William Andrew Horsley Gantt (24 October 1892 – 26 February 1980)[1] was an American physiologist and psychiatrist. At the time of his death in 1980, he was one of only two surviving students of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov.[2] He spent fifty-six years of his career extending Pavlov's seminal experimental research on classical conditioning.[1] He is also recognized for his research in psychophysiology.[3]
W. Horsley Gantt | |
|---|---|
| Born | William Andrew Horsley Gantt October 24, 1892 |
| Died | February 26, 1980 (aged 87) |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | University of North Carolina University of Virginia |
| Known for | Classical conditioning Psychophysiology |
| Spouse |
Mary Gould Richardson
(m. 1934–1964)Rebecca Annie Esler (m. 1965) |
| Children | Andrew and Emily |
| Awards | Lasker Award (1946) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Physiology Psychology |
| Institutions | Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine |
Early life and education
editGantt was born on October 24, 1892, on the Rock Cliff estate in Wingina, Virginia.[4] His father was a businessman and his mother was college-educated. Gantt's father died when he was three years old. When Gantt was twelve years old, his mother enrolled him in the Miller School in Charlottesville, Virginia, which he attended on a scholarship. In 1913, he enrolled at the University of North Carolina, from which he received his B.S. degree in 1917. He then attended the University of Virginia, from which he received his M.D. in 1920.[1]
Academic career
editIn 1922, Gantt began working for the American Relief Administration in Petrograd, Russia, where he studied the health effects of famine and war. In October of that year, Gantt was introduced to Ivan Pavlov by Nicholai Zelheim, one of Pavlov's Russian colleagues. Gantt then completed a one-year residency at University College Medical School, where he studied liver pathology with John William McNee. In 1925, he returned to Russia to work with Pavlov in his laboratory in the Institute of Experimental Medicine.
In 1929, Gantt founded the Pavlovian Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University's Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic,[1][5] where John Dewey played a major role in helping him to get a faculty position.[6] He was director of the Pavlovian Laboratory at Johns Hopkins from 1930 to 1964.[5] In 1948, he and William G. Reese founded the Psychological Research Laboratory at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Perry Point, Maryland.[1]
In 1955, Gantt founded the Pavlovian Society, of which he served as president from then until 1965.[1] He went on to found the society's journal, Conditional Reflex, in 1965.[7] He insisted on giving the journal this name because the term "conditional" preserves the fact that the reflex, rather than being fixed, is dependent on a stimulus and subject to change.[8] He was the founding editor-in-chief of Conditional Reflex (later renamed the Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science) from 1966 to 1978.[1]
Honors and awards
editGantt was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1934.[9] He received the Lasker Award in 1946 and the American Heart Association Award in 1950. He was nominated for (but did not win) a Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1970, and received the Gold Medal Award from the Society of Biological Psychiatry in 1972. In 1975, he received both the van Giesen Award from the New York Psychiatric Institute and the Purkinje Medical Society Award.[1]
Personal life and death
editGantt married Mary Gould Richardson on June 23, 1934. They remained married until she died of cancer on July 17, 1964. They had a son, Andrew, and a daughter, Emily.[1] After the death of his first wife he married the former Rebecca Annie Esler in August of 1965. Gantt died on February 26, 1980, in Baltimore, Maryland, after a short illness.[2] He is buried at Rock Cliff in Wingina, Virginia, the same property on which he was born. This property met criterion B to be added to the National Register of Historic Places because Gantt was born there, and lived there until 1910; it also met criterion C because it is associated with his medical career.[10]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i "W. Horsley Gantt". Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives. Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
- ^ a b McGuigan, F. J. (1980-01-01). "In memoriam W. Horsley Gantt, M.D. 1892-1980". The Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science. 15 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1007/BF03003673. ISSN 1936-3567. PMID 6997810. S2CID 9240971.
- ^ Kelly, Gerard R. (1978-12-01). "A Last Link to Pavlov: W. Horsley Gantt Reflects". Archives of General Psychiatry. 35 (12): 1474–1478. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770360078010. ISSN 0003-990X. PMID 365120.
- ^ Maurer, David A. (2015-10-03). "Yesteryears: Rock Cliff estate, Part 2: Hunger, sacrifice and a quest for knowledge". The Daily Progress. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
- ^ a b Ruiz, Gabriel; Sánchez, Natividad (2016-10-24). "W. Horsley Gantt, Nick, and the Pavlovian Science at Phipps Clinic". The Spanish Journal of Psychology. 19: E71. doi:10.1017/sjp.2016.73. ISSN 1988-2904. PMID 27774919. S2CID 46635791.
- ^ McGuigan, F. J. (1981). "Obituary: W. Horsley Gantt (1892-1980)". American Psychologist. 36 (4): 417–419. doi:10.1037/h0078363. ISSN 1935-990X. PMID 7023305.
- ^ Casa, Luis Gonzalo De la; Sánchez, Natividad; Ruiz, Gabriel (November 2003). "Pavlov in America: A Heterodox Approach to the Study of his Influence". The Spanish Journal of Psychology. 6 (2): 99–111. doi:10.1017/S1138741600005254. hdl:11441/44739. ISSN 1988-2904. PMID 14628697. S2CID 6345375.
- ^ McGuigan, Frank J.; Ban, Thomas A. (1987). Critical Issues in Psychology, Psychiatry, and Physiology: A Memorial to W. Horsley Gantt. Taylor & Francis. p. 138. ISBN 9782881241376.
- ^ "Historic Fellows". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 2019-01-06.
- ^ "Rock Cliff". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2017-08-02. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
Further reading
edit- Wegener, Gregers (2016-03-30). "Horsley Gantt". International Network for the History of Neuropsychopharmacology. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
- McGuigan, Frank J.; Ban, Thomas A. (1987). Critical Issues in Psychology, Psychiatry, and Physiology: A Memorial to W. Horsley Gantt. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9782881241376.
- Ramsden, Edmund (June 2018). "A Neurotic Dog's Life: Experimental Psychiatry and the Conditional Reflex Method in the Work of W. Horsley Gantt". Isis. 109 (2): 276–301. doi:10.1086/698241. S2CID 149600817.