In oceanography, the sverdrup (symbol: Sv) is a non-SI metric unit of volumetric flow rate, with 1 Sv equal to 1 million cubic metres per second (264,172,052 US gal/s).[1][2] It is equivalent to the SI derived unit cubic hectometer per second (symbol: hm3/s or hm3⋅s−1): 1 Sv is equal to 1 hm3/s. It is used almost exclusively in oceanography to measure the volumetric rate of transport of ocean currents. It is named after Harald Sverdrup.
| Sverdrup | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General information | |
| Unit of | Volumetric flow rate |
| Symbol | Sv |
| Conversions | |
| 1 Sv in ... | ... is equal to ... |
| m3/s | 1 million |
| US gallons/s | 264 million |
| cu ft/s | 35 million |
One sverdrup is about five times what is carried by the world's largest river, the Amazon. In the context of ocean currents, a volume of one million cubic meters may be imagined as a "slice" of ocean with dimensions 1 km × 1 km × 1 m (width × length × thickness). At this scale, these units can be more easily compared in terms of width of the current (several km), depth (hundreds of meters), and current speed (as meters per second). Thus, a hypothetical current 50 km wide, 500 m (0.5 km) deep, and moving at 2 m/s would be transporting 50 Sv of water.
The sverdrup is distinct from the SI sievert unit or the non-SI svedberg unit. All three use the same symbol, but they are not related.
History
editThe sverdrup is named in honor of the Norwegian oceanographer, meteorologist and polar explorer Harald Ulrik Sverdrup (1888–1957), who wrote the 1942 volume The Oceans, Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology together with Martin W. Johnson and Richard H. Fleming.[3]
In the 1950s and early 1960s both Soviet and North American scientists contemplated the damming of the Bering Strait, thus enabling temperate Atlantic water to heat up the cold Arctic Sea and, the theory went, making Siberia and northern Canada more habitable. As part of the North American team, Canadian oceanographer Maxwell Dunbar found it "very cumbersome" to repeatedly reference millions of cubic meters per second. He casually suggested that as a new unit of water flow, "the inflow through Bering Strait is one sverdrup". At the Arctic Basin Symposium in October 1962, the unit came into general usage.[3]
Examples
editThe water transport in the Gulf Stream gradually increases from 30 Sv in the Florida Current to a maximum of 150 Sv south of Newfoundland at 55° W longitude.[4]
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current, at approximately 125 Sv, is the largest ocean current.[5]
The entire global input of fresh water from rivers to the ocean is approximately 1.2 Sv.[6]
References
edit- ^ "Glossary". Ocean Surface Currents. University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
- ^ "Sverdrups & Brine". Ecoworld. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- ^ a b Eldevik, Tor; Haugan, Peter Mosby (2020-04-06). "That's a lot of water". Nature Physics. 16 (4): 496. doi:10.1038/s41567-020-0866-0. ISSN 1745-2481. S2CID 216292609.
- ^ "The Gulf Stream". Ocean Surface Currents. University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- ^ "The Antarctic Circumpolar Current". Ocean Surface Currents. University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- ^ Lagerloef, Gary; Schmitt, Raymond; Schanze, Julian; Kao, Hsun-Ying (2010-12-01). "The Ocean and the Global Water Cycle". Oceanography. 23 (4): 82–93. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2010.07.