/xauH/
Wang Li	/xauH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/xauH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiào
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haau3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰˤ<r>uʔ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qʰruːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	孝
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiào
Middle Chinese	‹ xæwH ›
Old Chinese	/*qʰˁ<r>uʔ-s/
English	filial
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	孝
Reading #	1/1
No.	13771
Phonetic component	孝
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	孝
Old Chinese	/*qʰruːs/

Definitions

孝

1. to do one's filial duty; to show filial piety

   • 宗族稱孝焉，鄉黨稱弟焉。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     宗族称孝焉，乡党称弟焉。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Zōngzú chēng xiào yān, xiāngdǎng chēng tì yān. [Pinyin]

     He whom the circle of his relatives pronounce to be filial, whom his fellow villagers and neighbors pronounce to be fraternal.

2. filial piety; filial duty
3. mourning
4. mourning dress
5. (Southern Min) to offer up sacrifices (to gods or ancestors)
6. (Mainland China Hokkien) custom and etiquette to be observed after the death of one's seniors
7. (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, vulgar, derogatory) to eat
8. a surname

Synonyms

• (to do one's filial duty):

edit

• 孝敬 (xiàojìng) (to show filial respect)
• 孝順／孝顺 (xiàoshùn)
• 有孝 (Hokkien)
• 盡孝／尽孝 (jìnxiào)
• 行孝 (Hakka)

 

• (filial piety):

edit

• 孝心 (xiàoxīn)
• 孝悌 (xiàotì) (filial piety and fraternal duty)
• 孝情 (xiàoqíng) (literary)
• 孝義／孝义 (xiàoyì) (devotion to one's parents and loyalty to one's friends)
• 孝行 (acts of filial piety)
• 孝道 (xiàodào)
• 孝順／孝顺 (xiàoshùn)

 

Compounds

• 不孝 (bùxiào)
• 不孝子
• 事親至孝／事亲至孝
• 二十四孝 (Èrshísì Xiào)
• 仁孝
• 做孝
• 克敦孝行
• 大逆不孝
• 子孝孫賢／子孝孙贤
• 孝事
• 孝先便腹
• 孝南 (Xiàonán)
• 孝友
• 孝呆 (hàu-tai) (Min Nan)
• 孝堂
• 孝女 (xiàonǚ)
• 孝子 (xiàozǐ)
• 孝子慈孫／孝子慈孙
• 孝子賢孫／孝子贤孙 (xiàozǐxiánsūn)
• 孝家
• 孝布
• 孝幔
• 孝廉 (xiàolián)
• 孝廉方正
• 孝弟 (xiàotì)
• 孝弟力田
• 孝心 (xiàoxīn)
• 孝思
• 孝悌 (xiàotì)
• 孝感 (xiàogǎn)
• 孝慈
• 孝敬 (xiàojìng)
• 孝昌 (Xiàochāng)
• 孝服 (xiàofú)
• 孝滿／孝满
• 孝男 (xiàonán)
• 孝白
• 孝經／孝经 (Xiàojīng)
• 孝經序／孝经序
• 孝行
• 孝行可嘉
• 孝衣
• 孝袍
• 孝親／孝亲
• 孝道 (xiàodào)
• 孝陵
• 孝順／孝顺 (xiàoshùn)
• 孝養／孝养 (xiàoyàng)
• 孝鳥／孝鸟
• 守孝 (shǒuxiào)
• 帶孝／带孝 (dàixiào)
• 弔孝／吊孝 (diàoxiào)
• 忠孝 (zhōngxiào)
• 忠孝兩全／忠孝两全 (zhōngxiàoliǎngquán)
• 忠孝節烈／忠孝节烈
• 忠孝節義／忠孝节义
• 忠孝賢良／忠孝贤良
• 忠孝雙全／忠孝双全
• 忠臣孝子
• 忤逆不孝 (wǔnì bùxiào)
• 愚孝 (yúxiào)
• 慈孫孝子／慈孙孝子
• 戴孝 (dàixiào)
• 披麻帶孝／披麻带孝 (pīmádàixiào)
• 挂孝 (guàxiào)
• 掛孝／挂孝 (guàxiào)
• 教孝月
• 暖孝
• 有孝 (yǒuxiào)
• 服孝
• 母慈子孝
• 滿孝／满孝
• 火山孝子 (huǒshān xiàozǐ)
• 熱孝／热孝
• 父嚴子孝／父严子孝
• 父慈子孝 (fùcízǐxiào)
• 盡孝／尽孝 (jìnxiào)
• 秦孝公
• 移孝作忠
• 移孝為忠／移孝为忠
• 穿孝 (chuānxiào)
• 穿麻掛孝／穿麻挂孝
• 節孝／节孝 (jiéxiào)
• 純孝／纯孝
• 脫孝／脱孝
• 至孝 (zhìxiào)
• 舉孝廉／举孝廉 (jǔ xiàolián)
• 行孝
• 謝孝／谢孝
• 賢孝／贤孝 (xiánxiào)
• 達孝／达孝
• 重孝
• 除孝
• 魏孝文帝

 

Japanese

Kanji

孝

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: きょう (kyō)^{←けう (keu, historical)}
• Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)^{←かう (kau, historical)}
• Nanori: たか (taka)、たかし (takashi)、のり (nori)、よし (yoshi)

Compounds

• 孝(こう)敬(けい) (kōkei, “filial piety”)
• 孝(こう)行(こう) (kōkō, “filial piety”)
• 孝(こう)心(しん) (kōshin, “filial devotion”)
• 不(ふ)孝(こう) (fukō, “unfilial”)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
孝
こう Grade: 6
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 孝 (MC xaewH).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) こー [kóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ko̞ː]

Noun

孝(こう) • (kō) ^{←かう (kau)?}

1. filial piety

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
孝
たかし Grade: 6
nanori

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ta̠ka̠ɕi]

Proper noun

孝(たかし) • (Takashi) 

1. a male given name

Korean

Hanja

孝 (eumhun 효도 효 (hyodo hyo))

1. hanja form^? of 효 (“filial piety”)

Vietnamese

Han character

孝: Hán Việt readings: hiếu
孝: Nôm readings: hiếu, héo, hếu

1. chữ Hán form of hiếu (“filial piety”).