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LineageOS

LineageOS is an open source,[a] Android-based[c] operating system for smartphones, tablets, and set-top boxes. It is the successor to CyanogenMod, from which it was forked in December 2016, when Cyanogen Inc. announced it was discontinuing development and shut down the infrastructure behind the project.[7][8] Since Cyanogen Inc. retained the rights to the Cyanogen name, the project rebranded its fork as LineageOS.[9]

LineageOS
LineageOS 21 default home screen
DeveloperLineageOS open-source community
Written inC (core), C++ (some third party libraries), Java and Kotlin (UI)
OS familyAndroid (Linux)
Working stateActive
Source modelOpen source[a]
Latest releaseLineageOS 21[b] / 14 February 2024; 8 months ago (2024-02-14)[1]
Marketing targetOperating system replacement for Android devices
Available in
Languages list
Update methodOver-the-air (OTA), ROM flashing
Package managerAPK-based
Platformsarm, arm64, x86, x86-64
Kernel typeMonolithic (Linux)
LicenseApache 2[2] and other licenses[3]
Preceded byCyanogenMod CyanogenOS
Official websitewww.lineageos.org

LineageOS was officially launched on 23 December 2016, with the source code available on both GitHub and GitLab.[10][11] In March 2017, it reportedly had one million users with the OnePlus One being the most popular device.[12]

History

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CyanogenMod

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In 2009, CyanogenMod[d] was created by Stefanie Jane (Cyanogen).[e][citation needed]

In 2013, Jane obtained venture funding under the name Cyanogen Inc. to allow commercialization of the project.[13][14]

In 2016, as part of a corporate restructure which involved a change of CEO, closure of offices and projects, and cessation of services,[15] Jane either left or was forced out of Cyanogen Inc.[16][17]

LineageOS beginning

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The code itself, being open source, was forked around December 2016 under the new name LineageOS and efforts began to resume development as a community project.[8]

On January 22, 2017, the first official builds of LineageOS versions 14.1 and 13.0 became available, following the official announcement in a blog post.[18]

Starting in 2017, LineageOS posted recent development updates on their blog,[19] though this has been pretty much discontinued since 2020.

During August 2017 the LineageOS team held a Summer Survey[20] in which they asked users for feedback to improve the development of the operating system. The results were published[21] in October and, according to the team, they used the gathered data to improve the upcoming LineageOS 15 release.

As a response to one of the main suggestions received during their first public survey, LineageOS launched a section on their blog titled "LineageOS Engineering Blog" where Lineage maintainers and developers can contribute articles discussing advanced technical information pertaining to Android development.[22]

2018 April Fools' prank

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During the first week of April 2018, LineageOS released new builds with the "LOSGenuine" April Fool's prank that informed unaware users of the software possibly being counterfeit via a persistent notification (which could not be disabled unless the user ran the following command in a root shell): 

setprop persist.lineage.nofool true

When the notification was tapped, the software claimed that the device was "uncertified" and needed to mine "LOSCoins", which were a virtual currency and could not actually be spent. Affected builds also had a preinstalled "Wallet" app that showed the current balance of LOSCoins.[23]

Many users mistook the prank for actual malware, and others reportedly found it to be in "poor taste". It was especially criticized for being too "late" for an April Fool's joke, since many users didn't receive the update until days later, making the jest less obvious. On 10 April 2018, LineageOS team director ciwrl issued an official apology for the prank.[24][25]

2018-Present

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A second Summer Survey was conducted in August 2018.[26]

Builds were released on a weekly basis until November 12, 2018, when the release cycle for devices changed: the latest LineageOS branch is built daily, with devices receiving a "nightly" OTA update, while devices on the older branch were moved to a weekly release cycle.[27]

Starting on June 5, 2020, the latest LineageOS branch moved back to a weekly release cycle, as the server couldn't build all available supported devices in just one day, with some devices receiving updates later on the next day.[28]

On March 5 2024, LineageOS posted a blog to announce the deprecation of version 18.1 shortly after Google had ended security patches for Android 11.[29][30] A total of 52 devices were dropped and received a final build on that day.[31]

Version history

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See also: Android version history and CyanogenMod § History and development
Version AOSP version First build release date Last build release date Ref.
Old version, no longer maintained: 13.0 6.0.1
(Marshmallow) 		20 December 2016 as CM
22 January 2017 as LOS 		11 February 2018 [18][32]
Old version, no longer maintained: 14.1 7.1.2
(Nougat) 		9 November 2016 as CM
22 January 2017 as LOS 		24 February 2019 [18][33]
Old version, no longer maintained: 15.1 8.1.0
(Oreo) 		26 February 2018 28 February 2020 [34][35]
Old version, no longer maintained: 16.0 9.0.0
(Pie) 		1 March 2019 16 February 2021 [36][37]
Old version, no longer maintained: 17.1 10
(Quince Tart) 		1 April 2020 16 February 2022 [38][39]
Old version, no longer maintained: 18.1 11
(Red Velvet Cake) 		1 April 2021 5 March 2024 [40][29]
Old version, no longer maintained: 19.1 12.1
(Snow Cone) 		26 April 2022 12 November 2023 [41][42]
Old version, yet still maintained: 20 13
(Tiramisu) 		31 December 2022 (Current) [43]
Current stable version: 21 14
(Upside Down Cake) 		14 February 2024 (Current) [1]
Legend:
Old version, not maintained
Old version, still maintained
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release

Features

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Like its predecessor, CyanogenMod, LineageOS is perceived as free from unnecessary software often pre-installed by a phone's manufacturer or carrier that is considered to be bloatware.[44][45]

Development

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Like CyanogenMod, the LineageOS project is developed by many device-specific maintainers and uses Gerrit for its code review process. It also retained the old versioning format, where the major version number corresponds to the place in the alphabet of the first letter of the codename (and of the commercial name for Android versions prior to 10) (for example, Android 7.1, known as Android Nougat, is LineageOS 14.1). Prior to the official launch of LineageOS, many developers from XDA had already developed unofficial versions of LineageOS from the source code. All the released builds are signed with LineageOS' private keys.[18]

The wiki, containing information regarding installation, support, and development of LineageOS, is also open to contributions through Gerrit. Other Lineage platforms include Crowdin for managing translations, Gitlab Issues for bug tracking, and a stats page, which displays the number of active installations from users who opt in to report this statistic. There is also an IRC channel hosted on Libera.chat (#lineageos) and subreddit (r/lineageos).[46]

The XDA Developers forums have been used by members of the Lineage community since the software's inception. Many devices are left unsupported by official releases so community members develop their own unofficial ROMs allowing older phones to use Lineage.[citation needed]

Google apps

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Although Google apps are not included in LineageOS by default due to legal issues,[47] users can flash them with a .zip package, usually referred to as gapps, while installing LineageOS. A side effect of using LineageOS and other custom roms is the impact on Play Integrity API.[48] LineageOS can in some cases, be made to work with apps that require passing Play Integrity by installing Magisk and certain modules designed to hide the bootloader status.[49]

Customization features

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LineageOS offers several features that Android Open Source Project (AOSP) does not include. Some of these features are:

  • Button customization – Set custom location for buttons on the navigation bar, or enable on-screen buttons for devices with hardware buttons.[50]
  • Custom Quick-Setting tiles – Quick Setting Tiles such as "Caffeine" preventing the device from sleeping, enabling/disabling Heads Up notifications, "Ambient Display" and "ADB over network" are present to easily toggle frequently accessed settings.
  • LiveDisplay – Adjust color temperature for the time of day.
  • Lock screen customization – The lock screen allows all sorts of customizations, including media cover art, a music visualizer, and double-tap to sleep.
  • Styles – Set a global dark or light theme mode and customize accent colors. This functionality can also be managed automatically by the system based on wallpaper or time of day (in line with LiveDisplay).
  • System Profiles – Enable or disable common settings based on the selected profile (For example, a "Home" profile and a "Work" profile). The profile can be selected either manually or through the use of a "trigger", such as upon connecting to a specific WiFi access point, connecting to a Bluetooth device, or tapping an NFC tag.
  • Custom pattern sizes – In addition to Android's 3x3 pattern size, a 4x4, 5x5 or 6x6 size can be used.

Security & privacy features

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  • PIN scramble – For users securing their device with a PIN, the layout can be scrambled each time the device locks to make it difficult for people to figure out your lock by looking over your shoulder.
  • Privacy guard – Allow the user to fine-tune what permissions are granted to each application. For some permissions, it's possible to set a manual approval each time the permission is requested. It's also possible to find out how often apps use a specific permission. This feature was removed in the 17.1 branch in favor of an equivalent "permission controller" based on a hidden AOSP feature.
  • Protected Apps – Hide specific apps behind a secure lock. This works hand-in-hand with Trebuchet; the app's icon is removed from the launcher, and "secure folders" can be created to easily access these applications. A pattern is used to lock these apps.
  • Some "sensitive numbers", such as abuse support numbers, are not included in the call log for privacy.[51] The phone application also includes a list of helpline numbers for the users to be able to easily reach them.[40]
  • Trust - helps to keep the device secure and protects privacy.[52]

Developers & power user features

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  • LineageSDK – a set of APIs for app developers to integrate their apps with LineageOS specific features such as System Profiles, Styles and Weather.[53] The SDK been officially discontinued on 8 January 2024.[54]
  • Lineage Recovery - an AOSP-based recovery.
  • (Optional) Root – Permit apps to function with root access to perform advanced tasks. This requires flashing from Recovery either LineageOS's root add-on (supported until version 16.0[55]) or a third-party implementation such as Magisk or SuperSU.
  • Telephone call recorder, not available in all countries, due to legal restrictions.

Trust interface

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As LineageOS evolved through development, the Trust interface was introduced for all the LineageOS 15.1 builds released since 12 June 2018.[56] The interface can be found on supported devices under Security and Privacy tab under the Settings option, and enables the user to "get an overview of the status of core security features and explanations on how to act to make sure the device is secure and the data is private".

Additionally, while carrying out any action on the device, the trust icon is displayed, notifying the user that the action is safe.

LineageOS apps

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LineageOS includes free and open-source apps:

Current

Name Description Based off or Forked from Reference(s)
Aperture A camera app maintained by various LineageOS developers, based on Google's CameraX library. It replaced Snap and Camera2 with the release of LineageOS 20. -- --
AudioFX Audio optimizer with presets to alter the listening experience. -- --
Calculator Resembles a four-function calculator and offers some more advanced functions. -- --
Calendar Calendar functionality with Day, Week, Month, Year or Agenda views. Etar, since LineageOS 17.1. --
Clock World clock, countdown timer, stopwatch and alarms. -- --
Contacts Phonebook for numbers and email addresses. -- --
Eleven (Music) A simple music player. -- --
Files A simple file manager to move, copy and rename files on internal storage or SD card. -- --
FlipFlap An app for smart flip covers, only included on select devices. -- --
FM Radio An app for listening to FM radio broadcasts, included on devices with an FM tuner. -- --
Glimpse A gallery app with Material You design in mind. Available on devices running LineageOS 21 or later. -- --
Jelly (Browser) A lightweight browser that relies on the system WebView, for low-end devices. -- --
Messaging An SMS/MMS messaging app. -- --
Phone Includes speed dial, phone number lookups and call blocking. -- --
Recorder A sound recorder. In versions prior to 18.1 it could also record the screen. -- --
Trebuchet A customizable launcher. -- --

Former

Name Description Based off or Forked from Reference(s)
Clock A weather widget. -- --
Email Email client that handles POP3, IMAP and Exchange (removed in LineageOS 18.1). -- [57]
Gallery Organize photos and videos into a timeline or albums for easy viewing. Replaced by Glimpse. -- --
Gello A browser based on Chromium and developed by CyanogenMod. This app is now replaced by Jelly. -- --
Snap (Camera) Dependent on device specification will take video or photos, including panoramic. It can also be used to read QR codes. This app is now replaced by Aperture. -- --
Terminal A simple and standard terminal app. Hidden unless enabled in the developer settings. (removed in LineageOS 18.1). -- [58]
Themes Originally an app by itself, now integrated into the settings app. -- --
WeatherUnderground Weather Provider A weather provider. -- --
Yahoo Weather Provider A weather provider. -- --

Supported devices

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POCO X3 Pro smartphone running LineageOS

The number of devices supported by LineageOS has changed over time.

In 2019, LineageOS development builds were available for 109 phone models with over 3.0 million active installs.[59]

On February 17, 2024, it was recorded that 118 devices were receiving official LineageOS 21 builds, another 71 devices with LineageOS 20 builds, and the legacy LineageOS 18.1 branch still had a total of 52 devices.[60]

Reception

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Forks

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LineageOS has a number of notable forks:

Direct forks

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  • DivestOS is a soft fork of LineageOS that aims to increase security and privacy, and support older devices.[61]
  • /e/ is a fork of LineageOS created by Gaël Duval that is intended to be "free from Google". It replaces Google Play Services with microG.[62]
  • iodéOS is a fork of LineageOS developed by French company iodé, it does not include Google Play Services, instead using microG.[63]
  • LineageOS for microG is a LineageOS fork with microG services included. It was created a response to the refusal for several reasons of support for signature spoofing in official builds. In other respects it follows upstream, shipping OTA updates every fourteen days.[64][65][66][67][68]
  • Replicant intends to be a completely free software variant of LineageOS, with all kernel blobs and non-free drivers removed.

Indirect forks

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See also

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References and notes

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  1. ^ a b LineageOS. "Changelog 28 - Fantastic Fourteen, Amazing Applications, Undeniable User-Experience". lineageos.org. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  2. ^ "android_vendor_lineage_LICENSE". LineageOS. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  3. ^ "Other licenses can be viewed per repo on GitHub under NOTICE/LICENSE files". LineageOS. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  4. ^ Free Software Foundation's Licensing and Compliance Lab (ed.). "Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems". GNU. Archived from the original on 24 April 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  5. ^ "LineageOS Android Distribution". lineageos.org. Archived from the original on 19 September 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  6. ^ "Google apps - LineageOS wiki". wiki.lineageos.org. Archived from the original on 19 September 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  7. ^ Heater, Brian (24 December 2016). "After having its infrastructure shuttered, CyanogenMod will live on as Lineage". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  8. ^ a b "A fork in the road". cyanogenmod.org. 24 December 2016. Archived from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  9. ^ Levy, Nat (26 December 2016). "Open-source Lineage project rises from Cyanogen's ashes as Android maker abruptly shuts down services". GeekWire. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  10. ^ Gallagher, Sean (27 December 2016). "Cyanogen Inc. shuts down CyanogenMod in Christmas bloodbath". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  11. ^ "LineageOS". GitLab.com. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  12. ^ "LineageOS now has one million users, OnePlus One is the most popular device". Androidauthority.com. 20 March 2017. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  13. ^ Helft, Miguel. "Meet Cyanogen, The Startup That Wants To Steal Android From Google". Forbes. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  14. ^ Reed, Brad (18 September 2013). "With $7 million in funding, Cyanogen aims to take on Windows Phone". Boy Genius Report. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  15. ^ CyanogenMod [@CyanogenMod] (25 December 2016). "UPDATE: As of this morning we have lost DNS and Gerrit is now offline — with little doubt as a reaction to our blog post yesterday. Goodbye" (Tweet). Retrieved 26 December 2016 – via Twitter.
  16. ^ Tal, Lior (30 November 2016). "Update on Cyanogen". Cyanogen Inc. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  17. ^ Ruddock, David (28 November 2016). "Cyanogen Inc. will shutter Seattle office by end of year, more layoffs happening, Jane could be out". Android Police. Archived from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2017. Kondik was removed from the company's board, allegedly
  18. ^ a b c d OS, Lineage. "Update & Build Prep". Lineageos.org. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  19. ^ "Blog". lineageos.org. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  20. ^ LineageOS. "Summer Survey". Lineageos.org. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  21. ^ LineageOS. "Summer Survey - Results". Lineageos.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  22. ^ LineageOS. "Engineering Blog". lineageos.org. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  23. ^ "Don't freak out: LineageOS has a very bad and very late April Fools' joke in latest builds". Android Police. 5 April 2018. Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  24. ^ LineageOS. "An April Apology". lineageos.org. Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  25. ^ "LineageOS apologizes for late and 'bad taste' April Fools' joke". Android Police. 10 April 2018. Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  26. ^ jrizzoli (5 November 2018). "Summer Survey 2 - Attack of the feedbacks". LineageOS. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  27. ^ "Changelog 21 - Nightlies Now, Improved Infrastructure and Precious Pie". Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  28. ^ "[TMP] hudson: Move all versions to weeklies". GitHub. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  29. ^ a b "Sunsetting LineageOS 18.1". Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  30. ^ "Android Security Bulletin—March 2024". Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  31. ^ "sleep well, sweet prince". Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  32. ^ "Deprecate 13.0: Let the rumors start flying". Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  33. ^ "Prepare for 16.0". review.lineageos.org. Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  34. ^ LineageOS. "Changelog 16 - Smart Styles, Treble is trouble and Omfg Oreo". www.lineageos.org. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  35. ^ "RIP Oreo". Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  36. ^ LineageOS. "Changelog 22 - Pushing Pie, Bracing Builds and Careful Calculator". lineageos.org. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  37. ^ "Drop 16.0". Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  38. ^ LineageOS. "Changelog 24". lineageos.org. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  39. ^ "Drop 17.1". Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  40. ^ a b LineageOS. "Changelog 25". lineageos.org. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  41. ^ LineageOS. "Changelog 26 - Tailored Twelve, Audacious Automotive, Neat Networking, Devoted Developers". lineageos.org. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  42. ^ "don't leave gauguin alone." Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  43. ^ LineageOS. "Changelog 27 - Thriving Thirteen, Amazing Aperture, Careful Commonization". lineageos.org. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  44. ^ Siddharth Chauhan (7 February 2017). "How to: Install Lineage OS on your smartphone". In.pcmag.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2017. As far as user interface goes, Lineage OS presents a clean and bloatware free stock Vanilla Android experience but still has some tricks up its sleeve.
  45. ^ "Cyanogenmod promises to never include apps like Carrier IQ". Computer-Howto. 5 December 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
  46. ^ "LineageOS: Community". Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  47. ^ "Google hits Android ROM modder with a cease-and-desist letter". Engadget. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  48. ^ "Play Integrity: What it is, and how it affects you". Archived from the original on 30 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  49. ^ "XDA: How to pass SafetyNet on Android after rooting or installing a custom ROM". 26 January 2022. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  50. ^ Conway, Adam (28 April 2022). "LineageOS 19 Hands-On: This is what you get with the official builds".
  51. ^ LineageOS. "Changelog 10 - Sensitive numbers and our CVE Tracker". lineageos.org. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  52. ^ Wilde, Damien (21 March 2023). "Lineage OS 20 review: A new lease of life for your old device".
  53. ^ LineageOS. "Introducing the LineageSDK". lineageos.org. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  54. ^ Gerrit Code Review. "wiki: Remove sdk". Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  55. ^ "LineageOS is dropping its own superuser implementation, making Magisk the de facto solution". XDA Developers. 11 December 2019. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  56. ^ LineageOS. "Trust me, I'm an engineer". lineageos.org. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  57. ^ "lineage: Drop Email". Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  58. ^ "config: Don't build Terminal". Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  59. ^ "LineageOS Statistics". stats.lineageos.org. 22 November 2023. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  60. ^ Gerrit Code Review. "lineage-build-targets". Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  61. ^ "Home - DivestOS Mobile". divestos.org. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  62. ^ Filippone, Dominique (19 September 2018). "Eelo : l'OS mobile open source de Gaël Duval sort en bêta - Le Monde Informatique". LeMondeInformatique (in French). Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  63. ^ "iodéOS est une solution alternative respectueuse de la vie privée". Services Mobile. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  64. ^ "microG Archived 25 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine provides a free version of the set of APIs equivalent to Google’s proprietary core libraries and applications."
  65. ^ "Gerrit Code Review". review.lineageos.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  66. ^ online, heise (4 November 2017). "LineageOS-Ableger vermeidet Google-Code". heise online. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  67. ^ "What is MicroG? How to Install MicroG?". 26 November 2017. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  68. ^ "LineageOS for microG, FAQ". Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  69. ^ "About CalyxOS". CalyxOS Official Website. Archived from the original on 22 June 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  70. ^ "WayDroid brings lag-free Android app integration to the OnePlus 6/6T Linux port". 24 July 2021.
  1. ^ a b Includes nonfree libraries.[4]
  2. ^ based on Android 14
  3. ^ LineageOS is "based on the Android mobile platform",[5] but doesn't license Google Mobile Services.[6]
  4. ^ often abbreviated "CM"
  5. ^ Jane had a different name at the time
  6. ^ Formerly called Anbox-Halium
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