Louis Armand, Baron de Lahontan (9 June 1666 – prior to 1716) was a French artistocrat, writer, and explorer who served in the French military in Canada, where he traveled extensively in the Wisconsin and Minnesota region and the upper Mississippi Valley. Upon his return to Europe he wrote an enormously popular travelogue. In it he recounted his voyage up the "Long River," now thought to be the Missouri. He wrote at length and in very positive terms about Native American culture, portraying Indian people as free, rational, and generally admirable.
Louis-Armand de Lom d'Arce de Lahontan | |
|---|---|
| Born | 9 June 1666 |
| Died | Prior to 1716 |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation(s) | Soldier, explorer, writer |
Early life
editHe was born into the aristocracy and inherited the title Baron Lahontan upon his father's death in 1674. De Lahontan joined the troupes de la marine and was sent to New France in 1683 at age 17 along with two other officers and three companies of troops.[1] After arriving at Quebec in November and settling in Beaupré, he would lead his company in 1684 on an unsuccessful offense against the Iroquois from Fort Frontenac.[1]
Explorer
edit
Having already faced the reality of settler life in Beaupré, de Lahontan again led his men to Boucherville to live with local habitants between 1685 and 1687 – himself dividing his time between hunting and classical literature.[1] Just prior to a decision to return to France, Lahontan was ordered –at least in part because of his knowledge of the Algonkian language- to head a detachment of French and native troops towards Fort St. Joseph where he would launch another attack on the Iroquois.[2] He was a restless commander and spent much of his time exploring the region. In 1688 following news of the abandonment of the post at Niagara and renewed attacks of the Iroquois, he burned his fort and led his men to Michillimackinac in search of supplies and possibly entertainment for his men.[2] De Lahontan felt that without supplies from Niagara his dwindling stores would not be enough to last the winter. During the winter and spring months he explored the upper Mississippi valley where he ascended the “Rivière Longue”; some scholars consider this a fanciful tale, others argue that he had discovered the Missouri River.[3]
King William's War
editDuring King William's War, De Lahontan submitted several proposals for military fortification and equipment in New France such as a Great Lakes Flotilla for defense against the Iroquois[4] and a line of forts meant for defence along the western frontier,[2] both on behalf of Governor Frontenac in 1692. Further, he led a successful offense against five English frigates of Phipp's invasion fleet in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1690 under Frontenac. Though his proposal for a Great Lakes flotilla was ultimately rejected on the basis of cost, de Lahontan would be promoted to King's Lieutenant.
At Placentia, he defended the capital from a siege in 1692.[5] On 13 December 1692 following a conflict with the governor of Placentia (Newfoundland), Jacques-François de Monbeton de Brouillan, de Lahontan decided to abandon his office and New France altogether.
He deserted and took ship for Viana, Portugal. Deprived of his inheritance and unable to return to France, he eventually arrived in Amsterdam on 14 April.[6] During an unknown period of time in Saragossa, Spain, until at least 1696, de Lahontan recorded his memoirs for the English government explaining how and why they should take French controlled Canada.[6]
Author
editUpon return to Amsterdam in 1703 he published his three most famous works: Nouveaux Voyages dans l’Amerique Septentrionale, Memoires de l’Amerique Septentrionale, and Supplement aux Voyages ou Dialogues avec le sauvage Adario. Nouveaux Voyages dans l’Amerique Septentrionale provides a thorough and detailed account of de Lahontan's life and stay in New France, while Memoires de l’Amerique Septentrionale describes his observations of geography, institutions, commerce as well as information about native tribes. Finally, Supplement aux Voyages ou Dialogues avec le sauvage Adario lambasts institutional Christianity by means of a dialogue between de Lahontan and a Huron Chief named Adario (The Rat).[6] The author attempts to contrast the injustice of Christianity with the freedom and justice of native people. This book was fairly much read, and played a role in the growing demand for higher equality between rich and poor in France.
See also
edit
Links
edit- Lahontan, Baron (1703). New Voyages to North America. Vol. 1. London: H. Bonwicke et al.
- Lom d'Arce at the Canadian Museum of History: CV, animated map of his expedition to Saint-Louis; English or French
References
edit- ^ a b c Lanctôt, Gustave. The Oakes Collection. Ottawa: J.O. Patenaude, 1940. 11.
- ^ a b c Hayne, David M. (1979) [1969]. "Lom d'Arce de Lahontan, Louis-Armand de, Baron de Lahontan". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
- ^ Lanctôt, Gustave. The Oakes Collection. Ottawa: J.O. Patenaude, 1940. 13; Paul Mapp, The Elusive West and the Contest for Empire, 1713-1763. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 197
- ^ Lanctôt, Gustave. The Oakes Collection;. Ottawa: J.O. Patenaude, 1940. 15.
- ^ "New voyages to North-America. : Containing an account of the several nations of that vast continent; their customs, commerce, and way of navigation upon the lakes and rivers; the several attempts of the English and French to dispossess one another; with the reasons of the miscarriage of the former; and the various adventures between the French, and the Iroquese confederates of England, from 1683 to 1694. A geographical description of Canada, and a natural history of the country, with remarks upon their government, and the interest of the English and French in their commerce. Also a dialogue between the author and a general of the savages, giving a full view of the religion and strange opinions of those people; with an account of the authors retreat to Portugal and Denmark, and his remarks on those courts. To which is added, a dictionary of the Algonkine language, which is generally spoke in North-America. Illustrated with twenty three mapps and cutts". 1703.
- ^ a b c Lanctôt, Gustave. The Oakes Collection;. Ottawa: J.O. Patenaude, 1940. 17.