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International students in the United States

International students are defined as "non-immigrant" visitors who come to the United States temporarily to take classes or take online courses virtually from anywhere in the world. A non-immigrant is someone who meets one or more of the following criteria:

  • intends to stay in the US temporarily
  • does not have US citizenship or legal permanent resident status (a valid "green card")
  • currently is in the US on a non-immigrant visa status (without a valid green card)
  • applies for a visa to be allowed entry into the US[1]

The United States is a popular destination for international students. This can include primary, secondary and post-secondary students. Studying abroad is determined in the United States by political rationales of national security and foreign policy.[2] The number of students studying abroad represents only about 1% of all students enrolled at institutions of higher education in the United States.[3]

History

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The United States is always one of the most popular study-abroad country to international students. From 2003 to 2019, the trend of the number of international students is increasing, although there's is small decrease in 2004, 2005, and 2019. It reaches 1,095,299 people in 2018, which is the highest point.

The history of international students in the United States reveals a fascinating evolution shaped by educational opportunities, global events, and U.S. government policies.

Early History and Reasons for Migration

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International students began arriving in the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the earliest being from China and Japan through programs like the Boxer Indemnity Scholarship, which used reparations to fund students studying in American universities. Early motivations included access to advanced education unavailable in their home countries, the prestige of American institutions, and the belief that studying in the U.S. would offer better career opportunities upon return. By the mid-20th century, the U.S. was seen as a global leader in higher education, attracting students from around the world due to its well-funded institutions, extensive academic programs, and the promise of gaining “American experience” for personal and professional advancement.[4][5]

Policy Changes Over Time

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The U.S. government has frequently adjusted its policies regarding international students. For example, Cold War-era policies encouraged international student exchanges as a form of diplomacy. After 9/11, stricter visa requirements and security measures were implemented, creating hurdles for international students but also ensuring safety. More recently, post-2016 policies focused on tightening immigration rules, impacting student enrollment trends. However, U.S. administrations have also recognized the economic benefits of international students, who contribute billions annually to the economy through tuition and living expenses, prompting occasional easing of regulations.[4]

Today, the U.S. remains the top destination for international students, although competition with other countries and changing global dynamics continue to shape this trend

After the pandemic

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International education in the United States dates back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Following World War II, U.S. policies, such as the Fulbright Program established in 1946, expanded educational exchanges as a diplomatic tool to foster cross-cultural understanding and cooperation.[6] The growth of international students in the U.S. accelerated through the latter half of the 20th century as globalization increased and U.S. universities became prominent in fields like science, technology, and business. According to the Institute of International Education, by 1950, there were around 26,000 international students in the U.S., a number that would rise substantially in subsequent decades as the U.S. strengthened its role in global education.[7]

Due to COVID-19 and the restrictions, there was a significant drop of 72% for new international students enrolling to schools in US compared to 2019.[8]

Economic Impact of International Students in the U.S.

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International students play a crucial role in the U.S. economy through their significant financial contributions. Historically, international students have been instrumental in supporting the growth of U.S. higher education and the broader economy. In the 2022–2023 academic year, international students contributed over $40 billion to the U.S. economy, primarily through tuition payments and living expenses. This contribution marked a notable recovery from the pandemic-related decline, reflecting the economic importance of maintaining robust international student enrollment.[9]

Historical Context of Economic Contributions

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The economic impact of international students is not a recent phenomenon. Since the late 20th century, the number of international students in the U.S. has steadily increased, bringing with it substantial economic benefits. For example, in the early 2000s, international students contributed billions to the U.S. economy, supporting the rapid expansion of higher education institutions.[10] The post-9/11 era saw a dip in international student numbers due to stricter visa regulations, but enrollment rebounded in subsequent years, with contributions surpassing $20 billion by the mid-2010s.[11] This growth reflected the increasing reliance of U.S. universities on international tuition fees as state funding for higher education declined.

Tuition and Fees

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A substantial portion of the economic impact stems from the tuition fees paid by international students. In many cases, they pay higher tuition than domestic students, especially at public universities where they do not qualify for in-state rates. These fees are a significant revenue stream for universities, often used to fund scholarships for domestic students and support institutional development. This influx of tuition payments helps stabilize the financial health of higher education institutions across the country.

Living Expenses

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In addition to tuition, international students contribute billions through their living expenses. They spend money on housing, food, transportation, health insurance, and other personal needs. This spending not only supports local businesses in college towns and cities but also drives economic activity across various sectors, such as real estate and retail, creating a multiplier effect that benefits the broader economy.

Job Creation

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International students also support job creation in the U.S. During the 2022–2023 academic year, their financial contributions helped support over 368,000 jobs nationwide. This includes jobs in higher education, accommodation, dining, transportation, and various service sectors that benefit from the spending of international students. For every three international students, one job is either created or supported in the U.S. economy, illustrating their role as a significant driver of employment growth.[9] Historically, the job creation impact of international students has been vital for sustaining employment in university towns and cities, particularly during economic downturns when other sources of economic activity may decline.[11]

Economic Impact by State

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The economic contributions of international students are particularly concentrated in certain states. California, New York, Texas, Massachusetts, and Florida are among the top states benefiting from international student spending. These states, which host large numbers of international students, see substantial economic benefits not only for their educational institutions but also for local businesses that serve these students. This geographical distribution underscores the importance of international students to regional economies in addition to the national economy. Historically, these states have relied on international student revenue to offset reductions in state funding and to support community services and infrastructure projects.[10]

In conclusion, international students are vital contributors to the U.S. economy, with impacts that extend beyond their educational institutions. Their spending supports job creation, stimulates local economies, and provides essential revenue to universities, underscoring their importance to the overall economic health of the country. Historically, international students have helped sustain and grow the U.S. economy, particularly during challenging times, making their contributions invaluable both in the past and in the present.

Countries of origin

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Top 10 sending places of origin and percentage of total foreign student enrollment 2023–2024[12]
Rank Country of origin Number of students
Number Percentage
of total		 Students per million of home country's population
1   India 331,602 27.4% 144
2   China 277,398 25.4% 262
3   South Korea 43,847 4.1% 1011
4   Canada 39,201 3.7% 687
5   Vietnam 25,000 2.4% 251
6   Taiwan 20,000 1.9% 990
7   Nigeria 19,000 1.8% 63
8   Brazil 16,000 1.5% 75
9   Saudi Arabia 15,000 1.4% 1030
10   Mexico 14,000 1.3% 120

Chinese students in the United States

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In 1978, President Jimmy Carter approved virtually unlimited access by Chinese students and academics to the United States, provided that the costs were not paid by the United States.[13]: 92  Coming during the visit by Frank Press to China in July of that year, the decision to handle educational exchanges in this manner pre-dated the normalization of People's Republic of China-United States relations.[13]: 92 

In China, study abroad in United States is increasingly popular. Many students carry on the purpose of acquiring higher and better education in American universities. Chinese students prefer to study in the US because US education focuses on quality education instead of quantity education followed by Chinese system. According to Kun and David (2010), "Traditional Chinese culture places well-educated scholars in the highest social rank. Academic achievement is also an honour to the family. Dedication to scholarship becomes not only a personal goal but also a culture goal for Chinese international students." Students from wealthy and middle-class families can fund their education and bear the expense of visa and education in the US.[14]

From 2000 to 2019, the Chinese students studying in the United States increased from 59,939 students to 369,548 (which was 33.7% of the total international students studying in the United States in 2019).[15]

As of 2022, China was by far the largest source of students studying abroad in the United States.[16]: 142  As of that year more than 370,000 tertiary-level students from China were studying in American colleges and universities.[13]: 92–93 

According to official statistics, the total number of international students in the U.S. increased to 1,503,649 in 2023. Among them, the number of Chinese international students is the second largest among many countries, with more than 330,000 students. According to a survey report by American education technology company Terra Dotta, 58% of students explicitly stated that they chose to study in the U.S. primarily because of the outstanding reputation of U.S. universities. 48% of students were attracted by the curriculum programs offered by U.S. universities, with courses covering a wide range of fields. In addition, 45% of students were attracted by the job prospects in the United States.[17]

Indian students in the United States

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The number of Indian students in the United States grew from 148,360 in March 2015 to 194,438 in March 2016, a jump of 31.1%, according to the latest 'SEVIS by the Numbers' report.[18] This is second only to China. Indian students contributed $5.01 billion to the US economy in 2015–16 according to the Open Doors data 2016.[19]

As per Opendoor's’ 2021 report, India is the second most common place of origin for international students in the United States while ranking at 22 as a study abroad destination for U.S. students. According to a report by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, these international students in 2020 had an economic impact of approximately $6.2 billion. The total number of international students from India in the years 2018–19 and 2019–20 were 202,014 and 193,124 respectively. This number dropped by 13.2% for the year 2020–21.[20] In the academic years 2019–20 and 2020–2021, the applicants in the Graduate and OPT academic level were approximately equal and about 85% of total international students from India. Approximately 14% applied at the undergraduate level while non-degree applicants were the lowest at 1% or less.[20]

The vast majority of international students from India enrolling for study programs choose STEM field. According to OpenDoors’ 2021 report classifying field of study by place of origin, out of the total 167,582 Indian applicants, 33.5% chose to pursue Engineering while 34.8% chose Math or Computer Science as their field of study. Business and Management studies followed far behind at 11.7%.[21] 2023 witnessed approximately 268,923 Indian students choose the US to pursue their higher education, and this number rose to 337,630 in 2024. The number of Indian students enrolling in American universities is set to surge to over 1 million per year by 2030.

References

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  1. ^ "How to Determine if You Are an International Student | Berkeley Summer Sessions". summer.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
  2. ^ Ross Lewin (2010). The Handbook of Practice and Research in Study Abroad: Higher Education and the Quest for Global Citizenship. Routledge. pp. 212–215. ISBN 978-1-135-85234-4.
  3. ^ "Trends in U.S. Study Abroad". NAFSA: Association of International Educators. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
  4. ^ a b "Overview and History of International Students in the U.S." Presidents' Alliance. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
  5. ^ A. García, Hugo (2014). "The "Redirecting" of International Students: American Higher Education Policy Hindrances and Implications". Journal of International Students. 4 (2): 126–136. doi:10.32674/jis.v4i2.473.
  6. ^ "History | Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs". eca.state.gov. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  7. ^ "Commemorating a Century". IIE. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  8. ^ "ICE report on international students in US details impact of COVID". www.ice.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
  9. ^ a b "New NAFSA Data Reveal International Student Economic Contributions Continue to Rebound | NAFSA". www.nafsa.org. 2023-11-13. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
  10. ^ a b "Homepage". IIE. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
  11. ^ a b "Home". Brookings. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
  12. ^ "IIE Open Doors / Leading Places of Origin". IIE Open Doors / Leading Places of Origin. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
  13. ^ a b c Lampton, David M. (2024). Living U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold War. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-8725-8.
  14. ^ "Report Finds China Sends Most International Students to U.S. High Schools". NBC News. August 14, 2017.
  15. ^ Ma, Xinru; Kang, David C. (2024). Beyond Power Transitions: The Lessons of East Asian History and the Future of U.S.-China Relations. Columbia Studies in International Order and Politics. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-231-55597-5.
  16. ^ Roach, Stephen S. (2022). Accidental Conflict: America, China, and the Clash of False Narratives. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-26901-7. OCLC 1347023475.
  17. ^ resources (2024-08-04). "International Student Survey 2024". Gateway International Group. Retrieved 2024-11-12.
  18. ^ "Number of Indian students in US jumps 31% - Times of India". The Times of India. April 29, 2016.
  19. ^ "Indian students in the US at record high". BBC News. 2016-11-15.
  20. ^ a b "IIE Open Doors / India". IIE Open Doors / India. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
  21. ^ "IIE Open Doors / Fields of Study by Place of Origin". IIE Open Doors / Fields of Study by Place of Origin. Retrieved 2021-12-10.

Further reading

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