Rezang La[1] is a mountain pass on the Line of Actual Control between Indian-administered Ladakh and the Chinese-administered Spanggur Lake basin. The pass is located on the watershed ridge of the Chushul Valley, on its east. China claims that the ridge is the boundary between the two countries, while India's claim line is further east.
| Rezang La | |
|---|---|
| Rechin La | |
  | |
| Elevation | 5,500 m (18,045 ft) |
| Location | Leh district, Ladakh, India - Rutog County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China |
| Range | Himalaya, Ladakh Range |
| Coordinates | 33°25′08″N 78°50′58″E / 33.4188°N 78.8494°E |
About 3 km southeast of Rechin La (33°24′52″N 78°52′29″E / 33.4144°N 78.8748°E) on the same ridge is a pass leading to an adjacent valley, which China recognizes as Rezang La (Chinese: 热藏山口; pinyin: Rèzàng Shānkǒu).[2]
About 3 km northwest of Rechin La (33°26′38″N 78°49′48″E / 33.4440°N 78.8300°E) is a pass that was the site of a major battle of the 1962 Sino-Indian War.[3] The "C" Company of India's 13 Kumaon battalion, made of Ahir soldiers, fought to the last man in an effort to block the Chinese PLA troops from crossing the ridge into the Chushul Valley. Indian sources state 120 men killed over 1500 PLA troops out of 3000. The battle was the last event of the Sino-Indian War, as the pass was the Chinese claim line and upon overrunning the ridge, a ceasefire was called.[4]
During the 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes, Rezang La was again the site of conflict between the two nations.
Toponymy
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The old survey maps of the region label two adjacent valleys leading to the Spaanggur Lake as "Rezang Lungpa". (See Map 1.) The pass at the head of the western valley (33°25′08″N 78°50′58″E / 33.4188°N 78.8494°E) at an elevation of 16,420 ft (5,000 m) is labelled "Rezang La". The pass at the head of the eastern valley (33°23′20″N 78°55′44″E / 33.3888°N 78.9290°E), unlabelled in the survey map, is at a much higher elevation of 20,670 ft (6,300 m).
In 1963, the Government of India used the name "Rezang La" for pass marked on the survey map, the one at the head of the western valley.[1] References to "Rezang La" in the literature on Sino-Indian War in English language, presumably refer to this pass.
Chinese sources use the name "Rechin La" for the western pass pass,[2] which has also been adopted by the Indian news media in 2020.
Geography
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Rechin La as well as the present Rezang La are mountain passes on the ridge line adjoining the Chushul Valley, which China claims as its border. India's claimed border is further east, and it coincides with the border shown on most British and international maps prior to Indian independence. The Line of Actual Control (LAC) resulting from the 1962 Sino-Indian War coincides with the Chinese claim line in this region.
To the north of Rechin La along the LAC are various strategic hill peaks, Mukhpari, Magar Hill, and (after Spanggur Gap) Gurung Hill. To the south of Rezang La is Mount Sajum.[3] (Map 2)
The Chushul village and Indian military post are 27 km northwest of Rezang La.
Military operations
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1962 battle of Rezang La
editDuring the Sino-Indian War in 1962, Rechin La (then called Rezang La) was the site of the last stand of the Charlie "C" Ahir company[5][6][7] of 13 Kumaon, consisting of 124 Indian soldiers.[8][9] According to the official Indian history of the war, the Rezang La picket of Charlie company was located at an elevation of 5,500 metres (18,000 ft), 11 km south of the Spanggur Gap, on the same ridge line as Rezang La.[10] Rezang La had the drawback that an intervening feature blocked artillery operation, so that the Indian infantry had to do without artillery cover.[11]
The Indian side was led by Major Shaitan Singh,[12] who perished in battle and posthumously won India's highest military decoration, the Param Vir Chakra, for his actions.[13][14][11]
The Chinese employed human wave tactics, sending up to eight waves against the Indian troop positions.[15][16][17] Eventually, the Indian position was overrun, and Indian troops were forced to withdraw to high mountain positions. After the conclusion of battle, their valor was recognized by the Chinese, who had covered the bodies of the Indian soldiers with blankets and even placed bayonets over them so that the make-shift covers do not fly off. This mark of respect is exceptional and atypical of practices of that time.[4]
Both sides took overwhelming casualties, though both countries disagree over how many were killed. It is generally accepted 114 Indian soldiers out of a total of 120 lost their lives.[18][19] However, Indian sources claim upwards of 1,300 Chinese troops were killed in Rezang La alone, while Chinese sources claim only 722 died in the entire war. This reflects the disagreement over the Sino-Indian War as a whole, as Chinese sources claim upwards of 4,500 Indians died, whereas Indian sources claim only 1,383.[19][20][21]
Upon successfully overrunning the mountain and reaching their claim line, the Chinese declared a ceasefire. Indian troops were ordered to withdraw from the area, marking the end of the war in Aksai Chin.[4]
2020 border standoff
editDuring border standoff in summer, the Indian Army deployed troops along the Line of Actual Control south of the Pangong Tso, including at Rezang La and Rechin La. This was said to give them a commanding view of the Spanggur Gap and China's "Moldo sector" (the deployments around the Spanggur Lake).[22]
War memorials
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Rezang La War Memorial(Ahir Dham)
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The inscription on the War Memorial at Chushul, Ladakh raised by the Indian Army in memory of the soldiers who died in the Battle of Rezang La, reads as below.[23][24] The first four lines are quoted from Horatius, a poem by Thomas Babington Macaulay, member of the Governor-General of India's Supreme Council from 1834 to 1838[25]
How can a man die better,
Than facing fearful odds,
For the ashes of his fathers,
And the temples of his gods.
To the sacred memory of
the heroes of Rezang-La
114 martyrs of 13 Kumaon
who fought
to the last man last round
against hordes of Chinese
on
18 November 1962.
Built by all ranks
13th Battalion the Kumaon Regiment.
Major-General Ian Cardozo writes in his book Param Vir, Our Heroes in Battle:
When Rezang La was later revisited dead jawans were found in the trenches still holding on to their weapons... every single man of this company was found dead in his trench with several bullets or splinter wounds. The 2-inch mortar man died with a bomb still in his hand. The medical orderly had a syringe and bandage in his hands when the Chinese bullet hit him... Of the thousand mortar bombs with the defenders, all but seven had been fired and the rest were ready to be fired when the (mortar) section was overrun.
General T.N. Raina lauded:[26]
You rarely come across such example in the annals of world military history when braving such heavy odds, the men fought till the last bullet and the last man. Certainly, the Battle of Rezang La is such a shining example.
Rezang La War Memorial at Rewari
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General K S Thimayya wished for a memorial to be built in Ahirwal region of Haryana in the memory of soldiers who were mostly from this area. He felt generations to come would seek inspiration from the immense courage and valour of their forefathers.[26] Consequently, another Rezang La war memorial was constructed by Rezangla Shaurya Samiti inside Rezang La Park near Dharuhera Chowk in Rewari city in Ahirwal region. Annual memorial function is held by the Samiti in collaboration with district administration, the Kumaon Regiment and family members of those who died at Rezang La also participate. In every special and cultural events in Delhi-NCR and Rewari the two "bravest soldiers", Capt. Ram Chander Singh and Hav Nihal Singh, Sena Medal, will be chief guests as they tell the story of rajangla On 24 February 2023, they were the chief guests on Rao Bal Kishan Shaurya Diwas. They also unveiled the portrait of "Rao Bal Kishan".[27]
Transport
editNational Highway 3 is the closest NH for this location. One can reach to via Loma Bridge/Loma ITBP Check Post and Mahe Bridge. Both built over Indus river. Distance is 170 km. It meets to Miru, where proposed Bhanupli–Leh line will connect.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Note given by the Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi, to the Embassy of China in India, 26 July 1963. "The location of Rezang La (E 78° 51' 10" N 33° 25' 30" [33°25′30″N 78°51′10″E / 33.42500°N 78.85278°E]) is well known... "
- ^ a b "Zhōng yìn tǎnkè yí zài bān gōng hú yǐ nán rè qīn shānkǒu duìzhì xiāngjù jǐn shǔ mǐ" 中印坦克疑在班公湖以南热钦山口对峙 相距仅数米 [Chinese and Indian tanks are suspected to be facing off at Rechin Pass, south of Pangong Lake, just a few meters apart], Sina Military News, 11 January 2021
- ^ a b Lt. Gen. H. S. Panag, India sits on Black Top with Helmet under its boots, The Print, 9 September 2020. See "Map 1 – Kailash Range Chushul Sector".
- ^ a b c "BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR Volume 3(3)". 9 February 2001. Archived from the original on 9 February 2001. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
- ^ Brig Chitranjan Sawant (2021). Living Life Loving Life. Prabhat Prakashan. pp. 150–151. ISBN 9788184303995.
- ^ Bisht, Rachna (2014). The Brave Param Vir Chakra Stories. Penguin Books Limited. p. all. ISBN 9789351188056. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
- ^ Arora, Dr. N. D. (2017). Political Science for Civil Services Mains. McGraw-Hill Education. p. all. ISBN 9789352604906. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
- ^ "The Battle of Rezang la".
- ^ "Micro review: 'The Battle of Rezang La' by Kulpreet Yadav". The Times of India.
- ^ Sinha & Athale 1992, p. 334.
- ^ a b Mohan Guruswamy (20 November 2012). "Don't forget the heroes of Rezang La". The Hindu.
- ^ Raj, Neha (1 December 2023). "Remembering Major Shaitan Singh Bhati: The Hero of Rezang La". PUNE.NEWS. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- ^ Press Information Bureau, Government of India (7 January 2007). "Remembering Rezang La heroes". Sainik samachar.
- ^ Col Dilbag Dabas (Retd) (15 December 2018). "Heroes of Rezang La 1962". The Tribune.
- ^ "Soldier who won respect of enemy; tale of Rezang La 1962 battle". TOI. 30 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- ^ "The 1962 War at Rezang La: A Story of Raw Courage and Spirit". Quint. 21 November 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- ^ "Rezang La, 1962: When 120 Indian soldiers fought to the end & wiped out over 1,000 Chinese troops". Print. 22 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- ^ Gen Dalbir Singh (20 November 2014). "Coas Paid Homage to Heroes of Battle of Rezangla". Indian Army.
- ^ a b Shekhar Gupta (30 October 2012). "'Nobody believed we had killed so many Chinese at Rezang La. Our commander called me crazy and warned that I could be court-martialled'". The Indian Express.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Wortzelwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Feng, Cheng; Wortzel, Larry M. (2003). "PLA Operational Principles and Limited War". In Ryan, Mark A.; Finkelstein, David Michael; McDevitt, Michael A. (eds.). Chinese warfighting: The PLA experience since 1949. M. E. Sharpe. pp. 188–. ISBN 978-0-7656-1087-4. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
- ^ Manu Pubby, Chushul tense: Chinese troops within firing range of Indian soldiers, The Economic Times, 1 September 2020.
- ^ "Photograph of the memorial". bharat-rakshak.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2014.
- ^ "War Memorial of 13 Kumaon". Bharat Rakshak. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
- ^ Thomas Babbington Macaulay. "Lays of Ancient Rome". Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
- ^ a b Atul Yadav, "Injustice to Ahir martyrs of 1962 war", Tribune India, 18 November 1999.
- ^ "नांगल पठानी में मनाया वीर अमर शहीद राव बालकिशन का शहीदी दिवस | Martyrs Day of Veer Amar Shaheed Rao Balkishan celebrated in Nangal Pathani - Dainik Bhaskar". Retrieved 14 March 2023.
Bibliography
edit- Sinha, P.B.; Athale, A.A. (1992), History of the Conflict with China, 1962 (PDF), History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India