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Naled

For the form of ice, see Aufeis.

Naled (Dibrom) is an organophosphate insecticide.[3][4] Its chemical name is dimethyl 1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethylphosphate.

Naled
Skeletal formula of Naled
Ball-and-stick model of the Naled molecule
Names
IUPAC name
Dimethyl-1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichlorethyl phosphate
Other names
Dibrom, 1,2-Dibromo-2,2-dichloroethyl dimethyl phosphate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
2049930
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.005.545 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 206-098-3
KEGG
RTECS number
  • TB9450000
UNII
UN number 3018 2783
  • InChI=1S/C4H7Br2Cl2O4P/c1-10-13(9,11-2)12-3(5)4(6,7)8/h3H,1-2H3
    Key: BUYMVQAILCEWRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • InChI=1/C4H7Br2Cl2O4P/c1-10-13(9,11-2)12-3(5)4(6,7)8/h3H,1-2H3
    Key: BUYMVQAILCEWRR-UHFFFAOYAA
  • COP(=O)(OC)OC(C(Cl)(Cl)Br)Br
Properties
C4H7O4PBr2Cl2[1]
Molar mass 380.8 g/mol[1]
Appearance Colorless to white solid or straw-colored liquid[1]
Density 1.96 g/mL (25°C)[1]
Melting point 27 °C; 80 °F; 300 K[1]
Boiling point decomposes[1]
Vapor pressure 0.0002 mmHg (20°C)[1]
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS07: Exclamation markGHS09: Environmental hazard
Warning
H302, H312, H315, H319, H400
P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P391, P501
Flash point noncombustible[1]
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
156 mg/kg (inhaled, mouse)
222 mg/kg (oral, mouse)
160 mg/kg (oral, rat)
430 mg/kg (oral, mammal)
250 mg/kg (oral, rat)
330 mg/kg (oral, mouse)[2]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 TWA 3 mg/m3 [skin][1]
REL (Recommended)
 TWA 3 mg/m3 [skin][1]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 200 mg/m3[1]
Safety data sheet (SDS) MSDS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Naled is stable in anhydrous condition and must be stored away from light. It must also be stored under normal pressure and temperatures. It degrades in the presence of water and alkali, and produces toxic chloride fumes if exposed to acids or acidic fumes. Contact with metals, reducing agents, or sulfhydryls cause naled to release bromide and revert to dichlorvos.[4]

Uses

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Naled is used primarily to control adult mosquitos. It is also registered to control black flies, and leaf eating insects on a variety of fruits, vegetables, and nuts. Approximately 70% of naled in USA is used in mosquito control, and approximately 30% in agriculture.[5] Naled has also been used in veterinary medicine to kill parasitic worms in dogs.

It has been used extensively within the United States since the 1950s. Naled was used in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina, in North Carolina after Hurricane Florence (2018),[6] and has been used historically in Puerto Rico to control dengue.[7][8]

Toxicity

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The Environmental Protection Agency has determined that exposure levels from eating crops treated with Naled are below the level of concern.[5] With higher exposures, however, naled can cause cholinesterase inhibition in humans, which in turn can overstimulate the nervous system causing nausea, dizziness, confusion, and at very high exposures, respiratory paralysis and death.[5] It has the UN hazard classification of 6.1 (inhalation hazard) and is prohibited for use as an insecticide within the EU.[9][10]

Naled may cross the placenta if it is in the bloodstream of a mammal.[4] Repeated exposures may also cause future behavioral problems,[11][12] as well as issues with neurodevelopment, growth, and respiratory health in offspring.[12] Chronic exposure to dichlorvos, a metabolite of naled,[4][13][12] has also been linked to neurological issues, such as Parkinson's disease and nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration.[14] Persons who work closely with naled or other organophosphate pesticides should undergo regular testing of their cholinesterase levels.[4]

EPA classifies naled as Group E or non-carcinogenic for humans.[7] Neither naled nor its metabolite, dichlorvos, build up in breast milk or breast tissue.[7]

In a 2017 general-population study of the chemical, University of Michigan researchers found that children in China who had the highest prenatal exposure to naled had, at age 9 months, 3% to 4% lower scores on tests of their fine motor skills, compared with those with the lowest exposure.[15]

Ecological effects

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Naled is considered highly toxic to bees,[7][16] as well as being moderately to highly toxic to birds and toxic to most aquatic life. Naled is also toxic to butterflies at amounts typically used to control mosquitoes.[17][18] The mule deer is among those most resistant to its effects.[4][13] Naled is banned in the European Union because of concerns about the toxicity.

2015–16 Zika virus epidemic

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Aerial spraying of naled has been recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and United States Environmental Protection Agency[19][20] for the prevention of the spread of the Zika virus in the United States.[7] Experts at both the CDC and EPA, as well as independent universities, have argued that naled is safer than other chemicals and should not cause significant health issues due to the low level of exposure.[7][19]

The federal government had considered using the chemical in Puerto Rico to stop the spread of Zika, but decided against it due to the potential danger to pregnant women.[21] Its proposed use against Zika led to protests in Puerto Rico.[11][20]

Miami is using specialized trucks to spray naled and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (BTI).[7][11] Governor Rick Scott said that the CDC recommended using helicopters to spray the insecticides, but some people in Miami[20] and Miami Beach are opposed to aerial spraying.[11]

Spraying of naled in Dorchester County, South Carolina purportedly led to the deaths of 3 million honeybees[16][22] and increased criticism by beekeepers.[19] Beekeepers in the county complained that they had not been notified of spraying before it happened.[16] Juanita Stanley, a beekeeper and co-owner of Flowerton Bee Farm and Supply, told CNN, "Now, I'm going to have to destroy my hives, the honey, all my equipment. It's all contaminated."[22] Jennifer Holmes, vice-president of the Florida State Beekeepers Association, compared the loss of bees to other forms of agriculture, saying, "If there was a regulation that allowed some spraying that would kill half of your livestock overnight, how would you recover?" She went on to say that "we understand the serious threat of possible disease, but we also have to maintain our agricultural livelihood.”[19]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0225". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  2. ^ "Dimethyl-1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichlorethyl phosphate (Naled)". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 4 December 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  3. ^ "Naled Facts". Pesticides Reregistration. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Naled". Extoxnet. Cornell University. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
  5. ^ a b c Naled Facts. (PDF) Environmental Protection Agency – USA. January 2002.
  6. ^ "Aerial Spraying for Mosquitos". Johnston County North Carolina. Johnston County Government. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g "Zika Virus". 2014-11-05. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
  8. ^ "Naled for Mosquito Control". Environmental Protection Agency. 2016-07-05.
  9. ^ "Active substance non-approval/non-inclusion decisions – Biocides – HSE". www.hse.gov.uk. Bootle, England: Health and Safety Executive.
  10. ^ "CDC – NALED – International Chemical Safety Cards – NIOSH". www.cdc.gov. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  11. ^ a b c d "Miami Beach wary of spraying Zika chemical that can "essentially kill anything"". CBS News. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
  12. ^ a b c Lee, Sharon; McLaughlin, Robert; Harnly, Martha; Gunier, Robert; Kreutzer, Richard (December 2002). "Community Exposures to Airborne Agricultural Pesticides in California: Ranking of Inhalation Risks". Environmental Health Perspectives. 110 (2): 1175–84. doi:10.1289/ehp.021101175. PMC 1241103. PMID 12460795.
  13. ^ a b "naled (Dibrom) Chemical Fact Sheet 6/83". pmep.cce.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2016-09-07. Naled degrades fairly rapidly with half-lifes of <=8 hours in soils and <=25 hours in aqueous solutions. Dichlorvos (DDVP), a metabolite of naled, is also rapidly degraded in soil with half-lifes of 2.3 - 8.0 hours. Naled exhibits low to intermediate mobility in soils, whereas dichlorvos is intermediately mobile to mobile.
  14. ^ BK, Binukumar; Bal, Amanjit; Kandimalla, Ramesh JL; Gill, Kiran Dip (2010-11-13). "Nigrostriatal neuronal death following chronic dichlorvos exposure: crosstalk between mitochondrial impairments, α synuclein aggregation, oxidative damage and behavioral changes". Molecular Brain. 3: 35. doi:10.1186/1756-6606-3-35. ISSN 1756-6606. PMC 2996378. PMID 21073741.
  15. ^ "Study links mosquito spray to delayed motor skills in babies". www.cnn.com. CNN.
  16. ^ a b c "'Like it's been nuked': Millions of bees dead after South Carolina sprays for Zika mosquitoes". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
  17. ^ Staletovich, Jenny (15 July 2015). "Mosquito spraying in South Florida scaled back to protect rare butterflies". Miami Herald. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  18. ^ Hoang, Tham C.; Rand, Gary M. (February 2015). "Acute toxicity and risk assessment of permethrin, naled, and dichlorvos to larval butterflies via ingestion of contaminated foliage". Chemosphere. 120: 714–721. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.040.
  19. ^ a b c d Yuhas, Alan (2016-09-04). "US beekeepers fear for livelihoods as anti-Zika toxin kills 2.5m bees". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
  20. ^ a b c "Florida to begin aerial spraying of insecticides to control Zika". Reuters. 2016-08-03. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
  21. ^ Barron-Lopez, Laura (2016-07-23). "The Feds Almost Used A Pesticide That's Harmful To Pregnant Women To Combat Zika In Puerto Rico". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
  22. ^ a b LaMotte, Sandee. "Zika spraying kills millions of honeybees". CNN. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
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