In psychoanalysis, the narcissism of small differences (German: der Narzissmus der kleinen Differenzen) is the idea that the more a relationship or community shares commonalities, the more likely the people in it are to engage in interpersonal feuds and mutual ridicule because of hypersensitivity to minor differences perceived in each other.[1] The term was coined by Sigmund Freud in 1917, based on the earlier work of English anthropologist Ernest Crawley. Crawley theorized that each individual is separated from others by a taboo of personal isolation, which is effectively a narcissism of minor differences.[2]
Usage
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The term appeared in Freud's Civilization and Its Discontents (1929–30) in relation to the application of the inborn aggression in man to ethnic (and other) conflicts, a process still considered by Freud, at that point, as a convenient and relatively harmless satisfaction of the inclination to aggression.[3] For Lacanians, the concept clearly related to the sphere of the Imaginary: the narcissism of small differences, which situates envy as the decisive element in issues that involve narcissistic image.[4] American psychiatrist Glen O. Gabbard has suggested that Freud's narcissism of small differences provides a framework to understand that in a loving relationship, there can be a need to find, and even exaggerate, differences in order to preserve a feeling of separateness and self.[5]
It has been pointed out that Jonathan Swift in his 1726 novel Gulliver's Travels described this phenomenon when writing about how two groups entered into a long and vicious war after they disagreed on which was the best end to break an egg.[6]
In terms of postmodernity, Clive Hazell argues that consumer culture has been seen as predicated on the narcissism of small differences to achieve a superficial sense of one's own uniqueness, an ersatz sense of otherness which is only a mask for an underlying uniformity and sameness.[7] The phenomenon has been portrayed by the British comedy group Monty Python in their satirical 1979 film Life of Brian,[8] by the comedian Emo Philips,[9] and by author Joan Didion in an essay (part of her 1968 book Slouching Towards Bethlehem) about Michael Laski, the founder of the Communist Party USA (Marxist–Leninist).[10]
In 2010, author Christopher Hitchens cited the phenomenon when talking about ethno-national conflicts.[11] "In numerous cases of apparently ethno-nationalist conflict, the deepest hatreds are manifested between people who—to most outward appearances—exhibit very few significant distinctions."
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Sigmund Freud, Civilization, Society and Religion (Penguin Freud Library 12), p. 131 and p. 305
- ^ Sigmund Freud, On Sexuality (Penguin Freud Library 7), 1991, p. 272
- ^ Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, p. 305
- ^ Roberto Harari, Lacan's Seminar on Anxiety: An Introduction (2001) p. 25
- ^ Gabbard, Glen O. M.D., On Hate in Love Relationships: The Narcissism of Minor Differences Revisited, Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 62:229–238
- ^ Fintan O’Toole Pathological narcissism stymies Fianna Fáil support for Fine Gael, The Irish Times, March 16, 2016
- ^ Clive Hazell, Alterity (2009) p. 97
- ^ Leopoldo Drago (22 April 2014). "Life of Brian – scene 3 – People's front of Judea". Archived from the original on 2021-12-21 – via YouTube.
- ^ Emo Philips (29 September 2005). "The best God joke ever - and it's mine!". The Guardian. London. Retrieved Dec 10, 2023.
- ^ Paul, Ari (2015-09-02). "Will Socialists Back Bernie? Definitely Maybe". The Observer. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
- ^ Hitchens, Christopher (2010-06-28). "The Narcissism of the Small Difference". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
Further reading
edit- An Interview With Freud Biographer Peter D. Kramer by Paul Comstock, April 3, 2007
- Group Psychology and Political Theory, By C. Fred. Alford, pages 40–42, Published 1994, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-05958-2
- Michael Ignatieff, "The Narcissism of Minor Difference," in The Warrior's Honor: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience, pages 34–71 Published 1997, Henry Holt and Co., ISBN 0-8050-5519-3
- Anton Blok, 'The Narcissism of Minor Differences' in Honor and Violence (Cambridge 2001) 115-131