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Pandulf of Pisa

This article is about the cardinal and papal historian. For later twelfth-century cardinal sometimes confounded with him, see Pandolfo da Lucca.

Pandulf of Pisa[1] was a twelfth-century Italian cardinal, and biographer of several contemporary popes.[2] He was a native of Rome.[3] He was a nephew of Cardinal Hugo of Alatri.[4] Under Pope Paschal II, and probably with the patronage of his uncle, Pandulf held the post of ostiarius at the papal court. It is deduced from his detailed description of the election of Pope Gelasius II on 24 January 1118 that he was present.[5] On his coronation day, 10 March 1118, Pope Gelasius II elevated him to the rank of Lector and Exorcist.[6] Pope Calixtus II ordained him a subdeacon.[7]

On 2 September 1118, when Gelasius was about to flee from Rome, thanks to the violence of the Frangipani, he appointed Cardinal Hugo of Alatri to be Rector of Benevento (custodia Beneventanae urbis); his nephew Pandulf accompanied him (nobis Beneventum vergentibus).[8] Gelasius died in exile in France, at the monastery of Cluny, on 29 January 1119. His successor was Archbishop Guy de Bourgogne of Vienne, who took the name Calixtus II. He arrived in Rome on 3 June 1120,[9] and after some time summoned Hugo of Alatri from Benevento.[10] The pope and papal court visited Benevento from 8 August to 29 November, and Cardinal Hugo was among their number.[11]

It is believed that Pandulf took part in the 1124 papal election of 15 or 16 December, based on the richness of detail in his biography of Pope Honorius II.[12]

In the schism after 1130 Pandulf supported Anacletus II against Innocent II. Pope Anacletus named him cardinal-deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano; he signed bulls of Anacletus on 8 February 1131, 7 December 1134,[13] and 21 March 1137.[14] Pope Anacletus died on 25 January 1138, and therefore subscriptions of his Obedience ceased.[15] The schism itself continued for a few months, under antipope Victor IV, until Innocent II bribed the Pierleoni to change Obediences.[16] Bernard of Clairvaux worked for several weeks to persuade Roger of Sicily and the Anacletan cardinals to submit, with eventual success.[17] To induce the Anacletan cardinals, including presumably Pandulf, Innocent II promised that he would not deprive them of their offices or diminish their incomes.[18] Innocent reneged on his promise at the Second Lateran Council in 1139, both depriving and excommunicating them all.[19]

Pandulf was the author of four papal biographies: Paschal II, Gelasius II, Callistus II and Honorius II.[20] Those biographies were incorporated into the compilation called the Liber Pontificalis.[21] Other biographies attributed to him were published in the Rerum Italicarum scriptores by Ludovico Antonio Muratori;[22] some of those attributions have been changed.

According to Ian Stuart Robinson,[23] Pandulf's biography of Gelasius II is inaccurate in electoral details, and had a polemic purpose relating to the schism of 1130.[24] Pandulf is thought to have been a friend of Gelasius.

Notes and references

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  1. ^ Pandolfo of Pisa, Pandolfo Pisano, Pandulfus of Pisa, Pandulfus Pisanus, Pandulfus Aletrinus, Pandulphus Pisanus, Pandulphus Aletrinus. Pandulf was not from Pisa; this was an old confusion with the cardinal Pandulf of XII Apostolorum (c. 1140–1210), and with Pandolfo Masca. Anzoise, "Pandolfo da Alatri."
  2. ^ Gelasius II, Calixtus II, and Honorius II; known as De Vitis Pontificum"List of all Chronicles". Archived from the original on 2006-09-17. Retrieved 2007-06-18.. Vita del pontefice Gelasio II (1802) was an Italian translation by Constantio Gaetani.
  3. ^ Zenker, p. 145. Brixius, pp. 48, 97. Cf. Anzoise, "Pandolfo da Alatri.": "He was probably a native of Alatri like his uncle Ugo, the cardinal presbyter of the XII Apostles (1116-1121/1122), but nothing is known of his life before he arrived in Rome following his uncle, perhaps already during the pontificate of Urban II, as hypothesized by Přerovský (Liber Pontificalis, 1978)."
  4. ^ Rudolf Hüls (1977), Kardinal, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130 (in German), Tübingen: Max Niemeyer 1977, pp. 151-152.
  5. ^ Anzoise, "Pandolfo da Alatri.": "Pandolfo was then certainly present at the election of Gelasius II (24 January 1118), as evidenced by the detailed description he makes of the event in the biography of the pontiff."
  6. ^ Zenker, p. 145, quoting Pandulf's "Life of Gelasius II", in: Watterich, p. 99. On the same day Pietro Rufo was made a cardinal, and many others were ordained into minor orders.
  7. ^ Zenker, p. 146, citing Pandulf's "Life of Gelasius II", in: Watterich, p. 117.
  8. ^ Watterich II, p. 102.
  9. ^ Jaffé, p. 795.
  10. ^ Watterich II, p. 116. Anzoise, "Pandolfo da Alatri.", states that Pandulfus had left Benevento some time before, though without evidence.
  11. ^ Hüls, p. 151. He subscribes documents there from 8 August through October. In 1121, Hugo served as papal legate to arrange a peace between Roger of Sicily and William of Apulia; he died shortly thereafter: Watterich II, p. 116. Anzoise, "Pandolfo da Alatri.": "All’ultimo scorcio del 1121 o al 1122 dovrebbe datarsi la morte dello zio di Pandolfo, il cardinale Ugo dei XII Apostoli, evento ricordato con tristezza nella biografia di Callisto II."
  12. ^ Watterich II, pp. 157-158. Anzoise, "Pandolfo da Alatri.": "Ancora una volta, i ricchi particolari narrati nella biografia di Onorio II lasciano intendere che Pandolfo assisté alla contrastata elezione di Onorio II (15-16 dicembre 1124)."
  13. ^ P. Kehr, "Papsturkunden in Apulien," Nachrichten von der Königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen phil.-hist. Klasse (Göttingen 1898), pp. 274-276, no. 9: "Ego Pandulfus diaconus cardinalis sanctorum Cosme et Damiani ss".
  14. ^ J.M. Brixius, Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181, Berlin 1912, p. 48-49 no. 13. The year date of the last bull is uncertain.
  15. ^ Jaffé, p. 919.
  16. ^ Falco of Benevento, "Cronica Beneventana", in: Watterich II, p. 246: " Sed Dei misericordia auxiliante, haeresis illa, et invasio pauco tempore regnavit. Diebus autem non multis evolutis, fratres praedicti Anacleti, tantam cognoscentes turbationem, in se reversi, Domino favente, cum praedicto domino Innocentio papa pacis firmamentum composuerunt, et ipsi, et omnes ejus adversarii ad ejus fidelitatem conversi sunt, et sceleratus ille, qui sub Victoris nomine apparuit, vestem et mitram deposuit, et ad voluntatem pontificis Innocentii pervenit. Sicque gaudio magno et gloria exsultationis tota Romana civitas exsultavit, et pontifex ipse Innocentius ad unitatem Ecclesiae et concordiam, auxiliante Domino, perducitur."
  17. ^ Acta Sanctorum Augusti Tomus IV, pp. 164-165: "Abbas Sanctus Bernardus ipsum Petrum Pisanum Papae Innocentio reconciliavit. Post triduum Petrus Leonis impoenitens moritur."
  18. ^ Peter the Deacon of Montecassino, "Chronicon Casiniense" IV, 130: "Eo etiam tempore Petrus filius Petri Leonis himanis rebus exemptus, diem clausit extremum, et in loco illius fautores ejus Gregorium cardinalem tituli Apostolorum sibi praeficientes, Victorem appellari decernunt. Innocentius autem immensa in filios Petri Leonis et in his qui eis adhaerebant pecunia profligata, illos ad suam partem attraxit, sicque cardinales qui jam dicto filio Petri Leonis communicaverant, omni auxilio destituti, Innocentii vestigiis advolvuntur: sacramento a parte illius prius accepto, ne illos officio privaret, ne bonis diminueret."
  19. ^ Ferdinand Gregorovius, History of Rome in the Middle Ages, Volume IV. 2 second edition, revised (London: George Bell, 1896), pp. 439-442. J. P. Adams, "Sede Vacante 1138 (Roman Obedience)," (California State University Northridge 2011); retrieved: 28 September 2021.
  20. ^ Anzoise, "Pandolfo da Alatri.".
  21. ^ Johann Peter Kirsch (1910), "Liber Pontificalis." The Catholic Encyclopedia; Vol. 9 (New York: Robert Appleton Company); retrieved: 27 September 2021.
  22. ^ L. A. Muratori (ed.), Rerum italicarum scriptores, Volume 3, Part 1 (Milan: Typografia Societatis Palatinae 1723).
  23. ^ Robinson, p. 63, arguing against H.-W. Klewitz and F.-J. Schmale.
  24. ^ Robinson, pp. 66-7 says the account of the election of Honorius aimed to blacken the reputation of the Frangipane family.

Bibliography

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  • Brixius, Johannes M. (1912). Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181 (in German), Berlin 1912, p. 48-49 no. 13.
  • Liber Pontificalis nella recensione di Pietro Guglielmo OSB e del card. Pandolfo glossato da Pietro Bohier OSB, vescovo di Orvieto. ed. U. Přerovský, Volume I (Roma: Vaticano 1978), pp. 113–129. (in Italian) (in Latin)
  • Robinson, I. S. (1990), The Papacy 1073-1198: Continuity and Innovation, Cambridge University Press 1990.
  • Zenker, Barbara (1964). Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130 bis 1159 (in German). Würzburg.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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  • Anzoise, Stefania (2015). "Pandolfo da Alatri." (in Italian) Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Volume 80 (2015). [speculative]
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