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Tropolone

Tropolone is an organic compound with the chemical formula C7H5(OH)O. It is a pale yellow solid that is soluble in organic solvents. The compound has been of interest to research chemists because of its unusual electronic structure and its role as a ligand precursor. Although not usually prepared from tropone, it can be viewed as its derivative with a hydroxyl group in the 2-position.

Tropolone[1]
Skeletal formula of tropolone
Skeletal formula of tropolone
Space-filling model of tropolone
Space-filling model of tropolone
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2-Hydroxycyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one
Other names
2-Hydroxytropone; Purpurocatechol
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.007.799 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 208-577-2
KEGG
MeSH D014334
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C7H6O2/c8-6-4-2-1-3-5-7(6)9/h1-5H,(H,8,9) ☒N
    Key: MDYOLVRUBBJPFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ☒N
  • InChI=1/C7H6O2/c8-6-4-2-1-3-5-7(6)9/h1-5H,(H,8,9)
    Key: MDYOLVRUBBJPFM-UHFFFAOYAW
  • C1=CC=C(C(=O)C=C1)O
Properties
C7H6O2
Molar mass 122.12 g/mol
Melting point 50 to 52 °C (122 to 126 °F; 323 to 325 K)
Boiling point 80 to 84 °C (176 to 183 °F; 353 to 357 K) (0.1 mmHg)
Acidity (pKa) 6.89 (and -0.5 for conjugate acid)
-61·10−6 cm3/mol
Hazards
GHS labelling:[2]
GHS05: CorrosiveGHS07: Exclamation markGHS09: Environmental hazard
Danger
H314, H317, H410
P260, P261, P264, P272, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P333+P313, P363, P391, P405, P501
Flash point 112 °C (234 °F; 385 K)
Related compounds
Related compounds
 Hinokitiol (4-isopropyl-tropolone)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Synthesis and reactions

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Many methods have been described for the synthesis of tropolone.[3] One involves bromination of 1,2-cycloheptanedione with N-bromosuccinimide followed by dehydrohalogenation at elevated temperatures, while another uses acyloin condensation of the ethyl ester of pimelic acid the acyloin again followed by oxidation by bromine.[4]

 

An alternate route is a [2+2] cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene with a ketene to give a bicyclo[3.2.0]heptyl structure, followed by hydrolysis and breakage of the fusion bond to give the single ring:[3]

 

Thy hydroxyl group of tropolone is acidic, having a pKa of 7, which is in between that of phenol (10) and benzoic acid (4). The increased acidity compared to phenol is due to resonance stabilization with the carbonyl group, as a vinylogous carboxylic acid.[4]

The compound readily undergoes O-alkylation to give cycloheptatrienyl derivatives, which in turn are versatile synthetic intermediates.[5] With metal cations, it undergoes deprotonation to form a bidentate ligand, such as in the Cu(O2C7H5)2 complex.[4]

The carbonyl group is also highly polarized, as common for tropones. There can be substantial hydrogen bonding between it and the hydroxyl group, leading to rapid tautomerization: the structure is symmetric on the NMR timescale.[6]

 

Natural occurrence

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Around 200 naturally occurring tropolone derivatives have been isolated, mostly from plants and fungi.[7][8][9][10] Tropolone compounds and their derivatives include dolabrins, dolabrinols, thujaplicins, thujaplicinols, stipitatic acid, stipitatonic acid, nootkatin, nootkatinol, puberulic acid, puberulonic acid, sepedonin, 4-acetyltropolone, pygmaein, isopygmaein, procein, chanootin, benzotropolones (such as purpurogallin, crocipodin, goupiolone A and B), theaflavin and derivatives bromotropolones, tropoisoquinolines and tropoloisoquinolines (such as grandirubrine, imerubrine, isoimerubrine, pareitropone, pareirubrine A and B), colchicine, colchicone and others.[11] Tropolone arises via a polyketide pathway, which affords a phenolic intermediate that undergoes ring expansion.[5]

They are especially found in specific plant species, such as Cupressaceae and Liliaceae families.[9] Tropolones are mostly abundant in the heartwood, leaves and bark of plants, thereby the essential oils are rich in various types of tropolones. The first natural tropolone derivatives were studied and purified in the mid-1930s and early-1940s.[12] Thuja plicata, Thujopsis dolabrata, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Chamaecyparis taiwanensis and Juniperus thurifera were in the list of trees from which the first tropolones were identified. The first synthetic tropolones were thujaplicins derived by Ralph Raphael.[13]

Tropolone derivatives

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Name Chemical structure Natural sources
Tropolone
 
 Pseudomonas lindbergii, Pseudomonas plantarii[14][15][16] and mushroom tyrosinase.[17]
Hinokitiol
 
 Cupressaceae trees[18]
Stipitatic acid
 
 Talaromyces stipitatus[19]
Colchicine
 
 Colchicum autumnale, Gloriosa superba[20]
Class Examples Main natural sources[11][9][21][22] Research directions[9][23][11][24][25] Patented in products[9][26]
Simple tropolones Tropolone Pseudomonas lindbergii, Pseudomonas plantarii Antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, pesticidal, plant growth inhibition, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotection, anti-protease, anti-browning (anti-tyrosinase and anti-polyphenol oxidase), antineoplastic, chelating -
Dolabrins β-dolabrin, α-dolabrinol Caragana pygmaea, Cupressus goveniana, Cupressus abramsiana, Thujopsis dolabrata Antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, pesticidal, plant growth inhibition, protease inhibition Insect repellent, deodorant
Thujaplicins α-thujaplicin, β-thujaplicin (hinokitiol), γ-thujaplicin, thujaplicinol Chamaecyparis obtusa, Thuja plicata, Thujopsis dolabrata, Juniperus cedrus, Cedrus atlantica, Cupressus lusitanica, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Chamaecyparis taiwanensis, Chamaecyparis thyoides, Cupressus arizonica, Cupressus macnabiana, Cupressus macrocarpa, Cupressus guadalupensis, Juniperus chinensis, Juniperus communis, Juniperus californica, Juniperus occidentalis, Juniperus oxycedrus, Juniperus sabina, Calocedrus decurrens, Calocedrus formosana, Platycladus orientalis, Thuja occidentalis, Thuja standishii, Tetraclinis articulata, Cattleya forbesii, Carya glabra Antifungal, antibacterial, anti-browning (anti-tyrosinase), chelating, insecticidal, pesticidal, antimalarial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, plant growth inhibition, anti-protease, antidiabetic, antineoplastic, chemosensitizing, antioxidant, neuroprotection, veterinary medicine Insect repellent, deodorant, toothpaste, oral spray, skin and hair care, wood preservative, food additive, food packaging
Sesquiterpene tropolones Nootkatin, nootkatinol, nootkatol, nootkatene, valencene-13-ol, nootkastatin Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Grapefruit Antifungal, anti-browning (anti-tyrosinase), insecticidal, fungicidal, antineoplastic Insect repellents, flavor, perfumery
Pygmaeins Pygmaein, Isopygmaein Caragana pygmaea, Cupressus goveniana, Cupressus abramsiana - -
Benzotropolones Purpurogallin, crocipodin, goupiolone A and B Quercus species, Leccinum crocipodium, Goupia glabra Antibacterial, plant growth inhibition, protease inhibition, antineoplastic, antimalarial, antioxidant, antiviral Food additive
Theaflavins Theaflavin, theaflavic acid, theaflavate A and B Camellia sinensis, Quercus species Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, antidiabetic, chemosensitizing -
Tropoisoquinolines and tropoloisoquinolines Grandirubrine, imerubrine, isoimerubrine, pareitropone, pareirubrine A and B Cissampelos pareira, Abuta grandifolia Antileukemic -
Tropone alkaloids Colchicine, demecolcine Colchicum autumnale, Gloriosa superba Antimitotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-gout, plant breeding Pharmaceutical drug

References

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  1. ^ Tropolone[permanent dead link] at Sigma-Aldrich
  2. ^ "Tropolone". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  3. ^ a b Minns RA (1977). "Tropolone". Org. Synth. 57: 117. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.057.0117.
  4. ^ a b c Pauson PL (1955). "Tropones and Tropolones". Chem. Rev. 55 (1): 9–136. doi:10.1021/cr50001a002.
  5. ^ a b Pietra F (1973). "Seven-membered conjugated carbo- and heterocyclic compounds and their homoconjugated analogs and metal complexes. Synthesis, biosynthesis, structure, and reactivity". Chemical Reviews. 73 (4): 293–364. doi:10.1021/cr60284a002.
  6. ^ Jin L (February 1987). Detoxification of thujaplicins in living western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn.) trees by microorganisms (PhD). University of British Columbia.
  7. ^ Bentley R (2008). "A fresh look at natural tropolonoids". Nat. Prod. Rep. 25 (1): 118–138. doi:10.1039/b711474e. PMID 18250899.
  8. ^ Guo H, Roman D, Beemelmanns C (2019). "Tropolone natural products". Natural Product Reports. 36 (8): 1137–1155. doi:10.1039/c8np00078f. PMID 30556819.
  9. ^ a b c d e Zhao JZ (30 September 2007). "Plant Troponoids: Chemistry, Biological Activity, and Biosynthesis". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 14 (24): 2597–2621. doi:10.2174/092986707782023253. PMID 17979713.
  10. ^ Bentley R (2008). "A fresh look at natural tropolonoids". Nat. Prod. Rep. 25 (1): 118–138. doi:10.1039/b711474e. PMID 18250899.
  11. ^ a b c Liu N, Song W, Schienebeck CM, Zhang M, Tang W (December 2014). "Synthesis of naturally occurring tropones and tropolones". Tetrahedron. 70 (49): 9281–9305. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2014.07.065. PMC 4228802. PMID 25400298.
  12. ^ Nakanishi K (June 2013). "Tetsuo Nozoe's "Autograph Books by Chemists 1953-1994": An Essay: Tetsuo Nozoe's "Autograph Books by Chemists 1953-1994": An Essay". The Chemical Record. 13 (3): 343–352. doi:10.1002/tcr.201300007. PMID 23737463.
  13. ^ Cook JW, Raphael RA, Scott AI (1951). "149. Tropolones. Part II. The synthesis of α-, β-, and γ-thujaplicins". J. Chem. Soc.: 695–698. doi:10.1039/JR9510000695.
  14. ^ Liu N, Song W, Schienebeck CM, Zhang M, Tang W (December 2014). "Synthesis of naturally occurring tropones and tropolones". Tetrahedron. 70 (49): 9281–9305. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2014.07.065. PMC 4228802. PMID 25400298.
  15. ^ Valero E, Garcia-Moreno M, Varon R, Garcia-Carmona F (1991). "Time-dependent inhibition of grape polyphenol oxidase by tropolone". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 39 (6): 1043–1046. Bibcode:1991JAFC...39.1043V. doi:10.1021/jf00006a007.
  16. ^ Chedgy, Russell. Secondary metabolites of Western red cedar (Thuja plicata): their biotechnological applications and role in conferring natural durability. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010, ISBN 3-8383-4661-0, ISBN 978-3-8383-4661-8
  17. ^ Kahn V, Andrawis A (1985). "Inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase by tropolone". Phytochemistry. 24 (5): 905–908. Bibcode:1985PChem..24..905K. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83150-7.
  18. ^ Saniewski M, Horbowicz M, Kanlayanarat S (10 September 2014). "The Biological Activities of Troponoids and Their Use in Agriculture A Review". Journal of Horticultural Research. 22 (1): 5–19. doi:10.2478/johr-2014-0001.
  19. ^ Davison J, al Fahad A, Cai M, Song Z, Yehia SY, Lazarus CM, Bailey AM, Simpson TJ, Cox RJ (15 May 2012). "Genetic, molecular, and biochemical basis of fungal tropolone biosynthesis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (20): 7642–7647. doi:10.1073/pnas.1201469109. PMC 3356636. PMID 22508998.
  20. ^ Keith MP, Gilliland WR, Uhl K (2009). "GOUT". Pharmacology and Therapeutics: 1039–1046. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4160-3291-5.50079-2. ISBN 978-1-4160-3291-5.
  21. ^ Karchesy JJ, Kelsey RG, González-Hernández MP (May 2018). "Yellow-Cedar, Callitropsis (Chamaecyparis) nootkatensis, Secondary Metabolites, Biological Activities, and Chemical Ecology". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 44 (5): 510–524. Bibcode:2018JCEco..44..510K. doi:10.1007/s10886-018-0956-y. PMID 29654493. S2CID 4839697.
  22. ^ Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies. Nelson, Lewis, 1963- (Eleventh ed.). New York. 11 April 2019. ISBN 978-1-259-85961-8. OCLC 1020416505.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  23. ^ Carlsson B, Erdtman H, Frank A, Harvey WE, Östling S (1952). "The Chemistry of the Natural Order Cupressales. VIII. Heartwood Constituents of Chamaecyparis nootkatensis - Carvacrol, Nootkatin, and Chamic Acid". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 6: 690–696. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.06-0690.
  24. ^ Dalbeth N, Lauterio TJ, Wolfe HR (October 2014). "Mechanism of Action of Colchicine in the Treatment of Gout". Clinical Therapeutics. 36 (10): 1465–1479. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.07.017. PMID 25151572.
  25. ^ Griffiths AJ, Gelbart WM, Miller JH (1999). "Modern Genetic Analysis: Changes in Chromosome Number". Modern Genetic Analysis. W. H. Freeman, New York.
  26. ^ US EPA O (10 August 2020). "Nootkatone Now Registered by EPA". US EPA.
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