Loy Wesley Henderson (June 28, 1892 – March 24, 1986) was a United States Foreign Service Officer and diplomat.
Loy W. Henderson | |
|---|---|
 | |
| United States Ambassador to Iran | |
| In office September 29, 1951 – December 30, 1954 | |
| President | Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| Preceded by | Henry F. Grady |
| Succeeded by | Selden Chapin |
| United States Ambassador to India | |
| In office November 19, 1948 – September 21, 1951 | |
| President | Harry S. Truman |
| Preceded by | Henry F. Grady |
| Succeeded by | Chester Bowles |
| United States Minister to Iraq | |
| In office November 20, 1943 – April 7, 1945 | |
| President | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Preceded by | Thomas M. Wilson |
| Succeeded by | George Wadsworth II |
| Personal details | |
| Born | June 28, 1892 Rogers, Arkansas, U.S. |
| Died | March 24, 1986 (aged 93) Bethesda, Maryland |
| Awards |  President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service (1958) |
Background
editLoy Wesley Henderson was born on June 28, 1892, in Rogers, Arkansas, to a poor Methodist preacher. He attended college in a small town in Kansas before transferring to Northwestern University.
Career
editEarly career
editAn arm injury prevented Henderson from fighting in World War I, so he served as a Red Cross volunteer instead.[1]
In 1922, Henderson joined the United States Foreign Service.[2]
Eastern Europe and USSR
editAfter an initial consular tour in Ireland, Henderson began a 24-year focus on Soviet and Eastern European Affairs. He then investigated the connection between the Soviet Comintern and left wing organizations in the United States while serving in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia.[citation needed]
In 1933, the Roosevelt Administration extended diplomatic recognition to the Soviet Union and Henderson was assigned to Russia to help reopen the U.S. Embassy in Moscow. Aiding him in this task were fellow junior officers George F. Kennan and Charles Bohlen, who along with Henderson would later be considered the Department's top Soviet specialists. In 1935, the Kremlin broke its pledge not to interfere in U. S. domestic politics. In response, Ambassador Bullitt returned to Washington in disgust, leaving Henderson for a time as chargé d'affaires in Moscow. As chargé, Henderson warned Washington that the Soviet Union was likely to cooperate with Nazi Germany. Four years later, Moscow signed the Soviet-German Non-aggression Pact of 1939. Henderson was one of the contributors to the Welles declaration of 1940, which established US non recognition policy of Baltic states occupation by Soviet Union.[citation needed]
Henderson deeply distrusted the Kremlin and was at odds with the enthusiasm most Americans—and President Roosevelt—had in early 1942 for their new Soviet wartime allies. On the occasion of the third anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, however, he submitted in a memorandum as Chargé in the Soviet Union to the Secretary of State, Cordell Hull, dated November 16, 1936, a description of the failure of the last years giving a lot place to the arguments of the Soviet side to raise a better understanding.[3] Nevertheless Eleanor Roosevelt and other Soviet sympathizers in the White House pressured the State Department to transfer Henderson out of the Soviet section. As a result, Henderson was sent to Baghdad as the U.S. ambassador to Iraq.[4] "A man of the highest character, absolutely incorruptible....Overruled time after time, he asked in 1943 to be relieved of his duties as chief of the division".[5]
Near Eastern Affairs
editIn between serving as U.S. Minister in Iraq (1943–45), Ambassador to India (1948–51) and Ambassador to Iran (1951–54),[6] Henderson returned to Washington in 1945 to serve at the State Department as the director of the Office of Near Eastern Affairs.[citation needed]
In 1945, Syrians in Damascus led an uprising against French rule. In response, French forces bombed Damascus. Henderson, as head of Near Eastern Affairs, advised President Harry Truman to force the French to withdraw. Henderson argued that the French bombing undermined not only the newly created United Nations but also the West's relations with the Arab world. Henderson correctly predicted that if the West did not maintain close relations with Syria, it would fall into the Soviet sphere.[citation needed]
In early 1946, Soviet troops advanced south to the outskirts of Tabriz in northwestern Iran, sparking an early Cold War stand-off known as the Iran crisis. Henderson showed the Truman administration how such movements threatened Turkey, Iraq, and the Iranian oil fields. Following Henderson's advice, Truman issued a stern warning to Stalin. Stalin thereafter pulled back his troops.[7]
Henderson came under fierce criticism from San Francisco attorney Bartley Crum, who had served on the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry formed to examine political, economic and social conditions in Mandatory Palestine and to make recommendations for both short-term and long-term solutions to problems in the region. Crum named Henderson as a symbol of State Department duplicity in supporting the Arab cause in Palestine.[8]
In late 1946, the Kremlin attempted to bully Ankara into ceding territory in eastern Turkey and control of the Dardanelles, which would have given Moscow its long-desired warm water port. Henderson, with Acting Secretary of State Dean Acheson, convinced Truman to express support for Turkey and to dispatch navy units to the eastern Mediterranean. In response, the Soviets withdrew some of their demands.[citation needed]
In 1947, the British embassy in Washington informed Henderson that the United Kingdom was no longer able to bolster the pro-Western forces against the Communist agitators in the Greek Civil War. Once again, Henderson convinced Truman to actively defend Western interests in the Mediterranean against Soviet encroachment. Henderson designed the Truman Doctrine plans to strengthen Greece and Turkey, an early move which would influence U.S. containment policy for decades to come.[citation needed]
In 1948, Henderson clashed with domestic groups lobbying for the creation of the state of Israel. Secretary of State George C. Marshall and Henderson, speaking for the Department of State, opposed the United Nations resolution dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, as they felt Israel would not be able to defend itself and would ruin Washington's relationships with the Arab world; their view was that the area should remain a trust under the UN. On the other side, Presidential advisors such as David Niles and Clark Clifford, along with American Jewish groups and much of the general public, favored the partition of Palestine into the State of Israel and an Arab state. Henderson was harshly criticized for his opposition to the creation of Israel. His views did not prevail in 1948 and his transfer to the ambassadorship for India was rumored by his supporters to have been the result of political pressure from the pro-Zionist groups.[9] In 1954, he was appointed as Assistant Secretary of State for Administration.[10]
Henderson returned to the Middle East in 1951 as Ambassador to Iran. There he dealt with the newly elected prime minister, Mohammed Mossadegh, on questions associated with Iran's oil reserves previously owned by British interests that Mossadegh had recently nationalized. The United States was opposed to the nationalization,[11] and he helped orchestrate the 1953 CIA-assisted coup which removed Mossadegh, a democratically elected leader. In 1956, he was named a Career Ambassador.[12]
He retired in 1960 and spent seven years teaching International Relations at Washington, D.C.'s American University. His memoirs, entitled "A Question of Trust: the origins of U.S.-Soviet diplomatic relations" were published in 1986.[13]
Death
editHenderson died at 93 on March 24, 1986, in a Bethesda, Maryland, nursing home.[14]
Legacy
editA conference room in the State Department headquarters, the Harry S Truman Building, is named in his honor.[15]
Career summary
edit| Position | Host country or organization | Year |
|---|---|---|
| US Consular Service | Dublin, Ireland | 1922 to 1924 |
| US Foreign Service | Riga, Latvia | 1924 to 1927 |
| US Foreign Service | Kovno, Lithuania | 1927 to 1930 |
| US Foreign Service | Tallinn, Estonia | 1930 to 1933 |
| US Foreign Service | Moscow, Soviet Union | 1934 to 1938 |
| US Foreign Service | U.S.A., Eastern European Affairs Bureau | 1938 to 1943 |
| US Foreign Service | Moscow, Soviet Union | 1943 |
| U.S. Ambassador | Baghdad, Iraq | 1943 to 1945 |
| US Foreign Service | U.S.A., head of Near Eastern Affairs Bureau | 1945 to 1948 |
| U.S. Ambassador | New Delhi, India | 1948 to 1951 |
| U.S. Ambassador | Tehran, Iran | 1951 to 1954 |
| US Foreign Service | U.S.A., Deputy Under Secretary of State for Administration | 1955 to 1960 |
References
edit- ^ Brands, H. W. (1991). Inside the Cold War: Loy Henderson and the Rise of the American Empire, 1918–1961. London: Oxford University Press. p. 15. ISBN 0-19-506707-X.
- ^ Brands, H. W. (1991). Inside the Cold War: Loy Henderson and the Rise of the American Empire, 1918–1961. London: Oxford University Press. p. viii. ISBN 0-19-506707-X.
- ^ Office of the Historian. "Foreign Relations of the United States, The Soviet Union, 1933-1939". Department of State.
- ^ Kaplan, Robert (1995). The Arabists : The Romance of an American Elite. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-874023-8.
- ^ Bohlen, Charles E. (1973). Witness to History 1929–1969. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 125. ISBN 0-393-07476-5.
- ^ Office of the Historian. "Loy Wesley Henderson (1892–1986)". Department of State.
- ^ George Lenczowski, American Presidents and the Middle East, (1990), p. 7-13
- ^ Bosworth, Patricia (1997). Anything Your Little Heart Desires: An American Family Story. Simon and Schuster. pp. 167-201 (AACIP experience), 168 (Henderson), 171 (Henderson), 175 (Henderson), 177 (British surveillance), 183 (Vienna), 197 (Henderson), 200-201 (Henderson), 201 (American Christian Palestine Committee). Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ Harry S. Truman Library, Oral History Interview of Edwin M. Wright, July 26, 1974
- ^ Assistant Secretaries of State for Administration
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (2013). The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the roots of modern U.S.-Iranian relations. New York: The New Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-59558-826-5.
- ^ Career Ambassadors
- ^ "A Question of Trust"
- ^ Krebs, Albin (1986-03-26). "LOY W. HENDERSON IS DEAD; LONGTIME DIPLOMAT WAS 93". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
- ^ "6 FAM 1790 BUILDING, FACILITY, AND ROOM DESIGNATIONS". fam.state.gov. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
Further reading
edit- Brands, H. W. Inside the Cold War: Loy Henderson and the Rise of the American Empire, 1918–1961 (Oxford University Press, 1991).
- Henderson, Loy Wesley. A Question of Trust: The Origins of US-Soviet Diplomatic Relations: the Memoirs of Loy W. Henderson (Hoover Institution Press, 1986), a primary source online
- Jones, Kenneth Paul, ed. U.S. Diplomats in Europe, 1919–41 (ABC-CLIO. 1981) online on Henderson's role with USSR Europe, pp 149–164.
- Kuniholm, Bruce R. "Loy Henderson, Dean Acheson, and the Origins of the Truman Doctrine." in Dean Acheson and the Making of US Foreign Policy (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1993) pp. 73–108.
External links
edit- The Political Graveyard - Short summary of details.
- Loy W. Henderson: A Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress
- Oral history interviewfrom 1973 at the Harry S. Truman Library.
- Memoirs of Loy W. Henderson in the Library of Congress
- A brief biography by William N. Dale
- Loy W. Henderson at Find a Grave
