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Sinti

Not to be confused with Sintians, an ancient ethnic group of Thracian origin and Sindhis, an ethnolinguistic group in South Asia.

The Sinti (also Sinta or Sinte; masc. sing. Sinto; fem. sing. Sintesa) are a subgroup of Romani people. They are found mostly in Germany, France and Italy and Central Europe, numbering some 200,000 people.[1][a][3] They were traditionally itinerant, but today only a small percentage of Sinti remain unsettled. In earlier times, they frequently lived on the outskirts of communities.

Sinti
Total population
≈ 500,000 (2011)[1]
Languages
Sinte Romani
Related ethnic groups
Other Indo-Aryan peoples, especially Roma (Manouche)
Sinti people in Rhine Province, Germany, 1935.

The Sinti of Central Europe are closely related to the group known as Manouche in France.[4] They speak the Sinti-Manouche variety of Romani, which exhibits strong German influence.[1][4]

Etymology and origin

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The origin of the Sinti people, as with the broader Romani people, lies generally in the Indian subcontinent. While people from the western Indian subcontinent's Sindh region were mentioned in 1100 by Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Maydani, it is unclear whether the Sindhi people were the ancestors of modern Sinti, though it is clear that Sinti and other Romani people originated in the northern Indian subcontinent.[5][b]

The origin of the name is disputed.[c] Scholar Jan Kochanowski, and many Sinti themselves, believed it derives from Sindhi, the name of a people of Sindh in medieval India (a region now in southeast Pakistan).[5][8] Scholar Yaron Matras argued that Sinti is a later term in use by the Sinti from only the 18th century on, and is likely a European loanword.[d][8] This view is shared by Romani linguist Ronald Lee who stated the name's origin probably lies in the German word Reisende meaning 'travellers'.[9]

A recent study by Estonian and Indian researchers found genetic similarities between European Romani men and Indian men in their sample.[10] Linguist N. B. G. Kazi stated that all Romani people are from Sindh.[11]

History

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The Sinti are a subgroup of Romani people mostly found in Germany.[a] They arrived in Austria and Germany in the Late Middle Ages as part of the Romani emigration from the Indian Subcontinent,[12] eventually splitting into two groups: Eftavagarja ("the Seven Caravans") and Estraxarja ("from Austria").[13][14] They arrived in Germany before 1540.[15] The two groups expanded, the Eftavagarja into France and Portugal, where they are called "Manouches", and to the Balkans, where they are called "Ciganos" (from Byzantine Greek "τσιγγάνος" and "Ἀτσίγγανος", deriving from Ancient Greek "ἀθίγγανος", meaning "untouchable"[e][f]); and the Estraxarja into Italy and Central Europe, mainly what are now Croatia, Slovenia, Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, eventually adopting various regional names.[14]

The Holocaust

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Main article: Romani Holocaust
 
Johann Trollmann, a German Sinti boxer, 1928

The Sinti migrated to Germany in the early 15th century. Despite their long presence, they were still generally regarded as beggars and thieves, and, by 1899, the police kept a central register on Sinti, Roma, and Yenish peoples. Nazi Germany considered them racially inferior (see Nazism and race), and persecuted them throughout Germany during the Nazi period – the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 often being interpreted to apply to them as well as the Jews.[16]

Adolf Eichmann recommended that Nazi Germany solve the "Gypsy Question" simultaneously with the Jewish Question, resulting in the deportation of the Sinti to clear room to build homes for ethnic Germans.[17] Some were sent to the territory of Poland, or elsewhere, including some deported to the territory of Yugoslavia by the Hamburg Police in 1939.[18] Others were confined to designated areas, and many were eventually murdered in gas chambers.[19] Many Sinti and Roma were taken to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where they were put in a special section, called the "gypsy camp". Josef Mengele often performed some of his infamous experiments on Sinti and Roma. On 2 August 1944, the "gypsy camp" was closed, and approximately 4,000 Sinti and Roma were gassed during the night of 2–3 August and burnt in the crematoria. The date 2 August is commemorated as Roma and Sinti Holocaust Remembrance Day.[20]

 
Memorial in Nuremberg opposite Frauentorgraben 49, where on 15 September 1935 the Nuremberg Laws were adopted in the ballroom of the Industrial & Cultural Association clubhouse

In the concentration camps, the Sinti were forced to wear either a black triangle, indicating their classification as "asocial", or a brown triangle,[21] specifically reserved for Sinti, Roma, and Yenish peoples.

Notable people

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Deportation of Sinti and Roma in Asperg, 22 May 1940
 
Memorial for murdered Sinti in Düsseldorf-Lierenfeld
 
Ravensburg, Memorial for Sinti murdered in Auschwitz

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b "Individual groups can be classified into major metagroups: the Roma of East European extraction; the Sinti in Germany and Manouches in France and Catalonia; the Kaló in Spain, Ciganos in Portugal and Gitans of southern France; and the Romanichals of Britain." – Kalaydjieva, Gresham, & Calarell 2001[2]
  2. ^ "The ancestors of today's 12 to 15 million Roma came from India about 1,000 years ago, and their descendants eventually migrated to six continents. The Romanic language language is most closely related to Punjabi and Hindi and is still spoken by millions of Roma and Sinti (Romani people of Central Europe)." – Sturman 2019[6][volume needed][page needed]
  3. ^ "Already in 18th and 19th century scholarly discussions, the name 'Sinti' was associated occasionally with that of the Indian province of Sindh. There is, in fact, no connection at all. The word 'Sinti' has the inflection typical of a European loanword in Romani, and cannot have been part of the original Indian vocabulary of the language. The fact that it is found solely among Romani speakers in Germany and neighboring regions and only more recent sources, suggests that it is a later borrowing into this specific dialect of Romanic, and was not part of the language in pre-European times. " – Stauber & Vago 2007[7][page needed]
  4. ^ "[U]p to the late 18th century the Sinti referred to themselves as ‘Kale’ (lit. ‘blacks’). The term ‘Sinti’ or ‘Sinte’ (see below) may be found in 18th and 19th century linguistic documentation alongside ‘Kale,’ and appears to have been borrowed from the secret vocabulary of the Yenish travelers, perhaps because of its usefulness in concealing ethnic identity. Only toward the late 19th century does the self-appellation ‘Sinti’ replace ‘Kale’ entirely in Germany." – Margalit & Matras 2007[4]
  5. ^   The dictionary definition of τσιγγάνος at Wiktionary
  6. ^   The dictionary definition of Cigan at Wiktionary

References

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  1. ^ a b c Grimes, Barbara F. (2003). "Central Indo-Aryan Languages". In Frawley, William (ed.). Sindi. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 294. ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8. OCLC 51478240 – via Internet Archive.
  2. ^ Kalaydjieva, Luba; Gresham, David; Calafell, Francesc (2 April 2001). "Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): A Review". BMC Medical Genetics. 2 (5): 5. doi:10.1186/1471-2350-2-5. PMC 31389. PMID 11299048.
  3. ^ Hübshmanová, Milena (2003). "Roma—Sub Ethnic Groups". Uni-Graz.at. University of Graz.
  4. ^ a b c Margalit, Gilad; Matras, Yaron (2007). "Gypsies in Germany-German Gypsies? Identity and Politics of Sinti and Roma in Germany". in Stauber & Vago 2007. CEUP collection. Central European University Press. pp. 103–116. ISBN 978-615-5211-21-8.
  5. ^ a b Kenrick, Donald (2004). Gypsies: From the Ganges to the Thames (2nd ed.). Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-1-902806-23-5. OCLC 59134906.
  6. ^ Sturman, Janet Lynn, ed. (2019). The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-5063-5337-1. OCLC 1090239829.
  7. ^ Stauber & Vago 2007.
  8. ^ a b Matras, Yaron (2004). "The Role of Language in Mystifying and Demystifying Gypsy Identity". in Saul & Tebbutt 2004. p. 70.
  9. ^ Lee, Ronald (2009). "A New Look at Our Romani Origins and Diaspora". Kopachi.com. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  10. ^ Nelson, Dean (3 December 2012). "European Roma descended from Indian 'untouchables', genetic study shows". The Telegraph. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  11. ^ "Gypsies hail from Sindh, claims Dr.Kazi". Pakistan: Dawn. 25 September 2006.
  12. ^ Bartlick, Silke (2013-03-13). "Europe invented 'gypsies,' says German author". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  13. ^ Szombati, Kristóf (2016). The Revolt of the Provinces: Anti-Gypsyism and Right-Wing Politics in Hungary (PDF) (PhD thesis). Budapest, Hungary: Central European University. p. 165.
  14. ^ a b Szombati, Kristóf (2018). The Revolt of the Provinces: Anti-Gypsyism and Right-Wing Politics in Hungary. Vol. 23. New York, NY: Berghahn Books. p. 206. doi:10.1515/9781785338977. ISBN 978-1-78533-897-7. JSTOR j.ctvw04cbm. OCLC 1041152908 – via partial Google Books preview.
  15. ^ Saul & Tebbutt 2004, p. 182.
  16. ^ "Targeting the Sinti and Roma". Facing History & Ourselves. 2016-08-02. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  17. ^ Burleigh & Wippermann 1991, p. 122.
  18. ^ Burleigh & Wippermann 1991, p. 127.
  19. ^ Davis, Mark (5 May 2015). "How World War II shaped modern Germany". euronews. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  20. ^ "European Roma Holocaust Memorial Day: Statement by President von der Leyen, Vice-President Jourová and Commissioner Dalli". European Commission. 31 July 2020. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  21. ^ Shapiro, Paul A.; Ehrenreich, Robert M. (2002). Roma and Sinti: under-studied victims of Nazism: symposium proceedings. Washington, D.C.: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies. p. 24. OCLC 1410465443.

Sources

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Further reading

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