Morning is the period from sunrise to noon. It is preceded by the twilight period of dawn. There are no exact times for when morning begins (also true of evening and night) because it can vary according to one's lifestyle, latitude, and the hours of daylight at each time of year.[1] However, morning strictly ends at noon, when afternoon starts.
Morning precedes afternoon, evening, and night in the sequence of a day. Originally, the term referred to sunrise.[2]
Etymology
editThe Modern English words "morning" and "tomorrow" began in Middle English as morwening, developing into morwen, then morwe, and eventually morrow. English, unlike some other languages, has separate terms for "morning" and "tomorrow", despite their common root. Other languages, like Dutch, Scots and German, may use a single word – morgen – to signify both "morning" and "tomorrow".[3][4]
Significance
editCultural implications
editMorning prayer is a common practice in several religions. The morning period includes specific phases of the Liturgy of the Hours of Christianity.
Some languages that use the time of day in greeting have a special greeting for morning, such as the English good morning. The appropriate time to use such greetings, such as whether it may be used between midnight and dawn, depends on the culture's or speaker's concept of morning.[5] The use of 'good morning' is ambiguous, usually depending on when the person woke up. As a general rule, the greeting is normally used from 3:00 a.m. to around noon.
Many people greet someone with the shortened 'morning' rather than 'good morning'. It is used as a greeting, never a farewell, unlike 'good night' which is used as the latter. To show respect, one can add the addressee's last name after the salutation: Good morning, Mr. Smith.
For some, the word morning may refer to the period immediately following waking up, irrespective of the current time of day. This modern sense of morning is due largely to the worldwide spread of electricity, and the independence from natural light sources.[6]
Astronomy
edit
When a star first appears in the east just prior to sunrise, it is referred to as a heliacal rising.[7] Despite the less favorable lighting conditions for optical astronomy, dawn and morning can be useful for observing objects orbiting close to the Sun. Morning (and evening) serves as the optimum time period for viewing the inferior planets Venus and Mercury.[8] Venus and sometimes Mercury may be referred to as a morning star when they appear in the east prior to sunrise. It is a popular time to hunt for comets, as their tails grow more prominent as these objects draw closer to the Sun.[9] The morning (and evening) twilight is used to search for near-Earth asteroids that orbit inside the orbit of the Earth.[10] In mid-latitudes, the mornings near the autumnal equinox are a favorable time period for viewing the zodiacal light.[11]
Genetics
editFor people, the morning period may be a period of enhanced or reduced energy and productivity. The ability of a person to wake up effectively in the morning may be influenced by a gene called "Period 3". This gene comes in two forms, a "long" and a "short" variant. It seems to affect the person's preference for mornings or evenings. People who carry the long variant were over-represented as morning people, while the ones carrying the short variant were evening preference people.[12]
See also
edit- Crepuscular – animals that are active primarily in the early morning and the evening
- Morning Glory cloud – a low roll cloud that typically forms in the morning
References
edit- ^ Learner's Dictionary
- ^ Online Etymology Dictionary
- ^ Origin of the phrase "Good Morning Archived 2012-02-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Etymology of the word "morning"
- ^ "Definition of good morning | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 2019-12-31.
- ^ "Why some of us are early risers". BBC News. London. 2003-06-17. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
- ^ Schaefer, Bradley E. (1987). "Heliacal Rise Phenomena". Journal for the History of Astronomy, Archaeoastronomy Supplement. 18 (11): S19. Bibcode:1987JHAS...18...19S. doi:10.1177/002182868701801103.
- ^ Grego, Peter (2008). "Recording Mercury and Venus". Venus and Mercury, and How to Observe Them. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. New York, NY.: Springer. pp. 177–206. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74286-1_5. ISBN 978-0-387-74285-4.
- ^ Marsden, B. G. (1994). Milani, Andrea; Di Martino, Michel; Cellino, A. (eds.). Search Programs for Comets. Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1993: Proceedings of the 160th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, held in Belgirate, Italy, June 14-18, 1993. International Astronomical Union. Symposium no. 160. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 1. Bibcode:1994IAUS..160....1M.
- ^ Ye, Quanzhi; et al. (February 2020). "A Twilight Search for Atiras, Vatiras, and Co-orbital Asteroids: Preliminary Results". The Astronomical Journal. 159 (2): 70. arXiv:1912.06109. Bibcode:2020AJ....159...70Y. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab629c. 70.
- ^ Cladera, Antoni. "Zodiacal Light: The Definitive Photography Guide". photopills.com. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
- ^ Gene determines sleep patterns
