Wikipedia:Wikipedia as a court source

This is a sortable table of documents used in legal proceedings that have cited Wikipedia as a source. This may also include important regulatory or administrative government decisions, as well as landmark decisions in other languages than English.

Discussions in the Wikipedia community

Wikipedia Signpost, August 20, 2012: Utah appellate court opinion relies on Wikipedia to establish that the meaning of a term in a contract may be ambiguous
Wikipedia Signpost, July 16, 2007: British agency cites Wikipedia in denying F1 trademark
Wikipedia Signpost, January 29, 2007: Court decisions citing Wikipedia proliferate
Wikipedia Signpost, July 3, 2006: Wikipedia cited by the High Court of England and Wales
Bourgeois v. Peters (being one of the earliest court opinions to cite and quote Wikipedia)

Academic papers and blogs

When Is It Appropriate to Cite to Wikipedia? (Daniel J. Solove, Concurring Opinions Blog, February 5, 2007; archived from the original March 3, 2016)
Courting Wikipedia, citing Wikipedia (Jon Garfunkel, Civilities Blog, May 30, 2006)
Wikipedia's Future in the Courts (Patrick Ferguson, May 9, 2006)
Wikipedia cited in court opinions (Eugene Volokh, The Volokh Conspiracy Blog, October 18, 2004)
F-words (Joe Gratz, July 31, 2003)
Jason C. Miller and Hannah B. Murray, Wikipedia in Court: When and How Citing Wikipedia and Other Consensus Websites is Appropriate. St. John's Law Review, Vol. 84, No. 2, 2010. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1502759 .
Joseph Reagle: Reference works and judicial notice (reagle.org, 15 February 2008) "The import of the use of reference works in court cases is frequently misunderstood, and in this case Wikipedia is no different. ..."
Lee F. Peoples. "THE CITATION OF WIKIPEDIA IN JUDICIAL OPINIONS". 12 YALE J.L. & TECH. 1 (2009). Retrieved 2017-03-24.
Wilson, Jodi L. "Proceed With Extreme Caution: Citation to Wikipedia in Light of Contributor Demographics and Content Policies" (PDF). Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law, 2014, Vol. 16:4:857. Retrieved 5 Dec 2018.
Beck, Reed Smith LLP-James M. (23 January 2017). "Pitfalls Of Judges, Lawyers, And Experts Citing Wikipedia | Lexology". Retrieved 25 January 2017.
Lee, Keith (2017-03-10). "Is Wikipedia A Reliable Legal Authority? (2017 Update)". Associate's Mind.
Volokh, Eugene (16 August 2012). "Citing Wikipedia in Court Opinions". The Volokh Conspiracy. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
Siesholtz, Colette. "People v. Givenni (case comment)" (PDF). NYLS Law Review vol 56, 2011/12. Retrieved 15 March 2018.

General media

Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively (Noam Cohen, New York Times, January 29, 2007)
The Patent Office: Getting Wiki With It (Alan Cohen, January 16, 2007)
"Juror's research could imperil $7.5M award". news-leader.com. Associated Press. 22 May 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
Wikipedia article, found in juror notebook, could impact teen's murder conviction.
CA defends use of Wikipedia in decision vs mining firm
Republican congressman quotes Wikipedia during IRS hearing
Volokh, Eugene (2017-03-17). "When should courts rely on Wikipedia?". Washington Post.
Tangalakis-Lippert, Katherine; Getahun, Hannah (8 April 2023). "Texas judge's ruling to ban mifepristone nationwide cites Wikipedia, contains pro-life talking points, and gets basic facts about abortion wrong: Experts say it's 'completely flawed'". Business Insider. Retrieved 8 April 2023.

Court cases

Jurisdiction	Court/ Body	Date	Case Name/ Link	Case Citation	Cited article	Remarks/ Quotes
United States	United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit	2024-06-03	Google Scholar	Asymadesign, LLC v. CBL & Assocs. Mgmt., Inc., 103 F. 4th 1257, No. 23-2495, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 13345, at *6 (7th Cir. June 3, 2024)	Bernhard Modern	Jason R. Epstein, who represents AsymaDesign, did not heed this [font-related] advice. His brief is set in Bernhard Modern, a display face suited to movie posters and used in the title sequence of the Twilight Zone TV show. Wikipedia explains: "A somewhat decorative text typeface, it is distinct for its low x-height, elongated ascenders, and relatively short descenders giving it an appearance of height without requiring excessive leading. Serifs are wide and splayed." Those are not characteristics that conduce to easy reading of long passages. (cleaned up).
United Kingdom	High Court of Justice, Administrative Division	2019-01-18	R (on the application of Liverpool Open And Green Spaces Community Interest Company) v Liverpool City Council	[2019] EWHC 55 (Admin)	Ha-ha	"It emerged during the hearing that a Ha Ha is, according to a definition from Wikipedia:" "a recessed landscape design element that creates a vertical barrier while preserving an uninterrupted view of the landscape beyond. The design includes a turfed incline which slopes downward to a sharply vertical face, typically a masonry retaining wall".
United Kingdom	Court of Appeal, Criminal Division	2018-12-10	Kurtz v R	[2018] EWCA Crim 2743	Enduring power of attorney	"The MCA 2005 followed on from work done by the Law Commission, including its 1995 report, Mental Incapacity..."
United States	United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit	2018-10-26	United States v. Brown		Naloxone	Naloxone is sold under the trade name "Narcan." See Definition of Naloxone, Wikipedia [...] (cleaned up).
Washington	Court of Appeals of Washington, Division Three	2018-10-25	State v. Anderson		Taxicab geometry	The field of mathematics has names for describing this method for measuring distance. See, e.g., "Taxicab geometry," WIKIPEDIA [....] Notably, among the names for this type of distance measurement are the "taxicab metric," "city block distance," or "Manhattan distance." Id. (cleaned up)
Ohio	Supreme Court of Ohio	2018-10-23	State ex rel. Wegman v. Ohio Police & Fire Pension Fund	2018 Ohio 4243	Psi (letter)#Use as a symbol	In the "Diagnosis" column, Dr. Jewell wrote "Left-Knee-Quadriceps Rupture," "Cardiac Arrhythmia," "Right Shoulder," and what appears to be the Greek letter "Ψ" or "psi," which can be shorthand for psychology, psychiatry, or psychological. See [link to Wikipedia article] (cleaned up).
United States	United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin	2018-09-14	Cree, Inc. v. BHP Energy Mexico S. de R.L. de C.V.		Recurso de amparo	"According to Wikipedia—admittedly not a law dictionary—a writ of amparo is a remedy for protection of rights in certain jurisdictions. (cleaned up).
New York	New York Supreme Court for New York County	2018-07-30	Churches United for Fair Housing, Inc. v. de Blasio	2018 NY Slip Op 31865(U)	Wealth inequality in the United States, Wealth inequality in the United States#Racial disparities	"Wealth inequality, and concomitant income inequality, are inexorably, and unfortunately, rising in the United States." (cleaned up).
United States	United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky	2018-07-10	Philpot v. LM Communications II of South Carolina, Inc.			Copyright infringement case by uploader of a CC-BY-2.0 image to Wikipedia against someone who used photo without attribution (and metadata removed)
Hong Kong	Torture Claims Appeal Board	2018-04-20	Md Nazir Ahmed Sarkar v. Torture Claims Appeal Board & Director of Immigration		Pakistan	The Torture Claims Appeal Board board had relied on Wikipedia for information about the claimant’s country of origin, wikipedia making up 40 per cent of the sources used in deciding to reject the asylum claim.
United Kingdom	High Court of Justice, Chancery Division	2017-10-13	Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council v Makin	[2017] EWHC 2543 (Ch)	Symphonie fantastique	The judge includes a quote by Hector Berlioz sourced from the article to describe why it would be inappropriate to play music from the fifth movement of the symphony at the funeral of Ian Brady, one of the Moors murderers, contrary to instructions contained in Brady's will.
United States: Texas	Supreme Court of Texas	2017-03-17	D Magazine Partners v. Rosenthal	No. 15-0790	Welfare queen	"We agree with the magazine that the court of appeals’ reliance on Wikipedia led to an unduly narrow interpretation of the article’s title that, in turn, impacted the court’s analysis of the plaintiff’s defamation claim."
Pakistan	Supreme Court of Pakistan	2016-4-20	Panama Papers case	[1]	Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani
United Kingdom	High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, Election Court	2015-04-23	Erlam & Others v Rahman & Another	[2015] EWHC 1215 (QB)	Dog-whistle politics	Election Commissioner Richard Mawrey: "The wise folk of the Oxford English Dictionary fight shy of defining this term but as good a definition as any may be found in Wikipedia:" "The advantage of the cliché is that one may take a completely innocent, indeed anodyne, statement of a political opponent and claim that it contains a ‘coded’ message often, as Wikipedia remarks, of a racist nature."
United States	United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin	2014-06-06	Wolf v. Walker	14-cv-64-bbc	George Washington	U.S. District Judge Barbara B. Crabb: "There is also little to no stigma attached to childless married couples. Neither defendants nor amici point to any social opprobrium directed at the many millions of such couples throughout this country’s history, beginning with America’s first family, George and Martha Washington, who had no biological children of their own." (cleaned up).
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit	2014-04-14	Conrad v. AM Community Credit Union, et al.	No. 13-2899	Dance notation	Posner, J. writes: "To comply with the requirement of fixity she would have had either to have recorded the performance or to have created a written 'dance notation' of it...'Dance Notation,' Wikipedia. She did neither." (cleaned up)
United States: Utah	Utah Court of Appeals	2012-08-16	Fire Insurance Exchange v. Oltmanns and Blackner^[1]	285 P.3d 802	Jet ski	Judge Gregory K Orme, writing for the majority opinion, writes "The subject is well‐illuminated in that great repository of contemporary wisdom, Wikipedia." In addition, Judge J. Frederick Voros authored a concurring opinion, setting out his views on why citing Wikipedia was appropriate.
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit	2012-04-20	United States v. Lawson	677 F.3d 629	Sponsor (commercial)	Criminal conviction reversed because juror improperly used Wikipedia as a source.
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit	2012-03-27	Prude v. Clark	675 F.3d 732	Anal fissure	Access date March 15, 2012; cited in a judicial opinion rebuking a county sheriff for ignoring a Federal lawsuit.
Philippines	Supreme Court	2011-03-07	Bank of Commerce v. Goodman Fielder	G.R. No. 168715	Checkwriter
Council of Europe	European Court of Human Rights	2010-12-07	Jakobski v. Poland		Buddhist cuisine	Cited by the Polish government.
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit	2010-10-26	Gonzales v. Arizona	624 F.3d 1162	Exclusive or	In footnote 7 of his dissent, Judge Alex Kozinski cites: "Wikipedia gives the following example to illustrate the difference between the exclusive and the inclusive 'or'..."
Philippines	Supreme Court	2010-09-15	Medline Management v. Roslinda	G.R. No. 168715	Hemodialysis
United Kingdom	High Court of England and Wales, Chancery Division	2010-07-23	SAS Institute Inc. v World Programming Ltd ([http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Ch/2010/1829.html)	[2010] EWHC 1829	SAS language	Justice Arnold wrote (at paragraph 56): In my judgment the SAS Language is a programming language. I am comforted by the fact that this assessment coincides ... also with that of the anonymous author of the entry for "SAS language" in Wikipedia (as last modified on 25 April 2010), which states...
Philippines	Supreme Court	2010-05-05	Bonifacio v. RTC-Makati	G.R. No. 184800	Blog, Yahoo Groups
United States: New York	Criminal Court of the City of New York, New York County	2010-04-20	People v. Givenni	27 Misc.3d 1135 (2010), 898 N.Y.S.2d 829	Helium	Matthew A. Sciarrino, Jr., J.: "Helium is defined as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, nontoxic, inert monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table. (See Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Helium). ... "Inhaling helium directly from pressurized cylinders is extremely dangerous, as the high flow rate can result in barotrauma, fatally rupturing lung tissue." (Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Helium)." (cleaned up).
Philippines	Supreme Court	2010-03-26	Orceo v. COMELEC	G.R. No. 190779	Airsoft gun, Air gun	Separate Opinion of Justice Arturo Brion
Philippines	Supreme Court	2010-03-03	Leonis Navigation v. Villamater	G.R. No. 179169	Colorectal cancer
United Kingdom	Milton Keynes County Court	2009-12-04	Petrie v The Standard Life Assurance Ltd		Floating rate note	Referred to by one of the parties; District Judge Hickman said "it seems to me that while it is inappropriate to use Wikipedia or similar internet resources as a source of quasi-expert evidence, it is perfectly appropriate and proportionate to use such a resource to find an explanation for an unfamiliar expression, just as it is accepted practice to refer to a reputable dictionary."
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit	2009-08-07	Brown v. Nucor Corp	576 F.3d 149, 156 n.9	Standard deviation	Three standard deviations would equate to a 99.7% confidence level.
Philippines	Supreme Court	2008-09-12	Republic v. Cagandahan	G.R. No. 166676	Intersexuality
United States: New Jersey	Superior Court of New Jersey, Appellate Division.	2009-08-29	Palisades Collection v. Graubard	No. A-1338-07T3 (Unpublished)		See law.com article. Additionally, see the opinion of the court, which reverses the trial court. The appellate court held that Wikipedia articles are not admissible as reliable evidence.
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit	2008-08-29	Badasa v. Mukasey	540 F.3d 909		See Wired article.
United Kingdom	High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division	2008-04-09	Meisels v. Lichtman	[2008] EWHC 661	Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)	Cited to explain the cultural background and underlying attitudes of all the parties, who were from this branch of orthodox Judaism.
Germany	Federal Patent Court	2007-11-27	33 W (pat) 99/07		FTSE All-Share Index
Israel	Small claims court, Petah Tikva	2007-10-28	Bar-Ziv vs. Peled		he:דואר זבל	Used as reference to define spam. First known court citation of a Hebrew Wikipedia article. First known citation in Israeli jurisprudence.
Malaysia	Federal Court of Malaysia	2007-10-23	PP v. Kok Wah Kuan		Unclear, probably Lord Chancellor	Used as an additional reference to support the claim the Lord Chancellor was a member of all 3 branches of government
Canada: Ontario	Court of Appeal for Ontario	2007-10-22	R. v. Budd		Trust	Cited by the trial judge of first instance.
Australia: Victoria	Supreme Court of Victoria	2007-10-17	Timoney Technology Limited & Anor v ADI Ltd	[2007] VSC 402	Bushmaster IMV	"This case is not the appropriate vehicle to determine whether or to what extent information appearing on a Wikipedia website may be admissible in evidence."
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2007-10-17	Formula One Licensing B.V. v. Racing-Live S.A.			"The applicant filed abundant material (listed above) with a view to proving that 'F1', far from being a trade mark, is a descriptive indication identifying a type of motor racing event. A significant part of the evidence comes from Wikipedia."
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2007-10-16	Case no. 071516093	[2007] RRTA 238	Homosexuality in India	Cited by the applicant.
United States: Wisconsin	Wisconsin Court of Appeals	2007-10-16	Godoy v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.	743 N.W.2d 159	Processing of lead metal from ore
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit	2007-10-12	U.S. v. Bazaldua	506 F.3d 671	PIT maneuver (accessed Sept 20, 2007)
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit	2007-10-10	Lennon v. Metro. Life Ins. Co.	504 F.3d 617	Blood alcohol
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2007-10-03	CBS Worldwide Inc. v. Funkwerk plettac electronic GmbH		CBS, CBS Evening News, Orbit News, Sky News, de:Der Preis ist heiß, de:Columbia Broadcasting System	Cited by CBS.
Australia	IP Australia	2007-10-02	Sanofi-Aventis	[2007] APO 35	Lydia Pinkham, Lily the Pink (song)	Cited by the applicant.
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2007-09-27	Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc. (	R 708/2006-4	Spectrogram, Tarzan	"Again within the ambit of Article 74 (1) CTMR, the Board has considered the references in the 'Wikipedia' article ..."
India	Supreme Court of India	2007-09-26	Commissioner of Customs, New Delhi v. C-Net Communication (I) Pvt. Ltd		Decoder
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2007-09-25	Hedge Invest SGR P.A. v. BI Management A/S		Hedge fund
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2007-09-24	Case no. 071637020	[2007] RRTA 234	Young Communist League, Nepal (as of May 31, 2007)
Australia	IP Australia	2007-09-20	Apple Computer Inc	[2007] ADO 5	USB
Canada	Public Service Labour Relations Board	2007-09-20	Cox v. Vezina		Mobbing	Cited by the complainant.
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2007-09-18	Visual Finder, S.L. v. Lilly Software Associates, Inc		Visual programming language	Cited by the applicant.
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2007-09-19	Axel Springer AG v. Jerome Russell Cosmetics (USA) Inc.		Bild-Zeitung	Cited by the opponent. "(...) a genuine reputation of the sign has not been proved. In particular, the opponent did not file any documents from independent sources, such as for example market surveys carried out by third specialised companies. The Annual Report comes from the opponent itself, and the Wikipedia extract cannot be properly considered as an "independent source", taking into account that it is an online encyclopaedia open for editing to everyone, collaboratively written by many of its readers."
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2007-09-16	CSFB Holt, LLC	R 390/2007-1	Cash flow return on investment	Cited by the applicant. "Most of the internet references are connected to the applicant (firms that use CFROI with the applicant's consent) or of uncertain reliability, such as Wikipedia (an online encyclopedia that any person can edit) ..."
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Cancellation Division	2007-09-11	Cervecería Argentina S.A. Isenbeck v. Cervecería y Maltería Quilmas S.A.I.C.A. y G.		Patagonia, Río Negro (Argentina)	Cited by the applicant.
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2007-09-10	Reuters Financial Software, s.a. v. Investors Bank & Trust Co.		FOREX
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2007-09-07	Montebello, S.R.L. v. Bodegas Montebello, S.A.		Fino	Cited by the applicant.
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2007-09-06	Starbucks Co.	R 527/2007-2	Hear Music	Cited by the applicant.
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2007-08-31	Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional Sdn. Bhd. v. Proton Motor Fuel Cell GmbH		Fuel cell
Australia	Federal Court of Australia	2007-08-31	SZIYI v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship	[2007] FCA 1379		"The learned Federal Magistrate also rejected the appellant's complaints in his written submissions that information relied upon by the Tribunal was obtained from the Wikipedia website on the internet and was therefore unreliable. She held the complaint to be misconceived. The Tribunal had identified the independent information to which it had regard and the source of that information. It was not confined to material obtained from Wikipedia but included information from various other human rights sources. There was therefore no failure to comply with the requirements of s 424A(1) of the Act simply because the Tribunal had regard to independent information."
United States: Maryland	Court of Appeals of Maryland	2007-08-24	Atty. Griev. Comm'n v. Siskind	401 Md. 41	Opposite day
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit	2007-08-23	Zeiler v. Deitsch	500 F.3d 157	Jewish law (accessed Aug 1, 2007)
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2007-08-21	Case no. 071512328	[2007] RRTA 190	Andijan massacre
Chile	Santiago Court of Appeals	2007-08-20	Constructora Salfa S.A. ./. Cruz	D-4318/2002	es:Decibelio	First known citation in Chilean jurisprudence.
Australia: Queensland	Queensland Body Corporate and Community Management Commissioner	2007-08-14	Thornton Tower	[2007] QBCCMCmr 487	Kiosk
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2007-08-10	Excelentisima Diputacion Provincial de Zaragoza v. Global Plastics Int.		Side arms
Australia	Federal Court of Australia	2007-08-09	Nine Network Australia Pty Ltd v IceTV Pty Ltd	[2007] FCA 1172	List of Seinfeld episodes	Cited by one of the parties.
United States: Alaska	Alaska Court of Appeals	2007-08-08	Denkinger v. State	No. A-9632	Seine (fishing)
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2007-08-01	Sony Co.	R 291/2007-2	Memory stick
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2007-08-01	The Concentrate Manufacturing Company of Ireland v. Gonzalez Byass, S.A.		Manzanilla	Cited by the opponent.
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit	2007-07-31	Boim v. Fulton Co. School Dist.	494 F.3d 978	School shooting (accessed July 11, 2007)
United States: Alaska	Alaska Court of Appeals	2007-07-25	Stevens v. Matanuska-Susitna Borough	Not Reported in P.3d 2007 WL 2143008	Chippendales dancers
Canada Ontario	Ontario Workplace Safety and Insurance Appeals Tribunal	2007-07-12	Decision No. 1344/07		Orthotics	"I placed little weight on this evidence since it was unauthenticated by a professional. As I understand it, the content placed on Wikipedia can be edited by any user and thus is not reliable for accurate information, especially with regard to questions of medical causation."
Australia: Victoria	Supreme Court of Victoria	2007-07-03	DPP v Dupas	[2007] VSC 251	Peter Dupas	Cited by the defence. "The defence has applied for a permanent stay of proceedings on the ground of irremediable prejudice such as would preclude the accused having a fair trial on the charge preferred against him. Essentially the defence admission is that the 'ubiquity and pervasiveness' of the accused's reputation as a serial killer is such that no fair trial can now be had."
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit	2007-07-02	Lands Council v. McNair	494 F.3d 771	Derrick Jensen	"According to Wikipedia, Jensen is often labeled an anarcho-primitivist, who is quoted as saying in his book A Language Older Than Words that '[e]very morning when I awake I ask myself whether I should write or blow up a dam. I tell myself I should keep writing, though I'm not sure that's right.'" (some internal quotes omitted)
United States: Ohio	Ohio Seventh District Court of Appeals	2007-06-29	Litva v. Village of Richmond	172 Ohio App.3d 349	Lost Liberty Hotel (accessed April 19, 2007)
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit	2007-06-29	Sedrakyan v. Gonzales	237 Fed. Appx. 76	Yerevan (accessed June 20, 2007)	See footnote 1 of the opinion: "An alternate spelling of the city is Erevan." (internal quotes omitted)
Australia: Queensland	Queensland Body Corporate and Community Management Commissioner	2007-06-26	Miami Villas	[2007] QBCCMCmr 386	Latticework
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2007-06-25	Reckitt Benckiser Healthcare (UK) Ltd. v. Microfood Poland Sp. z.o.o.		Ester
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2007-06-20	Case no. 071295385	[2007] RRTA 109	2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2007-06-19	Primavera Life GmbH v. S.A. Spa Monopole N.V.		SPA
United Kingdom	UK Intellectual Property Office	2007-06-14	Formula One Licensing BV v. Racing-Live		Formula One (accessed May 16, 2006), Formula One engines (accessed December 19, 2005), Formula A (accessed June 12, 2006), Formula 3000 (accessed June 12, 2006), Category:Racing formulas	"The evidence from Wikipedia deals essentially with the history and background of F1 racing, nothing particularly controversial. Wikipedia has sometimes suffered from the self-editing that is intrinsic to it, giving rise at times to potentially libelous statements. However, inherently, I cannot see that what is in Wikipedia is any less likely to be true than what is published in a book or on the websites of news organisations. Mr McLeod did not express any concerns about the Wikipedia evidence. I consider that the evidence from Wikipedia can be taken at face value."
Australia	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	2007-06-13	MZXMM v Minister for Immigration	[2007] FMCA 975	Armenian Apostolic Church	Thorough discussion of the reliability of Wikipedia: "Whilst Wikipedia and the web site which is the subject of the present application which is a branch of Wikipedia may loosely be described as an 'information source', the unreliability of that information for the reasons given renders it an irrelevant source. By relying upon it the Tribunal has committed jurisdictional error."
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit	2007-06-12	U.S. v. Calabrese	490 F.3d 575	Chicago Outfit (accessed June 1, 2007)
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit	2007-06-08	Tandia v. Gonzales	No. 06-9565	Kaédi (accessed May 21, 2007)
Canada: Quebec	Court of Quebec	2007-06-04	Chéné c. Simard		Document
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2007-05-31	TridonicAtco GmbH & Co. KG	R 108/2007-2	Fruitless search for "Intelligent Voltage Guard"	Cited by the applicant. An appeal (T-0297/07) against the decision before the Court of First Instance is pending.
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2007-05-31	Case no. 071176241	[2007] RRTA 89	Extradition
United States	United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania	2007-05-30	Bragg v. Linden Lab	2:06-cv-04925-ER (2007) Civil Action NO. 06-4925	Avatar	Eduardo C. Robreno, J.: "The term “avatar” derives etymologically from the Sanskrit word for crossing down or descent and was used originally to refer to the earthly incarnation of a Hindu deity. Webster’s II New Riverside University Dictionary 141 (1998). Since the advent of computers, however, “avatar” is also used to refer to an Internet user’s virtual representation of herself in a computer game, in an Internet chat room, or in other Internet fora. See Wikipedia, Definition of Avatar, available at http://en.wikipedia.org."
United States	United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida, Tampa Division	2007-05-24	Tilton v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.	510 F.Supp.2d 932 (2007)	Bass music	U.S. District Judge James S. Moody Jr.: The DJ began "getting the crowd³ hyped up," and started playing "booty music"⁴ while the contestants began to dance. [Footnote 4. "Booty music" also known as Miami bass, is a type of hip hop music that became popular in the 1980s and 1990s and was largely based in Miami and other places in Florida. The genre, which has a slightly higher dance tempo and occasional sexually explicit lyrical content, includes groups like 2 Live Crew. See [link to Wikipedia article Bass music] (cleaned up).
United States: Texas	Texas Court of Appeals	2007-05-24	Freeman v. State	No. 11-05-00254-CR	Demographics of Dallas County, Texas	See footnote 1: "The State does not concede the accuracy of Freeman's statement, contending that, as of the 2000 census, African-Americans comprised 20.31% of Dallas County's population."
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2007-05-23	American-Cigarette Company (Overseas) Ltd. v. Philip Morris Products S.A.		Tobacco
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2007-05-23	Huesker Synthetic GmbH v. DIFEL MÁRMOL, S.L.		Building material	The board comments the reliance on Wikipedia in the contested decision in the of 2005-12-19 (see infra): "After repeating the goods of the conflicting trade marks in issue, the Opposition Division defined the term 'building materials'. It referred to a definition taken from some 'Wikipedia' page which seems to be excessively broad, which nevertheless remained uncontested by the parties."
United States: Louisiana	Supreme Court of Louisiana	2007-05-22	State v. Kennedy	957 So. 2d 757	Capital punishment in the United States (accessed Feb 21, 2007)
Australia	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	2007-05-17	SZIYI v Minister for Immigration	[2007] FMCA 679		Unsuccessful complaint by one of the parties about the first court's reliance on Wikipedia: "The Tribunal identified the independent information to which it had regard and the source of that information. It was not confined to material obtained from Wikipedia. It included information from various other human rights sources..."
Australia	Administrative Appeals Tribunal	2007-05-16	Re Fairhall	[2007] AATA 1323	Therapeutic jurisprudence
United States: Connecticut	Superior Court of Connecticut, Judicial District of Middlesex	2007-05-10	In re Alex O.	No. H12-CP03-009053-C	Hair drug testing
Australia	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	2007-05-10	Thongsuk v Minister for Immigration	[2007] FMCA 655	Chef	Cited by one of the parties.
Australia	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	2007-05-09	SZJTD v Minister for Immigration	[2007] FMCA 234	Indian National Lok Dal	Cited by the court of first instance.
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit	2007-05-07	Courtney v. Halleran	485 F.3d 942	Savings and Loan crisis (accessed April 24, 2007)
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit	2007-05-04	Matthews v. Ishee	486 F.3d 883	Sarcasm (accessed March 23, 2007)
Canada	Federal Court	2007-05-04	Hassaballa v. Minister for Citizenship and Immigration			Cites the reservations against the use of Wikipedia from Fi v. Canada (see below).
Switzerland	Swiss Federal Supreme Court	2007-05-03	BGE I 871/06		de:Volleyball	First citation by the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland.
Australia: Victoria	Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal	2007-05-03	Boeing Australia Holdings Pty Ltd	[2007] VCAT 532	Elephant in the room
United States: Michigan	Supreme Court of Michigan	2007-05-02	Rowland v. Washtenaw County Rd. Comm'n	731 N.W.2d. 41 477 Mich 197	Ad hominem (accessed March 9, 2007)	Cited in the partly concurring, partly dissenting opinion of Judge Kelly.
Australia: New South Wales	Workers Compensation Commission of New South Wales	2007-04-13	Electrolux Home Products Pty Ltd v. Osborne	[2007] NSWWCCPD 95	Carpal tunnel syndrome
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit	2007-04-10	Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Commissioner	484 F.3d 731	Accrual (accessed March 23, 2007)	See footnote 1 of the opinion: "The word 'accrue' is an accounting term that means to record or calculate an item of income or expense that has not yet been paid."
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit	2007-04-05	Crawford v. Marion County Election Bd.	484 F.3d 436	Washington gubernatorial election, 2004, Florida's 13th congressional district, Jon Tester (accessed March 22, 2007)
Austria	Austrian Supreme Court	2007-03-29	3Ob277/06s		de:Neusiedler See	First citation by the Austrian Supreme Court.
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2007-03-29	Telesis Entwicklungs- und Management GmbH v. Telesis Communications France SARL		Telesis (accessed Apr 10, 2006)	Cited by the applicant.
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2007-03-28	E-Plus Mobilfunk GmbH & Co. KG v. Level 3 Communications, Inc.			The article cited by the opponent is not identified; presumably it is de:E-Plus. "In the case at hand, to prove the higher degree of distinctiveness, the opponent merely submitted an excerpt from the online encyclopaedia "Wikipedia" to show that the opponent's company is the third largest mobile operator in Germany with more than 8.5 million subscribers as of 2004. The Office points out that this kind of evidence alone is not at all sufficient to prove a higher than normal degree of distinctiveness."
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2007-03-27	Volkswagen AG v. Suzuki Motor Corp.			The article cited by the applicant is not identified; presumably it is de:GTI.
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2007-03-23	BSB Entertainment, Inc.	R 1633/2006-1	Bachelor's degree
Canada: Ontario	Ontario Consent and Capacity Board	2007-03-22	M.L. (Re)			"The self-diagnosis of his symptoms was gleaned from the Wikipedia online encyclopaedia which simplistically enabled Mr. M.L. to determine that he suffers from post traumatic stress syndrome, fictitious syndrome, disassociative syndrome or borderline personality disorder. Regrettably, Mr. M.L.'s belief that his self-diagnosis of his mental condition is to be preferred to the professional opinion of a licensed psychiatrist is compelling evidence that he fails to understand that he is ill. Therefore, the Panel concludes that Mr. M.L. lacks insight and is therefore incapable of considering information relevant to making treatment decisions."
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2007-03-20	FIAT S.P.A. v. R82 A/S		Fiat Panda	"Although the opponent could have submitted more evidence in order to show the reputation of the earlier mark, the Office finds that the abstract from Wikipedia is a strong indication of the reputation acquired by the mark "FIAT PANDA" among the general public in all the territory of the European Union."
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2007-03-19	Case no. 071105908	[2007] RRTA 52	Hezbollah, Military of Lebanon#Conscription
Australia	Administrative Appeals Tribunal	2007-03-16	Re Crook	[2007] AATA 1253	Therapeutic jurisprudence
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit	2007-03-13	Ross v. RJM Acquisitions Funding LLC	480 F.3d 493	Soundex, Approximate string matching	Opinion by Posner, J.
Canada: Quebec	Quebec Superior Court	2007-03-13	Boudreau v. Violo		Hedge
Australia	Migration Review Tribunal	2007-03-12	Case no. 060614374	[2007] MRTA 98	Marriage in Pakistan
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2007-03-07	Becker v. Harman International Industries, Inc.		Becker, Barbara Becker, Family name	The board is sceptical when considering the first two articles, cited by the applicant: "However, Wikipedia is an open-source website, where anybody may submit information for publication. It is not reviewed and cannot be considered as a definitive guideline." "Regarding the fame of the applicant, the scant evidence therefore is a very short extract from the unsubstantiated website Wikipedia, stating that the applicant 'hopes to be active as a fashion designer'. The Office, in accordance with its usual practices, cannot consider this to be adequate evidence that the applicant is 'well-known' as claimed." As to the third article, cited by the opponent, the board has a more favorable view: "An article from Wikipedia is submitted, concerning family names in countries all over the world. It shows that there are so many differences between linguistic practices that it is obvious that one name can only be very common in one country." An appeal (T-0212/07) against the decision before the Court of First Instance is pending.
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2007-03-05	Red Bull GmbH v. Incorporated Beverages (Jersey) Ltd.		Mixed drink shooters and drink shots
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2007-02-28	Memetrics Holdings Pty Ltd. v. Metrics In Marketing, S.A.		Metrics
Australia	Administrative Appeals Tribunal	2007-02-28, 2007-02-20	Re Collier, Re Carter	[2007] AATA 1134 [2007] AATA 1101	Therapeutic jurisprudence
United States	U.S. Tax Court	2007-02-28	Ferguson v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue	T.C. Summary Op. 2007-30	Video poker, Expected value, Progressive jackpot	"Pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Section 7463(b), this opinion may not be treated as precedent for any other case."
United Kingdom	Nominet UK Dispute Resolution Service	2007-02-27	Clark Equipment Co. v. Hamlen		Bobcat	Cited by one of the parties.
United States: Connecticut	Superior Court of Connecticut, Judicial District of Middlesex	2007-02-23	In re Melody L.	43 Conn. L. Rptr. 140	Hair drug testing
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit	2007-02-22	Ordinola v. Hackman	478 F.3d 588	Calcium oxide (accessed Nov 29 2006)	See footnote 4 of the opinion: "Lime, or calcium oxide (CaO), is commonly used in the burial of bodies in open graves because the compound suppresses the odor of decomposing bodies. See Wikipedia, Calcium oxide"
United States	U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York	2007-02-21	Alfa Co. v. OAO Alfa Bank	475 F. Supp. 2d 357	Transliteration of Russian into English	Thorough discussion of Wikipedia as judicial source and of relevant precedent.
United Kingdom	Asylum and Immigration Tribunal	2007-02-20	MA v. Secretary of State		Allenby Bridge (accessed July 7, 2006)
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2007-02-19	Case no. 061020230	[2007] RRTA 19	Jaffna
United Kingdom	Nominet UK Dispute Resolution Service	2007-02-16	Michael Page International v. Domain Administration		Typosquatting
Australia	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	2007-02-15	NAGG of 2002 v Minister of Immigration	[2007] FMCA 84	Politician	Cited by one of the parties.
United States: Connecticut	Superior Court of Connecticut	2007-02-05	Bloomdahl v. Wolf	13 Conn. Ops. 177	Helicopter parent (as of 14:30, January 28, 2007)
United States: Indiana	Indiana Court of Appeals	2007-02-02	Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. Davis	860 N.E.2d 915	Saddle valve (accessed Dec 28, 2006)	From footnote 1 of the opinion: "A saddle valve is a valve used to supply liquid where a low volume, low pressure stream is required. The name is derived from the fact that it is mounted in such a way that it 'saddles' the line, mounting it from both sides."
United States: Washington	Washington Supreme Court	2007-02-01	Pub. Util. Dist. No. 2 of Grant County v. N. Am. Foreign Trade Zone Indus., LLC	151 P.3d 176	Sherlock Holmes (as of Jan 29, 2007)	Cited in the dissenting opinion of Judge Chambers.
United States: Michigan	Michigan Court of Appeals	2007-02-01	Fergison v. Stonebridge Life Ins. Co.	2007 WL 286793 App. No. 271488	Recreational vehicle
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2007-02-01	Allter, S.L. v. Alternova A/S		Essential oil
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2007-01-30	Invensys Systems, Inc. v. 4Production AG		Software suite
United States: Washington	Washington Supreme Court	2007-01-25	State v. O'Neal	150 P.3d 1121 (en banc)	AR-15 (accessed Jan 23, 2007)
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2007-01-22	Lucasfilm Ltd.	R 1392/2006-2	Stormtrooper, Imperial stormtrooper
Canada: Ontario	Ontario Superior Court of Justice	2007-01-19	R. v. Walkem	2007 742 (ON SC)		"When one Googles the phrase 'sexually transmitted diseases' you generate in excess of a million results (...) There is virtually no limit to the amount of information that can be accessed by a university bound or partially trained person living in Toronto in the 21st Century, even without resorting to the font of all information for 20 and 30 year olds, Wikipedia."
United States: Delaware	Superior Court of Delaware, New Castle County	2007-01-19	State v. Cooke	914 A.2d 1078	CSI effect	See opinion, id., at 1083: "Widespread media coverage of criminal trials and the popularity of television programs such as C.S.I. Crime Scene Investigation ... have had the effect of developing unrealistic and preconceived notions in juror's minds about the availability and precision of forensic evidence in criminal trials. If not confronted by prosecutors, this so called "C.S.I. Effect" can lead to a misapprehension of the evidence actually introduced or encourage improper speculation by jurors during their deliberations ... See also Wikipedia"
Australia	IP Australia	2007-01-18	Pioneer KK v Pioneer Computers	[2007] ATMO 24	Peripheral device
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2007-01-18	Font Vella, S.A. v. Mathlouthi		es:DEA
Canada: Quebec	Court of Quebec	2007-01-17	Singh v. Québec Inc.		Automatic transmission	"The Court wanting more information to determine whether the torque converter was part of the automatic transmission of a car consulted the Wikipedia free encyclopaedia on the web."
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2007-01-11	Case no. 060562872	[2007] RRTA 204	Shan
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit	2007-01-10	Gashi v. U.S. AG	No. 06-12276 (Unpublished)	Ibrahim Rugova	See opinion: "First, Gashi submitted a biography of Ibrahim Rugova from the Wikipedia website, which indicated that Rugova was the president of Kosovo and the LDK and had died on January 21, 2006." (footnote omitted)
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit	2007-01-09	U.S. v. Radomski	473 F.3d 728	Andrew Golota	See opinion by Posner, J., id. at 731: "Radomski is a former trainer of the Polish boxer Andrew Golota—the world's most colorful boxer. See [link to article]."
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2007-01-09	Case no. 060837625	[2007] RRTA 7	Elie Hobeika
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2006-12-14	Case no. 060748603	[2006] RRTA 231	Tibetan Buddhism	"As a starting point, the Tribunal referred to Wikipedia..."
European Patent Organisation	Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office	2006-12-13	Rhein Chemie Rheinau v. Bridgestone Co.	T 0630/04	Carbon black	Cited by one of the parties.
Canada: Alberta	Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta	2006-12-05	Build-A-Vest Structures Inc. v. Red Deer (City)	29 M.L.P.R. (4th) 210 (Alta. Q.B.)	Funeral home
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2006-12-04	Mediatek Inc. v. Micron Technology, Inc.		Semiconductor device
United Kingdom	Nominet UK Dispute Resolution Service	2006-12-04	National Coll for School Leadership Ltd. v. Allan		Typosquatting
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2006-11-29	Case no. 060860015	[2007] RRTA 210	Khon Kaen Province
Australia	Administrative Appeals Tribunal	2006-11-28	MacDonald and Comcare	[2006] AATA 1012	Ataxia	Cited by one of the parties.
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2006-11-15	Kaman Music Corp. v. Mühlbauer		Jam block
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2006-11-14	Backer v. Societé générale provencale d'achat et de gestion		de:Hooligan	The board justifies its reliance upon Wikipedia with a quote from an opinion of the Court of First Instance: " 'The dictionaries in the language of the relevant public may, as a rule, be taken into consideration in that respect, both by the first instance at OHIM and by the boards of appeal, even if they have not been put to the parties, because they are, a priori, well-known facts. The dictionaries provide a pertinent indication of the correct pronunciation of the word in question in the host language, although there is no guarantee that that pronunciation is the one actually used in everyday speech. Moreover, the knowledge which the various bodies of OHIM may have as a result of the nationalities of its officials or members may well confirm information used in establishing the average consumer's pronunciation.' (Court of First Instance on 01/02./2005, T-57/03 - HOOLIGAN/OLLY GAN, paragraph 59; German version printed in GRUR Int. 2005, 489; an OJ OHIM 2005, 624)."
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2006-11-10	NewBay Software Ltd.	R 1465/2005-4	Moblog
Philippines	Court of Appeals	2006-11-10	People v. Pecson	G.R. CR. No. 2957	Diesel engine
United States: California	California Court of Appeal	2006-11-09	In re Carleisha P.	50 Cal. Rptr. 3d 777	Ammunition (as of Nov 9, 2006)	See opinion, id. at 782: "The Wikipedia Encyclopedia states that 'ammunition' is a 'generic military term meaning (the assembly of) a projectile and its propellant.' Hence, one bullet can be 'ammunition.'" (emphasis in original)
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2006-11-07	[Mundipharma AG v. Microsulis Ltd.		Science
WIPO	WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center	2006-11-06	N.M.Rothschild & Sons Ltd. v. Land Exchange, Inc.		Rothschild banking family of England
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2006-10-27	Case no. 060631942, 060634430, 060634388	[2006] RRTA 192	Primary Indian Castes
United States: Alaska	Alaska Court of Appeals	2006-10-27	Smart v. State	146 P.3d 15	Palladium (mythology)
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2006-10-27	Nordmilch eG v. Molkerei Alois Müller GmbH & Co.		Chutney, Relish, Müller
Philippines	Philippine Supreme Court	2006-10-25	Lambino v. COMELEC	G.R. No. 174153	Vox populi, vox Dei	Concurring opinion of Associate Justice Sandoval-Gutierrez.
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2006-10-23	Case no. 060490641	[2006] RRTA 162	Gujarat
United States: Utah	Utah Supreme Court	2006-10-20	State v. Alverez	147 P.3d 425 2006 UT 61	Jesus Malverde (as of Oct 6, 2006)	See opinion: "While this court professes no special expertise in hagiology or folklore, some independent research reveals that Jesus Malverde is not exclusively or historically associated with the drug culture. He is a regional folk hero, in the tradition of Robin Hood, who is popular among the poor and disadvantaged of the Mexican state of Sinaloa."
United States: Texas	Texas Court of Criminal Appeals	2006-10-18	Watson v. State	204 S.W.3d 404 n.17	Faro (card-game) (as of Sept 1, 2006)	See footnote 17 in the opinion: "The card game faro 'enjoyed great popularity during the . . . 19th Century in the United States . . . where it was practiced by Faro dealers such as the infamous Doc Holliday.'" (some internal quotes omitted)
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2006-10-13	Eroski, S. Coop. v. Nordmilch eG		Soft drink
United States	U.S. District Court of Utah	2006-10-04	SCO v. IBM	No. 2:03CV-0294 DAK (Defense exhibit)	Unix	Exhibit # 391 by IBM.
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2006-10-03	Lakai, Ltd. v. T-Shirts International S.A.		Extreme sport
Cyprus	Cyprus Commission for the Protection of Competition	2006-10-03	Sonae Industria SGPS S.A. and Darbo S.A.S
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2006-09-29	Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. (Case 774), (Case 405)	R 774/2006-2 R 405/2006-2	Machine vision, Image
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2006-09-29	Case no. 060508093	[2006] RRTA 164	Indian Union Muslim League, Panchayat
United States: Massachusetts	Massachusetts Superior Court, Suffolk County	2006-09-28	Commonwealth v. Meeks	Crim. No. 2002-10961	Pistol slide (as of Sept 25, 2006)	See footnote 73: "An on-line encyclopedia provides the following: 'The slide is the part of a semi-automatic pistol that moves during the operating cycle and generally houses the firing pin or striker, extractor, and serves as the bolt face. It is spring loaded so that once it has moved to its rearmost point in the firing cycle, spring tension brings it back to chamber a fresh cartridge."
United States	U.S. Patent and Trademark Office	2006-09-28	In re Thoroughbred Legends, LLC	No. 78430194	Kelso (horse)	"The examining attorney's sole support for her contention that KELSO is a race horse is a reference to Wikipedia; however, applicant has conceded that KELSO is the name of a now-deceased and well-known race horse. Br. p. 5. Thus, our determination as to the significance of the name KELSO does not rely on the Wikipedia reference."
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2006-09-28	Bodegas y Vinedos Pascual Toso S.A. v. Bodegas San Valero, Sociedad cooperativa		es:Tosos
United States	U.S. Patent and Trademark Office	2006-09-27	In re Cosmetic Dermatology, Inc.	Nos. 76606583, 76606584, 76606585	Brandt	Cited by the examining attorney.
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2006-09-25	Iron Maiden Holdings Ltd. v. New Allied Com, Ltd.		Iron maiden (torture device)
WIPO	WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center	2006-09-23	Media General Communications, Inc. v. Rarenames, WebReg		Call sign	The case involved a domain name dispute in accordance with the UDRP.
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2006-09-21	O2 (Germany) GmbH & Co. OHG v. Nokia Corp.		Loop
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2006-09-20	Ferrer v. The Cartoon Network LP, LLLP		Toonami
Canada	Federal Court	2006-09-19	Fi v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)	IMM‑2091‑06 2006 FC 1125		"In particular, the use of information from the Wikipedia website is highly questionable, as the reliability of its sources has not been demonstrated to the Court."
New Zealand	Social Security Appeal Authority	2006-09-13	Decision No. 069/06		Social Security (United States)	Cited by one of the parties.
United States: Texas	Texas Court of Appeals	2006-09-13	Living Ctrs. of Tex., Inc. v. Penalver	217 S.W.3d 44	T-4 Euthanasia Program (as of Aug 20, 2006)	Exeplary use of a permanent link to Wikipedia.
Australia	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	2006-09-07	Coolstar Holdings Pty Ltd v Cleary Ors	[2006] FMCA 1442	History of Dubai
United States: Louisiana	Supreme Court of Louisiana	2006-09-06	Lawson v. Mitsubishi Motor Sales of Am., Inc.	938 So.2d 35	Short circuit (as of Feb 14, 2006)	See footnote 12: "According to the online encyclopedia Wikipedia, '[a] short circuit (sometimes known as simply a short) is a fault whereby electricity moves through a circuit in an unintended path, usually due to a connection forming where none was expected. This unintended path often has a very low resistance which means that a much larger current than normal flows, potentially causing overheating, fire or explosion.'"
United States: Wisconsin	Wisconsin Court of Appeals, District II	2006-09-06	Washington County v. Wagner	No. 2006AP532-FT (Unpublished), affirmed, 724 NW 2d 274	Backstory (as of Aug 24, 2006)	See footnote 3: "In narratology, a back-story (also back story or backstory) is defined as: [T]he history behind the situation extant at the start of the main story. This literary device is often employed to lend the main story depth or verisimilitude. A back-story may include the history of characters, objects, countries, or other elements of the main story. Back-stories are usually revealed, sketchily or in full, chronologically or otherwise, as the main narrative unfolds. However, a story creator may also create portions of a back-story or even an entire back-story that is solely for his or her own use in writing the main story and is never revealed in the main story. In role-playing games, a character’s back-story is usually called his or her background."
United States: Indiana	Indiana Court of Appeals	2006-08-31	Property Owners Ins. Co. V. Ted's Tavern, Inc.	No. 73A01-0602-CV-49	Intoxication (accessed Aug 10, 2006)	See opinion: "Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, intoxication ... redirects user to 'drunkenness,' which 'in its most common usage, is the state of being intoxicated with ethyl alcohol to a sufficient degree to impair mental and motor functioning.'" (internal parenthesis removed)
United States	U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Trial and Appeal Board	2006-08-24	In re Light Effects, Inc.	No. 76583583	Mosaic	Cited by the applicant.
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit	2006-08-22	Phillips v. Pembroke Real Estate, Inc.	459 F.3d 128	Berne Convention, Bicycle Wheel (accessed July 27, 2006)	See footnote 3, quoting Wikipedia: "The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, usually known as the Berne Convention, is an international agreement about copyright, which was first adopted in Berne, Switzerland in 1886. It was developed at the instigation of Victor Hugo, and was thus influenced by the French 'right of the author' (droit d'auteur), which contrasts with the Anglo-Saxon concept of 'copyright', which has only been concerned with economic protection."
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit	2006-08-21	Reuland v. Hynes	460 F.3d 409	Bronx, Manhattan, Brooklyn	Cited in footnote 1 of the dissenting opinion of Judge Winter: "Calculated from ... and the land area of each place, Wikipedia"
United States	U.S. Patent and Trademark Office	2006-08-07	In re Mexico 69 SRL	No. 78361172	De puta madre	Cited by the examining attorney as well as by the applicant.
United States	U.S. Patent and Trademark Office	2006-08-04	In re Douglas Elslager	No. 76626384	.info	"Although we are aware that there are some questions about the accuracy of information in Wikipedia, because the Examining Attorney made this excerpt of record with the first Office action, and because applicant has not challenged it, we have accepted the entry as showing that .info is a top level domain."
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2006-07-31	The Radical Fruit Company New York (Partnership) v. Burrow		List of soft drinks by country	Cited by the opponent.
United States: Michigan	Supreme Court of Michigan	2006-07-31	People v. Peals	720 N.W.2d 196 476 Mich. 636	False choice (accessed July 7, 2006)	Quoted in the dissenting opinion of Judge Kelly in footnote 16: "The logical fallacy of false choice is a correlative-based fallacy in which options are presented as being exclusive when they may not be. It is often used to obscure the likelihood of one option or to reframe an argument on the user's terms."
United States	U.S. Patent and Trademark Office	2006-07-25	In re Regency Inns Management, Inc.	Nos. 76591235 and 76591237	Convention center	"With his brief, the Examining Attorney has requested that the Board take judicial notice of definitions of the words "resort" and "convention center" taken from, respectively, One Look and Wikipedia. Because the entries are from on-line references, we decline to take judicial notice of them. See TBMP §1208.04 (The Board will not take judicial notice of definitions found only in on-line dictionaries and not available in a printed format)."
United States	U.S. Patent and Trademark Office	2006-07-20	In re White		Mohawk	Cited by the examining attorney.
United States: California	California Court of Appeal, 3rd Appellate District	2006-07-20	People v. Chance	46 Cal.Rptr.3d 235	Revolver (as of July 20, 2006)	See opinion, id. at 249.
United States: Michigan	Supreme Court of Michigan	2006-07-19	Radeljak v. DaimlerChrysler Corp.	719 N.W.2d 40 475 Mich. 598	Ena Begovic (accessed May 10, 2006)	See opinion, footnote 10.
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2006-07-13	Cometform Ltd. v. Luggage America, Inc.		Luggage
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2006-07-11	The Professional Golfers' Association Ltd. v. Ladies' Professional Golf Ass. Corp.		Professional Golfers' Association	An appeal (T-0248/06) against the decision before the Court of First Instance is pending.
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit	2006-06-29	U.S. v. Yazzen	187 Fed. Appx. 800 No. 05-2156	Pink elephant (accessed June 27 2006)	See opinion, footnote 1.
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2006-06-27	Case no. 060331167	[2006] RRTA 99	Druze
United Kingdom	High Court of England and Wales	2006-06-27	Kay v. the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis		Critical Mass (cycling)
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2006-06-22	Case no. V0618399	[2006] RRTA 95	Sworn virgin
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2006-06-21	Banco de Sbadell, S.A. v. Brook Street Bureau Plc		Home care
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2006-06-16	Booker Plc v. Jim Beam Brands Co.		Booker
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2006-06-14	PGS Onshore, Inc.	R 614/2005-4	Geophysical survey
Australia	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	2006-06-13	Mathieson & Hamilton	[2006] FMCAfam 238	Cryptid
United States: Florida	Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal	2006-06-07	Olibrices v. State	929 So.2d 1176	Ethnic group, (accessed May 11, 2006)	Quotation from Wikipedia in opinion, id. at 1178: "An ethnic group is a human population whose members identify with each other, usually on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry (Smith 1986). Ethnic groups are also usually united by common cultural, behavioral, linguistic, or religious practices. In this sense, an ethnic group is also a cultural community. . . . While ethnicity and race are related concepts (Abizadeh 2001), the concept of ethnicity is rooted in the idea of social groups, marked especially by shared nationality, tribal affiliation, religious faith, shared language, or cultural and traditional origins and backgrounds; whereas race is rooted in the idea of a biological classification of Homo sapiens according to chosen genotypic and/or phenotypic traits."
United States	U.S. Patent and Trademark Office	2006-06-07	In re Halocarbon Products Corp.	No. 76588421	Halocarbon	"The examining attorney, for the first time in his brief on appeal, "paraphrased" dictionary definitions of the term "halocarbon" taken from the on-line dictionaries "MyWiseOwl.com" and "Wikipedia.com." The examining attorney did not submit copies of the Internet printouts of the definitions. Applicant, in its reply brief, has objected to the definitions as untimely submitted. The Board has stated that it will not take judicial notice of dictionary definitions submitted after appeal that have been retrieved from on-line dictionaries that are not readily verifiable and reliable. In re Red Bull GmbH, 78 USPQ2d 1375 (TTAB 2006) and In re Total Quality Group Inc., 51 USPQ2d 1474 (TTAB 1999). Thus, applicant's objection to the on-line dictionary definitions is well taken, and we have not considered them in reaching our decision herein. However, as discussed infra, the Board has taken judicial notice of a definition of the term "halocarbon" taken from a print dictionary."
United States: Delaware	Delaware Court of Chancery	2006-06-06	Williams v. White Oak Builders, Inc.	2006 WL 1668348 No. 17556	Sump pump, French drain
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2006-05-31	Aslan Arzneimittel GmbH & Co. KG v. Chetwode		Ana Aslan
United States: California	California Court of Appeal	2006-05-26	Apple v. Does	140 Cal.App. 4th 675b	Firewire, Breakout box, GarageBand, Breakout, Asteroids, Arkanoid, Forum moderator, BBS, Blog, Webzine, Electronic paper	"As with many of the concepts in this opinion, the most authoritative and current sources of information may themselves be found on the Web. Thus FireWire is described by a well-known cooperative encyclopedia as ..."
United States: Wisconsin	Wisconsin Court of Appeals	2006-05-23	State v. Bannister	720 N.W.2d 498 2006 WI App 136	Bloody shirt	The concurring judge quotes Wikipedia in footnote 1: "The term 'bloody shirt' can be traced back to the aftermath of the murder of the third Caliph, Uthman in 656 CE, when a bloody shirt and some hair alleged to be from his beard were used in what is widely regarded as a cynical ploy to gain support for revenge against opponents."
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2006-05-22	World Magic International AVV. v. Character Games Ltd.		Street magic	"The appellant claims that Wikipedia does not provide entirely reliable information as the contents are posted by its readers. However, even though it is true that there exists some controversy over Wikipedia as a source, the Board is of the opinion that the additional material provided by the respondent and the information to be found on the website www.themagicschool.com support the information given in Wikipedia, therefore the Board sees no reason to doubt its reliability in this specific case."
United Kingdom	Competition Appeal Tribunal	2006-05-15	Media Marketing & Promotions v. Office of Communications		Rent
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2006-05-01	Case no. N05/52943	[2006] RRTA 72	Patriotic Union (Colombia)
United States: Iowa	Supreme Court of Iowa	2006-04-28	State v. Leckington	713 N.W.2d 208	Jungle juice (accessed March 28, 2006)	Footnote 1 of the opinion quotes Wikipedia: "Jungle juice is the name given to a mix of liquor that is usually served for the sole purpose of becoming intoxicated .... Often, it may include leftovers of many liquors along with a mixer (juice, cola, etc.) to make the clash of liquors easier to swallow.... Jungle juice made with Kool-Aid is called 'Hunch Punch.'"
United States: Indiana	Indiana Court of Appeals	2006-04-25	Biddinger v. State	846 N.E.2d 271	Hollow point bullet (accessed Mar. 22, 2006)	Footnote 2 quotes Wikipedia: " A hollow-point bullet has "a pit, or hollowed out shape, in its tip, meant to cause it to expand upon entering a target. When the bullet strikes a soft target the pressure created in the pit forces the lead around it to expand greatly into a mushroom-shape. This causes considerably more soft-tissue damage and energy transfer than if the nose had not been hollow.... [H]ollow point bullets are one of the most common types of civilian and police ammunition, due largely to the reduced risk of bystanders being hit by over penetrating or ricocheted bullets, and the increased speed of incapacitation."
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2006-04-25	FORMULA ONE LICENSING B.V. v. MV Innovation GmbH		Formula One
Germany	Federal Patent Court	2006-04-12	26 W (pat) 142/04		Human care
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2006-04-10	Valrhona S.p.A.S.)	R 1318/2005-2	Grand cru
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2006-04-03	Case no. N05/52960	[2006] RRTA 54	Jehovah Witnesses
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2006-03-30	Axon Solutions Ltd. v. Axen SPRL		Computer engineering, Telecommunication
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit	2006-03-29	Raymond v. Ameritech Co.	442 F.3d 600	SBC Communications (accessed March 13, 2006)	See footnote 1 of the opinion.
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit	2006-03-24	N'Diom v. Gonzales	442 F.3d 494	Mauritania (accessed Jan 17, 2006)
United States	U.S. Patent and Trademark Office	2006-03-24	In re Microsoft Corp.		Cranium (board game)
United States: Ohio	Ohio District Courts of Appeal	2006-03-24	Ernes v. Northeast Ohio Eye Surgs., Inc.	2006 Ohio 1456	Infarction
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit	2006-03-23	U.S. v. Zajanckauskas	441 F.3d 32	SS
Trinidad and Tobago	Court of Appeal of Trinidad and Tobago	2006-03-17	NH Int. v. Urban Development Co.		Value engineering
Council of Europe	European Court of Human Rights	2006-03-16	Ždanoka v. Latvia		Demographics of Latvia	Dissenting opinion of Judge Zupancic.
United States: Rhode Island	Superior Court of Rhode Island	2006-03-13	Sitkin v. R-One Alloys, Inc.	No. PB 04-0495	Troy ounce	See footnote 2 of the opinion.
Council of Europe	European Court of Human Rights	2006-03-07	Hocaogullari v. Turkey		fr:Guerre du Vietnam	First citation by the European Court of Human Rights.
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2006-02-28	Case no. N05/52883	[2006] RRTA 41	Pakistan#Religion
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2006-02-27	Hanse Chemie AG v. Perstorp Compounds AB		Thermosetting plastics
France	District Court of Paris	2006-02-23	04/14140		fr:Styles calligraphiques chinois	First known citation in French jurisprudence.
United States: Louisiana	Supreme Court of Louisiana	2006-02-22	State v. Pigford	922 So.2d 517	Interstate 20
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2006-02-08	Dalan Kimya Endustri A.S. v. La Superquímica, S.A.		Detergent
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2006-02-03	Freelife Int., LLC	R 888/2005-4	Goji
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2006-02-02	Voith Turbo GmbH & Co. KG v. Zoran Corp.		Computer
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2006-01-31	Mülhens GmbH & Co. KG v. Trishul Overseas Private Ltd.		Ayurvedic medicine
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2006-01-31	Case no. N05/52275	[2006] RRTA 29	Demographics of Algeria
United States	U.S. Court of Federal Claims	2006-01-27	Campbell v. Secretary of Health and Human Services	69 Fed. Cl. 775	Febrile seizure	"A review of the Wikipedia website reveals a pervasive and, for our purposes, disturbing series of disclaimers." "At the least, an evidentiary hearing would have provided an opportunity for expert witnesses to corroborate or refute the information contained in the articles. Without such a hearing, reliance on these web materials involved an extraordinary risk that cannot be squared with the Special Master's responsibility for conducting a proceeding consistent with the principles of fundamental fairness."
United States: Oregon	Oregon Land Use Board of Appeals	2006-01-26	Friends of the Metolius and Johnston v. Jefferson County	No. 2005-139	Grok	The opinion quotes Wikipedia as follows: "Grok (pronounced grock) is a verb roughly meaning 'to understand completely' or more formally 'to achieve complete intuitive understanding.' It was coined by science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein in his novel Stranger in a Strange Land, where it is part of the fictional Martian language and introduced to English speakers by a man raised by Martians." (emphasis in original)
European Union	European Court of Justice	2006-01-17	Levi Strauss v. Casucci	C-145/05	es:Jeans	Cited in the conclusions of the Advocate General. First known citation in proceedings of the European Court of Justice.
India	Supreme Court of India	2006-01-16	Anjaleem Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Central Excise, Ahmedabad		Integrated circuit
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2006-01-13	Facet Pedreros, S.A. v. Stelman Int. Diamond Dealers, N. V.		Facet
United Kingdom	Nominet UK Dispute Resolution Service	2006-01-12	BBT Thermotechnology UK Ltd v Brainfire Group	(2006) DRS 3931	Danny Buderus	Cited in correspondence between the parties.
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit	2005-12-28	U.S. v. Coker	433 F.3d 39	Sunroof (accessed Oct 27, 2005).	The opinion, at footnote 1, quotes Wikipedia's definition of T-roofs; they: "open a vehicle roof to the side windows, providing a wider opening than other sunroofs. [They] have two removable glass panels, and leave a T-shaped structural brace in the roof center."
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2005-12-19	Huesker Synthetic GmbH v. Difel Marmol, S.L.		Building material
United States: Indiana	Indiana Court of Appeals	2005-12-12	M.K. Plastics Corp. v. Rossi	838 N.E.2d 1068	Autocad (accessed Nov 17, 2005)
United States: California	California Court of Appeal	2005-12-09	People v. Acevedo	(Case not found)	Spanish and Portuguese names (as of Dec 6, 2005)
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2005-12-06	Case no. N05/52155	[2005] RRTA 314	Lebanon
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2005-12-05	Calico, S.A. v. Calico Jack Ltd.		Video game console (last visited November 29, 2005), Software agents (last visited November 29, 2005)
Germany: Rhineland-Palatinate	Superior Administrative Court Rhineland-Palatine	2005-12-02	10 A 10610/05.OVG		Umar Tall
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2005-11-24	British-American Tobacco (Germany) GmbH v. Gallaher Ltd.		Three kings
United States: Iowa	Iowa Court of Appeals	2005-11-23	State v. Kante	No. 5-730/04-0962, affirmed as 710 N.W.2d 257	Guinea
United States: Texas	Supreme Court of Texas	2005-11-22	Neeley v. West Orange-Cove Consol. Independent School Dist., S.W.3d, 2005 WL 3116298	176 S.W.3d 746	Efficient (accessed Oct 13, 2005)	Footnote 8 of the opinion quotes Wikipedia: "Efficiency is the capability of acting or producing effectively with a minimum of waste, expense, or unnecessary effort."
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2005-11-10	Case no. V05/18066	[2005] RRTA 292	Military opposition to the Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill (Fiji)	Cited by the applicant.
Germany	Federal Patent Court	2005-11-08	33 W (pat) 265/03		Master unit
Netherlands	Hoge Raad der Nederlanden	2005-11-01	[2]		nl:Botbreuk (Bone fracture)	First known citation in Dutch jurisprudence.
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2005-10-28	Multiópticas, Unipessoal, Lda v. Coburn		Fresnel lens
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2005-10-27	Aktiv Kapital ASA v. Activa Capital S.A.S.		Accountancy
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2005-10-25	Mastercard International Inc.	R 450/2005-1	CompactFlash, Memory Stick
United States: Tennessee	Tennessee Court of Appeals	2005-10-25	English Mountain Spring Water Co. v. Chumley	2005 WL 2756072 No. E2005-00657-COA-R3-CV	Beverage	"It appears that the only case in the United States that has ever referenced Wikipedia is a nonpublished/ nonciteable California case. See Patel v. Shah (...) Given the fact that this source is open to virtually anonymous editing by the general public, the expertise of its editors is always in question, and its reliability is indeterminable. Accordingly, we do not find that it constitutes persuasive authority."
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2005-10-18	Vasco International S.à r.l. v. Antonio Nadal S.A.		Absinthe
Canada: Ontario	Ontario Court of Justice	2005-10-14	R. v. N. (Y.)		Explanation
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2005-10-13	Case no. V05/18030	[2005] RRTA 271	Mosul
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2005-09-30	Wilhelm Sihn jr. GmbH & Co. KG v. Wi-Fi Alliance		wi-fi
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2005-09-29	Fronsac Investment S.A. v. Yakub		360 (number)
United States	U.S. Patent and Trademark Office	2005-09-27	In re ChromTech Ltd	No. 78219790	Chirality (chemistry)	Cited by the examining attorney.
United States	U.S. Patent and Trademark Office	2005-07-15	In re Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.		Princeton University	Cited by the applicant.
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit	2005-09-15	Allegheny Defense Project, Inc. v. U.S. Forest Service	423 F.3d 215	Understory (accessed August 24, 2005)
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2005-09-14	Case no. N05/51239	[2005] RRTA 221	Christians in Iran#Current situation
Philippines	Philippine Supreme Court	2005-09-01	Abakada v. Ermita	GR No. 168056	Constitution of the United Kingdom (accessed August 4, 2005, 11:30am PST), Maurice Lauré (accessed August 23, 2005, 3:20pm PST)	Separate opinion of Associate Justice Panganiban.
United States: California	California Court of Appeal	2005-08-24	People v. Hightower	(cannot find case)	FUBU
Brazil: São Paulo	São Paulo Justice Court	2005-08-18	APELAÇÃO CÍVEL n° 340.809-4/7-00. W. R. da S. v. AMIL Health Care International		pt:Espectroscopia	First known citation in Brazilian jurisprudence. "A ressonância magnética espectroscópica, portanto, é apenas um método de análise para ressonância magnética nuclear. "É chamado de espectroscopia ométodo utilizado para análise da estrutura química de elementos simples, compostos ou grupos funcionais de uma substância." (...). "Existem diversos métodos de análises espectroscópicas. Os mais conhecidos são: a espectroscopia de massa; ressonância magnética nuclear ..." (cfe. http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectroscopia)."
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2005-08-08	Case no. N05/51215	[2005] RRTA 136	Communist Party of India (Marxist)
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit	2005-07-28	U.S. v. Krueger	415 F.3d 766	Cannabis shake
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2005-07-22	Atco-Qualcast Ltd. v. Engine Components Int., LLC		Internal combustion engine
United States: Michigan	Supreme Court of Michigan	2005-07-15	Michigan DOT v. Hagerty Corridor Partners Ltd. P'ship	700 N.W.2d 380 473 Mich. 124	Hindsight bias	See footnote 37 quoting Wikipedia: "People are, in effect, biased by the knowledge of what has actually happened when evaluating its likelihood"
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2005-07-06	Antenne Niedersachsen GmbH & Co. KG v. Froehlich		Telecommunication
United States	U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania	2005-06-29	Amco Ukrservice & Prompriladamco v. American Meter Co.	2005 WL 1541029 Civ. A. 00-2638	Sea of Okhotsk (accessed June 23, 2005)
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2005-06-24	Case no. N05/50698	[2005] RRTA 155	Al-Da'wa Party, Muqtada al-Sadr
United States: Pennsylvania	Superior Court of Pennsylvania	2005-06-15	In the Interest of F.P.	2005 Pa. Super. 220 878 A.2d 91	Instant messaging	Footnote 2 of the opinion quotes Wikipedia: "Instant messaging differs from e-mail in that conversations happen in realtime ... Generally, both parties in the conversation see each line of text right after it is typed (line-by-line), thus making it more like a telephone conversation than exchanging letters."
Canada: Ontario	Ontario Superior Court of Justice	2005-05-16	R. v. Budd		Trust (sociology)
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2005-05-10	Banis v. BIO-FYT PHARMA N.V.		Anxiolytic	Cited by the appellant.
Australia	Federal Court of Australia	2005-03-16	Nine Films & Television Pty Ltd v Ninox Television Limited	[2005] FCA 1404	Reality TV
Canada	Federal Court	2005-03-11	Almrei v. Minister for Citizenship and Immigration		Maher Arar	Cited by one of the parties.
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2005-03-08	Productores Associados dos Vinhos Progresso do Douro, LDA v. Franz Wilhelm Langguth Erben GmbH & Co. KG		Hernán Cortés, pt:Hernán Cortés	First known citation of the Portuguese-language Wikipedia.
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2005-02-23	Case no. N04/50301		Samajwadi Party	Cited by the applicant.
Canada	Federal Court	2005-02-17	Bajraktaraj v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)			"The quality of the sources relied upon by the applicant, including (...) a downloaded extract from an on-line encyclopaedia, 'Wikipedia,' that provided no references for its content, did not impress."
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2005-02-11	Case no. N04/50169	[2005] RRTA 71	Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party	Cited by the applicant.
United States	National Arbitration Forum	2005-02-01	Paisley Park Enterprises v. Lawson	No. FA0412000384834	NPG Records, Paisley Park Records, Category:Defunct record labels	Cited by one of the parties.
Philippines	Philippine Supreme Court	2005-01-17	MTRCB v. ABS-CBN Broadcasting Co.)	G.R. No. 15528	Documentary film, Dziga Vertov (accessed Dec 21, 2004)
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2004-12-20	Case no. V02/14634		Ba'ath Party
United States: California	California Court of Appeal, 4th District	2004-12-17	Patel v. Shah	2004 WL 2930914	Simple majority
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2004-12-15	Aldi Einkauf GmbH & Co. OHG v. The Dean and Chapter of the Collegiate College Church of St. Peter Westminster		de: Westminster
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Board of Appeals	2004-12-10	etalk Corporation	R 398/2004-2	E
Switzerland	Swiss Federal Council	2004-12-10	Exe 2004.2129		de:Plagiat	First known citation in Swiss jurisprudence.
Philippines	Philippine Supreme Court	2004-12-01	La Bugal-B'laan Tribal Association, Inc. v. Ramos	G.R. No. 127882	Open-pit mining	Dissenting opinion of Associate Justice Carpio-Morales.
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2004-11-15	Case no. V04/16985	[2004] RRTA 724	Punjab (India)
Philippines	Court of Appeals	2004-11-12	Inter-Orient Navigation v. NLRC	G.R. SP NO. 84300	Psychosis
Austria	Independent Federal Asylum Board	2004-11-08	239.234/11-I/03/04		Afghanistan_timeline_1976-1980 (accessed April 2004)
United States	U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia	2004-10-15	Demmon v. Loudoun Co. Public Schools	342 F. Supp. 2d 474	Hollywood Walk of Fame
United States	U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit	2004-10-15	Bourgeois v. Peters	387 F.3d 1303	Department of Homeland Security Advisory System (accessed August 26, 2004)	First citation in federal appellate jurisprudence.
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2004-08-27	Case no. N04/48913	[2004] RRTA 574	Hamas
United States	U.S. District Court for the District of Utah	2004-08-23	SCO v. IBM	Civ. No. 2:03CV-0294 DAK	Linus Torvalds, Andrew S. Tanenbaum	Cited by the defendant IBM.
Austria	Independent federal asylum board	2004-08-02	236.047/0-XI/33/03g		de:Dari	First known citation in Austrian jurisprudence.
United States: Michigan	Michigan Supreme Court	2004-07-30	Bryant v. Oakpointe Villa Nursing Centre	471 Mich. 411	Positional asphyxia (accessed July 27, 2004)
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2004-07-28	Banco 21, S.A. v. Banca 121 S.p.A.		Bank
WIPO	WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center	2004-07-07	Wachovia Corporation v. American Consumers First		Schwa
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2004-07-06	Case no. V04/16635	[2004] RRTA 496	Religious conversion
Germany: Bavaria	Administrative Court, Augsburg	2004-04-28	Au 7 K 04.30251		Raï
Australia	Refugee Review Tribunal	2004-02-17	Case no. N02/45298	[2004] RRTA 133	Pakistan, Afghanistan, North-West Frontier, Pakistan, Punjab, Pakistan, Balochistan, Pakistan, Pakistan, Pakistan,	The version published on AustLII contains hyperlinks to Wikipedia. It remains uncertain whether they form part of the original text.
Germany	Federal Patent Court	2004-02-16	30 W (pat) 199/02		de:Explorer (accessed Jan 19, 2004)	First citation in a German federal court.
Germany: Lower Saxony	Administrative Court, Göttingen	2004-01-30	2 A 2145/02		de:Semitische Sprachen	First known citation in a court ruling worldwide: "Arabic belongs to the hamosemitic language family (cp. the following chart, cited according to Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, www.wikipedia.de)."
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2004-01-12	Jackson v. Loders Croklaan B.V.		Nutrient
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2003-11-26	Banco Gallego, S.A. v. Banca 121 S.p.A.		Bank
United States: Texas	Supreme Court of Texas	2003-11-04	New Times v. Isaacks	No. 03-0019	Satire, A Modest Proposal (accessed Oct 13, 2003)	Cited in an Amicus curiae brief of the Association of American Publishers.
United Nations	International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea	2003-09-20	Malaysia v. Singapore		List of countries by population density	Quoted in the submisson of Singapore.
United States	U.S. Patent and Trademark Office	2003-09-08	Boy Scouts of America v. Gregory J. Wrenn	No. 91157313-OPP	Scouting	Cited by the defendant as an example of generic terms in defense of the mark "Youthscouts."
European Union	Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, Opposition Decisions	2003-02-27	Polk v. Slob-Trot Software Oy Ab		Computer program

References

^ See the Wikipedia Signpost.

[1] See the Wikipedia Signpost.

[1]