Psilosis (/saɪˈloʊsɪs/) is the sound change in which Greek lost the consonant sound /h/ during antiquity. The term comes from the Greek ψίλωσις psílōsis ("smoothing, thinning out")[1] and is related to the name of the smooth breathing (ψιλή psilḗ), the sign for the absence of initial /h/ in a word. Dialects that have lost /h/ are called psilotic.
The linguistic phenomenon is comparable to that of h-dropping in dialects of Modern English and to the development by which /h/ was lost in late Latin.
History
editThe loss of /h/ happened at different times in different dialects of Greek. The eastern Ionic dialects, the Aeolic dialect of Lesbos, as well as the Doric dialects of Crete and Elis, were already psilotic at the beginning of their written record.[2] In Attic, there was widespread variation in popular speech during the classical period,[3] but the formal standard language retained /h/. This variation continued into the Hellenistic Koine.[4]
Rough & Smooth Breathing Signs
editAlexandrine grammarians codified Greek orthography during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC and introduced, among other things, the signs for the rough ( ῾ ) and smooth ( ᾿ ) breathings, to make the distinction between words with and without initial /h/. However, they were evidently writing at a time when this distinction was no longer natively mastered by many speakers. By the late Roman and early Byzantine period, /h/ had been lost in all forms of the language.[5]
Orthography
editEta and heta
editThe loss of the /h/ is reflected in the development of the Greek alphabet by the change in the function of the letter eta (Η), which first served as the sign of /h/ ("heta") but then, in the psilotic dialects, was reused as the sign of the long vowel /ɛː/.
Rough and smooth breathing
editIn the polytonic orthography that started in the Hellenistic period of Ancient Greek, the original /h/ sound, where it used to occur, is represented by a diacritic ( ῾ ), called the rough breathing or spiritus asper. This sign is also conventionally used in analogy to the Attic usage when rendering texts from the Ionic dialect, which was already psilotic by the time the texts were written. For Aeolic texts, however, the convention is to mark all words as non-aspirated.[6]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ ψίλωσις. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
- ^ Woodard, Roger D. (2008). "Greek dialects". The ancient languages of Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 9780521684958.
- ^ Teodorsson, Sven T. (1974). The phonemic system of the Attic dialect 400–340 BC. Gotenburg.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Also: Teodorsson, Sven T. (1978). The phonology of Attic in the Hellenistic period. Gotenburg.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Teodorsson, Sven T. (1977). The phonology of Ptolemaic Koine. Gotenburg.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Horrocks, Geoffrey. Greek: A history of the language and its speakers. London: Longman. p. 171.
- ^ Colvin, Stephen (2007). A historical Greek reader: Mycenaean to the Koiné. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 27.
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