Vsevolod Apollonovich Balitsky (Russian: Всеволод Аполлонович Балицкий, Ukrainian: Всеволод Аполлонович Балицький; December 9 [O.S. November 27] 1892 – November 27, 1937) was a Soviet official, Commissar of State Security 1st Class (equivalent to Four-star General) of the NKVD and a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Vsevolod Balitsky | |
|---|---|
| Всеволод Балицкий | |
 | |
| People's Commissar for Internal Affairs of Ukraine (NKVS) | |
| In office 15 July 1934 – 11 May 1937 | |
| Preceded by | None. NKVS of Ukraine was created on 13 July 1934 by NKVD decree № 001 |
| Succeeded by | Izrail Leplevsky |
| Far Eastern Commander of the NKVD | |
| In office April 1937 – July 1937 | |
| Preceded by | Terenty Deribas |
| Succeeded by | Genrikh Lyushkov |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Vsevolod Apollonovich Balitsky December 9 [O.S. November 27] 1892 Verkhnodniprovsk, Yekaterinoslav Governorate, Russian Empire |
| Died | November 27, 1937 (aged 44) Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Nationality | Soviet |
| Political party | RSDLP (Bolsheviks) (1915–1918) Russian Communist Party (1918–1937) |
| Military service | |
| Rank |  |
Early career
editBalitsky was a Russian-speaking ethnic Ukrainian, born in Verkhnodniprovsk, Yekaterinoslav Governorate and raised in Luhansk,[1] where his father worked in a factory as an accountant. He joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party as a student at law school in Moscow.[2] Initially a Menshevik, 1913–15, he joined the Bolshevik Party in 1915, and joined Cheka in 1918.[3] During the Russian Civil War, he was in Ukraine, where he took part in the mass killing of hostages.[4] In 1926, he was Ukraine People's Commissar for Internal Affairs.[5] In 1928–30, he was in charge of putting down revolts by Ukrainian peasants who objected to being forced to give up their land and join collective farms, telling his subordinates: "If the order if given to shoot into the crowd and you refuse then I will shoot all of you. You must conform without objections to my commands. I will permit no protests."[6]
In 1931, Balitsky was transferred to Moscow, as Deputy Chairman of the OGPU, third in seniority behind Vyacheslav Menzhinsky and Genrikh Yagoda. In September 1932, he led the interrogation of Martemyan Ryutin, the author of a manifesto calling for Stalin to be removed from office.[7]
Role in the Soviet famine
editIn November 1932, on Stalin's orders, Balitsky was appointed OGPU special representative in Ukraine, while retaining his post as deputy chairman, because Stalin believed the Ukraine party leadership was not strong enough to deal with peasant resistance to forced Collectivisation, or to root out agents of the Polish government, who Stalin believed to have an extensive network in Ukraine. In February 1933, he officially replaced Stalin's brother-in-law, Stanislav Redens, as head of OGPU in Ukraine [8] In his first month back in Ukraine, the Ukrainian OGPU arrested 14,230 people. In December, he claimed to have uncovered a network of Polish agents operating in 67 districts.[9]
He directed the Ukrainian OGPU during the Great Famine. The famine was a direct result of forcing rural producers to move onto collective farms, but Balytsky found scapegoats, including veterinarians, of whom 100 were reportedly shot in Vinnytsia province alone, in 1933–37, after a fungus in barley straw killed a large number of horses. He also ordered the arrest of the entire staff of the Meteorological Office, for allegedly damaging the harvest by making inaccurate weather forecasts.[10] In January 1934, he told the 12th Congress of the Ukrainian communist party that he had uncovered a "Bloc of Ukrainian nationalist parties".[10]: 270
The Great Purge
editIn 1934, it appeared that Balitsky was in line to be the next Soviet chief of police.[11] He and Yagoda were the only serving police officers to be elected full members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union at the 17th party congress in February 1934.[12] When the OGPU was merged with the People's Commissariat for the Interior NKVD, in 1934, he was appointed the head of the Ukraine NKVD. When The Kyiv Dynamo Stadium, opened in 1934, it was named the Balitsky Stadium.
But when Yagoda was dismissed and replaced by Nikolai Yezhov, in 1936, any officer who had held high office in the previous administration was likely to come under suspicion. In 1937, Yezhov embarked on a mass ethnic cleansing of Poles in the Soviet Union, and accused Balitsky of not being vigilant enough against the supposed threat of a Polish Military Organization[13] - despite the fact that the previous April, under Balitsky's supervision, about 35,700 Poles living alongside the Ukrainian frontier had been deported to Kazakhstan.[14]
On 8 May 1937, Balytsky was appointed head of the NKVD in the Far East, in place of Terenty Deribas.[15] Once he had left Ukraine, an NKVD brigade headed by Mikhail Frinovsky and Izrail Leplevsky arrived in Kyiv to "expose and destroy the espionage, sabotage, diversion and conspiratory Trotskyists and other counter-revolutionary groups" in the Ukrainian NKVD and Red Army.[16] In July, Genrikh Lyushkov, who had served under Balitsky in Ukraine, was sent as his replacement in the Far East. Balitsky went to greet him at Khabarovsk station, on 7 July 1937, and was immediately arrested.[17]
On 14 July, Balitsky signed a self-incriminating statement, addressed to Stalin, admitting that he was "objectively guilty of unwittingly contributing to the anti-Soviet activities of enemies of the people", possibly hoping that this would save his life. A week later, on 21 July, he signed another statement, also addressed to Stalin, in which he "confessed" that he had been involved in a "Trotskyist-fascist military conspiracy" with the former commander of the Ukrainian military district, Iona Yakir and others, including several of his own former subordinates, who together supposedly planned to bring about the defeat of the USSR in a war with Germany, Japan and Poland.[18]
On 31 July 1937, the Kyiv Dynamo Stadium was renamed in honour of Nikolai Yezhov, by order of the Politburo.[19]
On 27 November 1937 – his 45th birthday – Balitsky was sentenced to death and shot the same day in Moscow, then buried at Kommunarka.
References
edit- ^ "Балицкий, Всеволод Аполлонович — Кадровый состав НКВД 1935-1939". nkvd.memo.ru. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
- ^ Applebaum, Anne (2018). Red Famine, Stalin's War on Ukraine 1933. London: Penguin. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-141-97828-4.
- ^ "Балицкий, Всеволод Аполлонович". Кадровый состав органов государственной безопастности СССР 1935–39. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
- ^ Applebaum. Red Famine. p. 80.
- ^ "Документ:Постановление ЦИК СССР от 07.09.1926". Кадровый состав органов государственной безопастности СССР. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
- ^ Applebaum. Red Famine. p. 95.
- ^ Clark, William A. "The Ryutin Affair and the "Terrorism" Narrative of The Purges". Academia.edu. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
- ^ Davies, R.W.; Khlevniuk, Oleg V.; Rees, E.A., eds. (2003). The Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence, 1931–36. New Haven: Yale U.P. pp. 180–81. ISBN 0-300-09367-5.
- ^ Applebaum. Red Famine. pp. 214–6.
- ^ a b Conquest, Robert (1986). The Harvest of Sorrow, Soviet collectivisation and the Terror Famine. Arrow. p. 242. ISBN 0-09-956960-4.
- ^ Rayfield, Donald (2004). Stalin and his Hangmen. New York: Random House. p. 304. ISBN 0-375-50632-2.
- ^ Conquest, Robert (1985). Inside Stalin's Secret Police, NKVD Politics 1936-39. London: MacMillan. p. 111. ISBN 0-333-39260-4.
- ^ Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. Basic Books. Chapter 3. ISBN 978-0-465-03297-6.
- ^ Campana, Aurélie (18 April 2019). "The Soviet Massive Deportations, a Chronology". SciencesPo. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
- ^ "Постановление ЦК ВКП(б) о В.А. Балицком и Т.Д. Дерибасе. 8 мая 1937 г." Исторические Материалы. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
- ^ Marc Jansen, and Nikita Petrov (2002). Stalin's Loyal Executioner: People's Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895–1940. Stanford CA: Hoover Institution Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-8179-2902-2.
- ^ Conquest, Robert (1985). Inside Stalin's Secret Police, NKVD Politics 1936-39. London: MacMillan. pp. 44–45. ISBN 0-333-39260-4.
- ^ Balitsky, V.A. "Записка М.П. Фриновского И.В. Сталину о заявлении В.А. Балицкого 21.07.1937". ЛУБЯНКА: Сталин и Главное управление госбезопасности НКВД. Alexander Yakovlev Foundation. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "Постановление политбюро ЦК ВКП(б) о снятии имени Балицкого со стадиона "Динамо" (Киев) 31.07.1937". ЛУБЯНКА: Сталин и Главное управление госбезопасности НКВД. Alexander Yakovlev Foundation. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
External links
edit- The information in this article is based on that in its Ukrainian, Russian and French equivalents.
- Shapoval, Y. Truth of details. Mirror Weekly. 17 August 2012