[go: up one dir, main page]
Wikipedia

Women's shelter

This article is about domestic violence shelters. For other related topics, see Outline of domestic violence.

A women's shelter, also known as a women's refuge and battered women's shelter, is a place of temporary protection and support for women escaping domestic violence and intimate partner violence of all forms.[1] The term is also frequently used to describe a location for the same purpose that is open to people of all genders at risk.

Pringle-Patric House in the United States was built in 1877 and converted to a shelter in 1990.

Representative data samples done by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention show that one in three women in the U.S. will experience physical violence during their lifetime.[2] One in ten will experience sexual violence.[2] Women's shelters help individuals escape these instances of domestic violence and intimate partner violence and act as a place for protection as they choose how to move forward. Additionally, many shelters offer a variety of other services to help women and their children including counseling and legal guidance.[3]

The ability to escape is valuable for women subjected to domestic violence or intimate partner violence. Additionally, such situations frequently involve an imbalance of power that limits the victim's financial options when they want to leave.[4] Shelters help women gain tangible resources to help them and their families create a new life.[5] Lastly, shelters are valuable to battered women because they can help them find a sense of empowerment.[5]

Women's shelters are available in more than forty-five countries.[6] They are supported with government resources as well as non-profit funds. Additionally, many philanthropists also help and support these institutions.

History

edit

Asia

edit

Offering shelter to abused women is not a new concept in Asia. In feudal Japan, Buddhist temples known as Kakekomi Dera acted as locations where abused women could take shelter before filing for divorce.[7] However, a formal system was not established until 1993, when the grassroots women's movement of Japan built the first shelter.[8] Today, there are thirty shelters throughout the country.[8]

A similar history did not lead to as much progress in China. Women's shelters did not exist until the 1990s and since then the country only opened a small number.[9] In Beijing there are no shelters for the 20 million residents.[10]

Australia

edit

In Australia, the first women's refuge, known as Elsie Refuge, was opened in Glebe, New South Wales, in 1974 by a group of women's liberation activists. Many others followed, with 11 established around the country by the middle of 1975 and many more to follow. Initially these services were entirely reliant on volunteer efforts and donations from the community, but they subsequently secured government funding under the Whitlam government.[11] However, government policy has recently seen some moves to dismantle the women's refuge movement, so that in New South Wales since 2014 the management of many refuges has been handed over to large religious agencies so that they now often operate as generic homeless services rather than specifically catering to women and children escaping domestic violence.[12][13]

Austria

edit
 
Founding documents of the Social Aid for Vulnerable Women and Children association (1978), which created Vienna's first women's shelter

The first women's shelter in Austria opened in Vienna on 1 November 1978; it was immediately overcrowded. The second Viennese women's shelter, to which an advice centre was attached, followed in February 1980. Graz housed the first women's shelter outside the capital on 12 December 1981, and Innsbruck on 16 December 1981. While the financing of the women's shelters in Vienna was secured from the outset by the municipality, the autonomous initiatives in the other states had to fight for their financial resources, sometimes with many setbacks, and often request subsidies from several places each year.[14]

As of April 2020, there are 29 women's shelters in Austria; 15 of them are connected to the Verein Autonome Österreichische Frauenhäuser (Autonomous Austrian Women's Shelters Association).[15]

Canada

edit

The very first women's shelter in Canada was started in 1965 by the Harbour Rescue Mission (now Mission Services) in Hamilton, Ontario. It was named Inasmuch House, with the name referencing a Bible verse (Matthew 25:40) quoting Jesus Christ as saying "Inasmuch as you have done it for the least of these, you have done it for me." It was designed to be a practical outworking of Christian values relating to justice and care. Although originally conceived as a shelter for women leaving prison, its clientele later became women escaping abuse by their partners.[16] The concept of Inasmuch House was shared with other Christian inner-city missions across North America and led to the opening of other such shelters.[17]

The first shelters in Canada developed from a feminist perspective were started by Interval House, Toronto in April 1973, and the Ishtar Women’s Resource Society in Langley, British Columbia.blog Edmonton Women's Shelter (later WIN House) – a group from all walks of life, and secular as well as Christian beliefs – was opened in January 1970 to shelter any woman who needed shelter for any reason.[18] These homes were grassroots organizations that lived on short term grants at first, with staff often working sacrificially in order to keep the houses running to ensure women's safety.[19][20]

From there, the movement in Canada grew, with women's shelters opening under a variety of names - often as a Transition House or Interval House - opening up across the country in order to help women flee from abusive situations. The Alberta Council of Women's Shelters was founded in 1983. The Transition House Association of Nova Scotia, which runs shelters in Halifax, Nova Scotia, was founded a few years later in 1989.

ACWS became a founding member of Women's Shelters Canada and also hosted the first ever world conference of women's shelters in Edmonton in 2008. The conference included 800 delegates from 60 countries. The world conference is now a separate organisation with a fourth world conference set to take place in Taipei in 2019.[21] In February 2019 ACWS hosted the first Western Canadian violence-prevention conference, the 'Leading Change Summit: Bold Conversations to end gender-based violence'[22] which included Dr. Michael Flood (QUB) and actor and activist Terry Crews, as well as 230 delegates from community organisations, trade unions, government and corporates committed to ending domestic violence.

The shelter Chez Doris in Montreal, Canada, offers services in English, French, and Inuktitut. Servants Anonymous Society (SAS) provides aid and shelter to women exiting the sex industry.

Canada's longest running rape crisis centre is the Vancouver Rape Relief & Women's Shelter.[23]

Ethiopia

edit

In 2003 the initial women's shelter opened its doors under the Association for Women's Sanctuary and Development (AWSAD) in Addis Ababa.[24] In 2019 AWSAD opened sanctuaries for victims of sexual violence in war-torn northern Ethiopia with support from the United Nations Development Programme.[25]

France

edit

When a rise in domestic violence occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic in France, the French Government invested 1 million euros in establishing 20 new help centres throughout the country located near supermarkets, where victims can go while going out for groceries, and be redirected to dozens of hotel rooms that functioned as temporary shelters paid for by the government.[26]

Germany

edit

The first shelter for battered women was opened in West Berlin in 1976, created by women of the autonomous women's movement with funds from the FRG's Ministry of Family Affairs. The Berlin project triggered a wave of women's shelters foundations, which were granted financial aid on the basis of Paragraph 72 of the Federal Social Aid Law.[27] For example, the city council of Cologne decided in December 1976 to finance the women's shelter set up by a social worker.[28] In subsequent years, women's shelters were founded in other German cities. Most of them were projects of the autonomous women's movement.[29]

Parties shall take the necessary legislative or other measures to provide for the setting-up of
appropriate, easily accessible shelters in sufficient numbers to provide safe accommodation
for and to reach out pro-actively to victims, especially women and their children.

– Article 23: Shelters, Istanbul Convention

Since the Gewaltschutzgesetz ("Protection from Violence Law") entered into force on 1 January 2002, according to which violent offenders can be expelled from the residence, the need and number of women's shelters have decreased. In 2002 there were approximately 400 women's shelters in Germany, of which 153 were autonomous.[30] According to a study published in 2012 on behalf of the Ministry of Family Affairs, 15,000 women, accompanied by 17,000 children, sought refuge in the then around 350 women's shelters and 40 protection homes in 2011. However, women had to be turned away 9,000 times because the facilities were full.[31] In 2013, 34,000 women and children sought refuge in facilities, but once again 9,000 women had to be rejected.[32]

According to the allocation formula of the Istanbul Convention (Article 23), which Germany ratified in October 2017 and entered into force there in February 2018, there was a nationwide shortage of 14,600 women's shelters. In accordance with the coalition agreement, the CDU/CSU and the SPD have announced an action programme to support women affected by violence and a round table evaluation by the federal, state and local authorities on the subject in order to ensure the needs-based expansion and adequate financial security of women's shelters and corresponding advice centre.[33]

Iran

edit

Behzisti has Health houses, Social intervention center and safehouses may offer 20 days of service and after that may offer permanently care for maximum of 6 months.[34] There are two in Mashhad and Arak has one.[35][36][37] Isfahan has a rehab center.[38] Women must be no less than 15 years of age.[39][40] IRGC and Tehran municipality have center of women who were formerly addicts in east of city.[41] They have emergency telephone number people can dial 123.[42] Sanandaj has one building with capacity of 60 people.[43]

Netherlands

edit

In the Netherlands, women's shelters emerged in the 1970s as blijf-van-mijn-lijfhuizen (literally: "keep-[your-hands-]off-my-body houses"). Their locations were kept secret, but especially since the emergence of digital technology in the 1990s, the secrecy of the locations proved to be almost impossible to maintain. Moreover, some women were still not able to completely cut off all communication with their (former) partners and secretly sought contact with them anyway, leaving them vulnerable without the shelter's oversight. To address these issues, the remaining blijf-van-mijn-lijfhuizen gradually converted to so-called Oranje Huizen ("Orange Houses") in the 2000s and 2010s, whose location is not secret, but they do have permanent security for survivors, and they allow for safe contact between survivor and (ex-)partner if both parties are interested in it. These restyled shelters are still commonly known as blijf-van-mijn-lijfhuizen.[44][45][46]

Italy

edit

First shelter for battered women was opened in 1989 in Bologna, Casa delle donne per non subire violenza, feminist group of women, with only one secret apartment and a public counselling centre.

United Kingdom

edit
Main article: Refuge (United Kingdom charity)

In England in 1971, Erin Pizzey started the first domestic violence shelter in the modern world after Haven House, which opened in 1964 in California, Chiswick Women's Aid; the organization is known today as Refuge.[47][48][49]

Since that time almost every European country has opened shelters to help domestic violence victims.[50] Two countries even offer shelters for particular ethnicities and cultures.[50] Additionally, a new development in Europe is that countries like the Netherlands and Austria opened social housing for long term stays.[50] One reason for this growth is the Istanbul Convention against Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence, a convention signed by 47 Council of Europe member states in 2011.[50][51] An article in the Convention sets the creation of women's shelters as a minimum standard for compliance.[50] Following austerity two-thirds of local authorities in England have cut funding for women's refuges since 2010.[52]

United States

edit
Main article: National Network to End Domestic Violence

The first women's shelter in the modern world was Haven House, which opened in 1964 in California.[53]

An early women's shelter in the United States, Emergency Shelter Program Inc. (now Ruby's Place inc.), was established in Hayward, California, in 1972 by a local group of women who attended church together. Betty Moose, one of the founding members, officially incorporated the shelter in March 1972. Shortly after the founding members established a local domestic violence hotline. Before the shelter was officially open volunteers housed women in their own homes.[54][3][55] Other women’s shelters soon popped up around the United States which include Rosie's Place in Boston, Massachusetts, which was opened in 1974 by Kip Tiernan, and the Atlanta Union Mission in Atlanta, opened by Elsie Huck.[56]

Women's shelters evolved over time. Grassroots community advocates in the 1970s offered shelters as one of the first services for victims of intimate partner violence.[3] At this time, most shelters were for emergencies and involved stays less than six months.[57] Volunteers and shelter workers offered legal and welfare referrals to women when they exited but contact afterwards was limited. More recent programs, such as those funded by the Violence Against Women Act, offer longer term stays for women.[57] These locations, as well as transitional housing, offer more services to women and their children.[58] Another recent change is the increasing amount of shelters publicizing their locations to increase funding and visibility in the community.[58]

Due to the growing women's movement, the number of shelters quickly increased after their induction and by 1977 the United States had eighty-nine shelters available for victims of violence.[59] By 2000, the United States had over 2,000 domestic violence programs in place, many with domestic violence shelters included.[59]

Mexico

edit

In Mexico City, local law allows the government to force the abuser to leave the home instead of the victim, even if the property is owned or rented in the name of the abuser. This law was supported by Claudia Sheinbaum, who later became president of Mexico.[60]

Services

edit

General purpose

edit

Women's shelters offer temporary refuge for women escaping acts of domestic violence or intimate partner violence. Many women become homeless in this situation because they are financially dependent on their abuser and these resources help to incentivize and support escape.[4] The average length of stay for women is between thirty and sixty days in the United States.[4] However, this varies in different countries and in Europe, for example, four countries limit stays to a few weeks.[50] Transitional housing, another form of women's shelter, offers stays of up to a year while certain communities offer public and private housing for even longer periods.[3]

Utilization

edit

There is high demand for shelter services in the United States. A one-day national census done by the National Network to End Domestic Violence found that emergency shelters served over 66,581 people in one day and over 9,000 requests could not be met during the same period.[61] In Europe there is a similar pattern of over-demand.[50] Utilization by women is not consistent across the population of intimate partner violence victims, however. Women with children tend to use shelters more often as well as those that are injured physically.[62] Additionally, rural women have more trouble accessing services due to isolation and a lack of resources.[63]

Other services offered

edit

Shelters are usually offered as part of a comprehensive domestic violence program that can also include a crisis hotline, services for non-sheltered children, an education program, a community speaker list, and an offender treatment program.[58][50] Shelters themselves also offer a variety of services. They provide counseling, support groups and skills workshops to help women move on independently.[64] These act as tools of empowerment for women in conjunction with goal setting programs. Lastly, they offer support for children as well as legal and medical advocacy.[65]

Most residents of women's shelters are the children of women who are victims of violence. This is one reason why more than half of shelters offered services to this portion of the population in a survey of 215 shelters in the United States.[3] Services for children often include counseling and group therapy options that are meant to strengthen parent-child relationships and help with mental well-being.[3] Recently, shelters also responded to increasing numbers of male victims by offering help mostly in the form of hotel vouchers.[3]

Male residents

edit
See also: Domestic violence against men § Responses

In the United States, certain shelters do not permit access to men. This practice was challenged in Blumhorst v. Haven Hills, a court case in California (Los Angeles Superior Court Case No. BC291977). However, the court dismissed the case because the plaintiff lacked standing – he was not involved in an abusive relationship and did not need shelter.[66] Certain groups are critical of the smaller amount of resources available to men in the United States and across the world.[67] However, other sources dispute the view that male-only refuges are wanted or needed by most male victims, arguing that the issue has been misrepresented out of misogyny rather than genuine concern for male victims.[68] The Istanbul Convention, for example, states that the creation of women's shelters is not discriminatory.[50]

Some shelters do permit access today, including the Domestic Abuse Project (DAP) of Delaware County, which offers services to both sexes.[69] According to their own reports, around three percent of DAP supported individuals have been men.[70] In the United Kingdom, 100 places were opened to house male victims of domestic violence in Northamptonshire, or to house families barred from other shelters, such as women with older male children.[citation needed] In Canada, approximately 8 percent of women's shelters are also open to adult men.[71]

Funding

edit

United States

edit
 
Volunteers in El Paso, October 16, 2012, supporting a Walk a Mile in Her Shoes event to raise funds for the YWCA's Independence House.

Women's shelters in the United States are supported at a state and national level.[72] Over 50% of the funding offered at the state level, however, comes from the federal government through grants.[58] Services are generally administered through Domestic Violence Intervention Programs (DVIPs) funded by the Family Violence Services Act, the Victims of Crime Act of 1984, and the Violence Against Women Act. Various non-profits also contribute to the services offered and provide a national voice for the issue.[58] Examples include the National Network to End Domestic Violence which represents fifty-six U.S. states and territories, the National Organization for Victim Assistance, and local United Ways.[58][73]

Reports show that on any day over 5,000 women are unable to use services because of a lack of funding or space.[63] Many states have also cut their funds for women's shelters. In 2009, Governor Schwarzenegger of California cut $16,000 in state funding to domestic violence programs because of the state's budget deficit.[74] In late 2011 Washington governor Christine Gregoire released a budget proposal stripping all state funding for domestic violence and women's shelters across Washington State.[75] These types of budget cuts caused several shelters to close their doors, leaving women with no safe haven to escape Intimate partner violence. Local communities are now also taking it upon themselves to create a safe place for domestic violence refugees. In Grand Forks, British Columbia, a small community of less than 3,600, people organized the Boundary Women's Coalition, to support their local women's shelter.[76]

Grant examples

edit

Many grants help fund women's shelters in the United States.[77]

Grant title Source Qualifications Purpose
STOP Violence Against Women Formula Grant Program Office on Violence Against Women Available to states and territories Thirty percent of funds provided are to improve on services available to victims of intimate partner violence.
State and Territorial Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence Coalitions Program Office on Violence Against Women Available for domestic violence coalitions Funds provided to each state's domestic violence coalition to improve the coordination of services available in each state. These coalitions give funds directly to shelters.
Grants to Tribal Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Coalitions Program Office on Violence Against Women Available to tribal domestic violence coalitions. Funds provided to support tribal domestic violence coalitions that offer services to under-served populations.
Family Violence Prevention and Services Discretionary Grants: National and Special Issue Resource Centers Administration for Children and Families Nonprofits with or without 501(c)(3) status; Native American tribal organizations Funds provided to start individual National Resource Centers on Domestic Violence.
OVC FY 16 Vision 21: Enhancing Access and Attitudinal Changes in Domestic Violence Shelters for Individuals with Disabilities Office for Victims of Crime State and regional domestic violence coalitions Funds provided to help shelters make facilities accessible to those with disabilities.

Effects

edit

Women often suffer lasting mental conditions from their abuse including anxiety disorders, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD).[4] Since women in shelters have more likely experienced severe physical and mental abuse than those who do not utilize these services, they are also more likely to experience PTSD.[5] In fact, an American national organizational survey compiled four separate studies of female support group or shelter users and reported PTSD rates between 45% and 84% (Astin, Lawrence, Pincus, & Foy, 1990; Houskamp & Foy, 1991; Roberts, 1996a; Saunders, 1994).[58] These emotional and mental consequences have an effect on women's career opportunities and ability to function in normal life.[4] Women's shelters try to counteract these effects as well as prevent future instances of abuse. However, PTSD can prohibit women from utilizing shelter resources effectively.[5]

Shelter utilization may lead to the better functioning of survivors and fewer reports of abuse in the short term.[78] Research that studied 3,410 residents of 215 domestic violence across the United States linked longer shelter stays with increased well-being and better help-seeking behaviors.[79] The latter is a result of increased knowledge about services and options available to women in vulnerable positions as well as increased empowerment.[79] This may indicate that transition services and longer residential offerings are more valuable.[citation needed]

Criticism

edit

Many women report re-abuse after leaving a shelter. A sample study done by Bybee and Sullivan, which analyzed data from 124 victims who utilized shelters, found no positive effect on re-abuse three years after shelter use.[80][better source needed] Additionally, with current resource restraints in the United States, standard shelters do not provide the PTSD or psychotherapeutic treatments necessary for full support.[79][obsolete source] They may also have issues with under-serving the community because of a shortage of funded staff, a lack of bilingual staff, and inadequate facilities.[58][obsolete source]

Shelters in Europe are similarly limited and only eight countries fulfill the minimum standards for shelters set by the Istanbul Convention.[50] Another criticism of the shelters in Europe is that they have strict age limits that keep male children out and certain shelters discriminate against women from other countries or who identify as lesbian or transgender.[50]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "women's refuge Definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  2. ^ a b Breiding MJ, Chen J, Black MC. Intimate Partner Violence in the United States – 2010. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Chanmugam, A. (2011). Perspectives on US Domestic Violence Emergency Shelters: What do Young Adolescent Residents and their Mothers Say?. Child Care In Practice, 17(4), 395. doi:10.1080/13575279.2011.596814
  4. ^ a b c d e McNulty, M., Crowe, T., Kroening, C., VanLeit, B., & Good, R. (2009). Time use of women with children living in an emergency homeless shelter for survivors of domestic violence. OTJR: Occupation, Participation & Health, 29(4), 183 8p.
  5. ^ a b c d Perez, S., Johnson, D. M., & Wright, C. V. (2012). The Attenuating Effect of Empowerment on IPV-Related PTSD Symptoms in Battered Women Living in Domestic Violence Shelters. Violence Against Women, 18(1), 102–117 16p. doi:10.1177/1077801212437348
  6. ^ "Global Data Count" (PDF). The Global Network of Women's Shelters. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
  7. ^ Cassegård, C. (2013). Youth Movements, Trauma and Alternative Space in Contemporary Japan. Leiden: Brill, 78.
  8. ^ a b Yoshihama, M. (2002). Breaking the web of abuse and silence: voices of battered women in Japan. Social Work, 47(4), 389–400 12p. doi:sw/47.4.389
  9. ^ Kaufman, Joan (2012-07-01). "The Global Women's Movement and Chinese Women's Rights". Journal of Contemporary China. 21 (76): 585–602. doi:10.1080/10670564.2012.666830. ISSN 1067-0564. S2CID 153453500.
  10. ^ "Battered women in China could finally get a measure of legal protection". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-05-18.
  11. ^ "Forty years of the Elsie Refuge for Women and Children | The Dictionary of Sydney". dictionaryofsydney.org. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  12. ^ "Regional Women's Refuges Are Being Ripped Apart". New Matilda. 2015-03-23. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  13. ^ Browne, Rachel (2014-06-21). "Women's refuges closing down after reform fails them". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  14. ^ Irmtraut Karlsson (1988). Ein gebrochenes Tabu. Frauenhäuser in Österreich. Vienna: Deuticke. pp. 27–54, 78–80. ISBN 3-7005-4609-2.
  15. ^ "Frauenhäuser" (in German). Verein Autonome Österreichische Frauenhäuser. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  16. ^ "History - Mission Services of Hamilton". Mission Services of Hamilton. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
  17. ^ "The Haven Of Rest Ministries - Inasmuch House (for Women And Children)". www.shelterlistings.org. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
  18. ^ "About | Win House". winhouse.org.
  19. ^ "Interval House | Toronto Community Knowledge Centre". ckc.torontofoundation.ca. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
  20. ^ "Constitution and Bylaws".
  21. ^ "Past conferences". The 4th World Conference of Women’s Shelters. 2018-07-11. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
  22. ^ "Leading Change Summit 2019 | Alberta Council of Women's Shelters - ACWS". acws.ca. Archived from the original on 2018-09-04.
  23. ^ "Opinion: Vancouver Rape Relief stands by women". vancouversun. Retrieved 2021-09-08.
  24. ^ Ford, Liz (27 July 2016). Ethiopia's safe houses offer more than shelter to violence survivors – in pictures. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  25. ^ Supporting survivors of SGBV in conflict-affected areas. UNDP.
  26. ^ Romana Abels (2 April 2020). "Als een Française om 'masker 19' vraagt, weet de apotheker dat hij de politie moet bellen". Trouw (in Dutch). Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  27. ^ Kristina Schulz: Der lange Atem der Provokation. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2002, ISBN 3-593-37110-3, p. 229.
  28. ^ Maria Mies: Der Kampf um das „Frauenhaus Köln“. Zentrale Informationsstelle Autonomer Frauenhäuser (ZIF), autonome-frauenhaeuser-zif.de (PDF).
  29. ^ Margrit Brückner: Erfolg und Eigensinn. Zur Geschichte der Frauenhäuser. In: Mechthild Bereswill, Gerd Stecklina (ed.): Geschlechterperspektiven für die Soziale Arbeit: Zum Spannungsverhältnis von Frauenbewegungen und Professionalisierungsprozessen. Beltz Juventa, 2010, ISBN 978-3-7799-2304-6, p. 61f.
  30. ^ Fachlexikon der sozialen Arbeit. 5th edition. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-17-006848-2, p. 348.
  31. ^ Lisa Erdmann: Überfüllte Frauenhäuser: Letzte Zuflucht – versperrt. at: Spiegel Online Politik. 6 November 2012.
  32. ^ "Germany" (PDF). WAVE Country Info. Women against Violence Europe. 24 March 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  33. ^ Patricia Hecht (7 August 2018). Überlastete Frauenhäuser: Hilfe suchend vor verschlossener Tür (in German). ISSN 0931-9085. Retrieved 8 August 2018. {{cite book}}: |newspaper= ignored (help)
  34. ^ "مرکز مداخله در بحران بهزیستی ۲۰ روز به بانوان خدمات می‌دهد". خبرگزاری مهر | اخبار ایران و جهان | Mehr News Agency. February 27, 2023.
  35. ^ "افتتاح مرکز جامع نگهداری و حمایت از زنان و دختران آسیب دیده استان مرکزی". fa. June 2, 1398.
  36. ^ "معاون رییس جمهوری از ۲ مرکز نگهداری زنان و دختران آسیب دیده در مشهد دیدن کرد - ایرنا". www.irna.ir (in Persian).
  37. ^ "بهزیستی خوزستان پناهگاه زنان آسیب پذیر جامعه". fa. October 3, 1398.
  38. ^ "افتتاح مرکز جامع توانمندسازی آقایان استان اصفهان". ایمنا. February 7, 2023.
  39. ^ "شرایط پذیرش و استفاده از خدمات مراکز بازپروری زنان آسیب دیده". خبرگزاری مهر | اخبار ایران و جهان | Mehr News Agency. March 27, 2019.
  40. ^ "نحوه پذیرش دختران و زنان ویژه در خانه‌های سلامت تشریح شد- اخبار تهران - اخبار اجتماعی تسنیم | Tasnim". خبرگزاری تسنیم | Tasnim.
  41. ^ "افتتاح نخستین مرکز صیانت و ایجاد اشتغال زنان معتاد بهبودیافته در تهران - ایرنا". www.irna.ir (in Persian). 4 November 2020.
  42. ^ "همه چیز درباره اورژانس اجتماعی؛ اقامت افراد آسیب دیده در مراکز مداخله در بحران موقتی است؟ » اصفهان امروز آنلاین". اصفهان امروز آنلاین.
  43. ^ "2 مرکز نگهداری برای زنان و دختران فراری در سنندج تأسیس شد- اخبار استانها تسنیم | Tasnim". خبرگزاری تسنیم | Tasnim.
  44. ^ Dijk, Pieter van (2008). Het oranje huis: blijf van m'n lijf nieuwe stijl (in Dutch). Blijf Groep. pp. 48p.
  45. ^ "Oranje Huis" (in Dutch). Blijf Groep. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  46. ^ Anneke Stoffelen (31 January 2011). "Veel Blijf-van-mijn-lijfhuizen niet langer geheim". de Volkskrant. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  47. ^ Jewish Family Service. "Annual Report 2011–2012" (PDF). JFS LA (pdf). Los Angeles. p. 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2021.
  48. ^ Rappaport, Helen (2001). "Pizzey, Erin (1939– ) United Kingdom". Encyclopedia of women social reformers. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 549. ISBN 978-1-57607-101-4. In 1972 the center was visited by U.S. feminists, who set up similar ventures in the United States ...
  49. ^ "35 years of Refuge". Refuge. n.d. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Logar, Rosa (1 January 2016). "WAVE Report 2015" (PDF). WAVE – Women against Violence Europe, Bacherplatz 10/6, A-1050 Vienna. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
  51. ^ "Home". Istanbul Convention
    Action against violence against women and domestic violence    . Retrieved 2016-05-19.
  52. ^ Council funding for women's refuges cut by nearly £7m since 2010 The Guardian
  53. ^ Jewish Family Service. "Annual Report 2011–2012" (PDF). JFS LA (pdf). Los Angeles. p. 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2021.
  54. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2020-07-20. Retrieved 2019-09-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  55. ^ MacFarquhar, Larissa (August 19, 2019). "The Radical Transformations of a Battered Women's Shelter; A House of their Own (print edition)". The New Yorker. Conde Nast. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
  56. ^ Detweiler, Elsie Moses Huck (December 2005). A Life of Faith: My Journey. iUniverse. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-595-37582-0.
  57. ^ a b Montgomery, B. E., Rompalo, A., Hughes, J., Wang, J., Haley, D., Soto-Torres, L., & ... Hodder, S. (2015). Violence Against Women in Selected Areas of the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 105(10), 2156–2166. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302430
  58. ^ a b c d e f g h Roberts, A. R., & Lewis, S. J. (2000). Giving them shelter: National organizational survey of shelters for battered women and their children. Journal of Community Psychology, 28(6), 669–681.
  59. ^ a b Clevenger, B. M., & Roe-Sepowitz, D. (2009). Shelter Service Utilization of Domestic Violence Victims. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 19(4), 361. doi:10.1080/10911350902787429
  60. ^ Have female presidents in Latin America improved women’s lives?
  61. ^ Dutton, M. A., James, L., Langhorne, A., & Kelley, M. (2015). Coordinated Public Health Initiatives to Address Violence Against Women and Adolescents. Journal of Women's Health (15409996), 24(1), 80–85 6p. doi:10.1089/jwh.2014.4884
  62. ^ Clevenger, B. M., & Roe-Sepowitz, D. (2009). Shelter Service Utilization of Domestic Violence Victims. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 19(4), 370. doi:10.1080/10911350902787429
  63. ^ a b Peek-Asa, C., Wallis, A., Harland, K., Beyer, K., Dickey, P., & Saftlas, A. (2011). Rural Disparity in Domestic Violence Prevalence and Access to Resources. Journal of Women's Health (15409996), 20(11), 1743 7p. doi:10.1089/jwh.2011.2891
  64. ^ Clevenger, B. M., & Roe-Sepowitz, D. (2009). Shelter Service Utilization of Domestic Violence Victims. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 19(4), 359–374. doi:10.1080/10911350902787429
  65. ^ Clevenger, B. M., & Roe-Sepowitz, D. (2009). Shelter Service Utilization of Domestic Violence Victims. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 19(4), 362. doi:10.1080/10911350902787429
  66. ^ Molly Dragiewicz & Yvonne Lindgren, The Gendered Nature of Domestic Violence: Statistical Data for Lawyers Considering Equal Protection Analysis, 17 Am. U. J. Gender Soc. Pol'y & L. 229, 268 (2009).
  67. ^ Tsui, V. (2014). Male Victims of Intimate Partner Abuse: Use and Helpfulness of Services. Social Work, 59(2), 121–130 10p. doi:sw/swu007
  68. ^ House of Commons (20 May 2008) House of Commons Sixth Report House of Commons. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  69. ^ "The Domestic Abuse Project of Delaware County". www.dapdc.org. Retrieved 2016-05-19.
  70. ^ "Help domestic abuse victims for 35 years". www.delcotimes.com. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  71. ^ Burczycka, Marta; Cotter, Cotter. "Shelters for abused women in Canada, 2010". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
  72. ^ "Grant Programs | OVW | Department of Justice". www.justice.gov. 23 July 2014. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  73. ^ "National Organization for Victim Assistance (NOVA) – Championing Dignity Compassion Victims Crime and CrisisNational Organization for Victim Assistance". www.trynova.org. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  74. ^ McKinley, Jesse (25 September 2009). "Losing State Aid, California Women's Shelters Cut Back or Close". The New York Times.
  75. ^ Sully, Patricia (2011). "Taking It Seriously: Repairing Domestic Violence Sentencing in Washington State". Seattle University Law Review. 34: 963–992.
  76. ^ "Help for battered women in rural areas". Chatelaine. 66 (11): 46. November 1, 1993. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014.
  77. ^ "Grant Programs | OVW | Department of Justice". www.justice.gov. 23 July 2014. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  78. ^ McFarlane, J., Nava, A., Gilroy, H., Paulson, R., & Maddoux, J. (2012). Testing Two Global Models to Prevent Violence against Women and Children: Methods and Baseline Data Analysis of a Seven-Year Prospective Study. Issues In Mental Health Nursing, 33(12), 872 11p.
  79. ^ a b c Lyon, E., Lane, S., & Menard, A. (2008). Domestic violence shelters: Survivors experiences. Retrieved from "Meeting Survivors' Needs: A Multi-State Study of Domestic Violence Shelter Experiences, Final Report"
  80. ^ Bybee, D., Sullivan, C. (. (0001). Predicting re-victimization of battered women 3 years after exiting a shelter program (English). American Journal of Community Psychology, 36(1–2), 85–96.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_shelter&oldid=1256535640"