Karl Menger (January 13, 1902 – October 5, 1985) was an Austrian–American mathematician, the son of the economist Carl Menger. In mathematics, Menger studied the theory of algebras and the dimension theory of low-regularity ("rough") curves and regions; in graph theory, he is credited with Menger's theorem. Outside of mathematics, Menger has substantial contributions to game theory and social sciences.
Karl Menger | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | January 13, 1902 |
| Died | October 5, 1985 (aged 83) Highland Park, Illinois, USA |
| Nationality | Austrian |
| Alma mater | University of Vienna (PhD, 1924) |
| Known for | Menger characterization theorem Menger curvature Menger space Menger sponge Menger's theorem Menger–Nöbeling theorem Cayley–Menger determinant |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Institutions | Illinois Institute of Technology University of Notre Dame University of Vienna |
| Thesis | Über die Dimensionalität von Punktmengen (1924) |
| Doctoral advisor | Hans Hahn |
| Doctoral students | Abraham Wald Witold Hurewicz Georg Nöbeling |
Biography
editKarl Menger was a student of Hans Hahn and received his PhD from the University of Vienna in 1924. L. E. J. Brouwer invited Menger in 1925 to teach at the University of Amsterdam. In 1927, he returned to Vienna to accept a professorship there. In 1930 and 1931 he was visiting lecturer at Harvard University and the Rice Institute. From 1937 to 1946 he was a professor at the University of Notre Dame. From 1946 to 1971, he was a professor at Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in Chicago. In 1983, IIT awarded Menger a Doctor of Humane Letters and Sciences degree.[1]
Contributions to mathematics
edit
His most famous popular contribution was the Menger sponge (mistakenly known as Sierpinski's sponge), a three-dimensional version of the Sierpiński carpet. It is also related to the Cantor set.
With Arthur Cayley, Menger is considered one of the founders of distance geometry; especially by having formalized definitions of the notions of angle and of curvature in terms of directly measurable physical quantities, namely ratios of distance values. The characteristic mathematical expressions appearing in those definitions are Cayley–Menger determinants.
He was an active participant of the Vienna Circle, which had discussions in the 1920s on social science and philosophy. During that time, he published an influential result[2] on the St. Petersburg paradox with applications to the utility theory in economics; this result has since been criticised as fundamentally misleading.[3] Later he contributed to the development of game theory with Oskar Morgenstern.
Menger was a founding member of the Econometric Society.
Legacy
editMenger's longest and last academic post was at the Illinois Institute of Technology, which hosts an annual IIT Karl Menger Lecture and offers the IIT Karl Menger Student Award to an exceptional student for scholarship each year.[4]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ "Biography of Karl Menger". Illinois Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
- ^ Menger, Karl (1934-08-01). "Das Unsicherheitsmoment in der Wertlehre". Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie (in German). 5 (4): 459–485. doi:10.1007/BF01311578. ISSN 1617-7134. S2CID 151290589.
- ^ Peters, O. and Gell-Mann, M., 2016. Evaluating gambles using dynamics. Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science, 26(2), p.023103
- ^ "Remembering Karl Menger". Illinois Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 2009-04-02. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
Further reading
edit- Crilly, Tony, 2005, "Paul Urysohn and Karl Menger: papers on dimension theory" in Grattan-Guinness, I., ed., Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics. Elsevier: 844–55.
- Golland, Louise and Sigmund, Karl "Exact Thought in a Demented Time: Karl Menger and his Viennese Mathematical Colloquium" The Mathematical Intelligencer 2000, Vol 22,1, 34-45