The Hula massacre took place between 31 October and 1 November 1948 in Hula, a village in Lebanon 3 km west of Kibbutz Manara, not far from the Litani River. It was captured on October 24 by the Carmeli Brigade of the Israel Defense Forces without any resistance. The women and children were expelled, most of the men aged between 15 and 60 were shot. In total between 35 and 58 men were executed in a house which was later blown up on top of them.[2] One Israeli officer was tried and convicted by a military court and sentenced to seven years in prison, though this sentence was reduced to one year on appeal.
| Hula massacre | |
|---|---|
| Part of 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Operation Hiram | |
| Location | Hula, Lebanon |
| Date | 31 October–1 November 1948 |
Attack type | Massacre |
| Deaths | 34–89[1][a] |
| Victims | Lebanese villagers |
| Perpetrators |  Israel Defense Forces
|
Aftermath and legal proceedings
editTwo officers were held responsible for the massacre, and were reported as war criminals by their superior, Dov Yermiya. One of them, First Lieutenant Shmuel Lahis, who served as company commander, was tried for murder by an Israeli military court.[3][4] At his trial, Lahis put forth the defence that the crime had been committed outside the borders of Israel. The military court rejected this defence but gave Lahis a postponement so that he could appeal this point to the High Court of Justice. In the same HCJ case, the Israeli government argued that the HCJ did not have the right to interpret military law. In February 1949, the HCJ rejected both the claim of Lahis and the claim of the government, allowing the trial to continue.[5]
Lahis was found guilty and sentenced to 7 years in prison. His sentence was reduced to one year on appeal, and he was released from prison in 1950. Lahis received a retrospective presidential amnesty in 1955.
Shmuel Lahis later life and controversy
editShmuel Lahis went on to become a lawyer and in 1978 became president of the Jewish Agency. Some Israelis opposed this appointment because of his involvement in the Hula massacre.[6][7]
At the time of Lahis' nomination to head the Jewish Agency, Lahis's immediate superior in the Carmeli Brigade, Dov Yermiya, wrote to Jewish Agency Chairman Arie Dulzin about Lahis' role in the 1948 massacre. After Lahis' appointment in the role, the controversy was reported in the Israeli media and caused debate in the Knesset. Yermiya's letter was later published in the newspaper Al Hamishmar.
- "I received a report that there had been no resistance in the village, that there was no enemy activity in the area, and that about a hundred people were left in the village. They had surrendered and requested to stay. The men among them were kept in one house under guard. I was brought there and saw about 35 men. [Yermiya does not remember the exact number today, and there were in fact over 50 men there] in the age range 15-60, including one Lebanese soldier in uniform [who was not killed].... When I returned to the village the following morning with an order to send the villagers away, I found out that, while I was away, two of the troops' officers had killed all of the captives who were in the house with a sub-machine gun, and had then blown up the house on top of them to be their grave. The women and children were sent west."
- "When I asked him why he had done this, the officer answered that this was 'his revenge for the murder of his best friends in the Haifa Oil Refinery massacre.'" (Journal of Palestine Studies, vol. VII, no. 4 (summer 1978), no. 28, pp. 143-145)
Dulzin's response to Yermiya's letter said that Lahis' past had been known to the Jewish Agency since 1961. It also revealed that when Lahis had applied to be registered as a lawyer in 1955 the matter had been examined by the Israeli Legal Council. It was decided that the act which was the reason for Lahis' trial at the military courts was "not an act that carries with it a stigma" (quoted by Dulzin, as translated by JPS).
Commemoration
editDuring the 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, there were reports that a memorial to the victims of the massacre was defaced by Israeli soldiers.[8]
See also
editExternal links
edit- An article (no title given) by R. Barkan from the Mapam newspaper Al Hamishmar, quoting a letter from eyewitness Dov Yermiya and the Jewish Agency's response, translated in the Journal of Palestine Studies, vol. VII, no. 4 (summer 1978), no. 28, pp. 143–145.
- B. Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, Cambridge University Press, 2004. pp481,487,501,502.
Notes
edit- ^ Saleh Abdel Jawad, 2007, Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War. "89 men are killed."
References
edit- ^ Israeli Who Commanded Massacre of Dozens of Arab Captives in 1948 Dies at 93 Haaretz, 15 March 2019 "Different accounts put the number of dead from 34 to 58."
- ^ Tveit, Odd Karsten (2010) Goodbye Lebanon. Israel's First Defeat. Rimal Publication. Translated by Peter Scott-Hansen. ISBN 978-9963-715-03-9. p.368. Quoting General Dov Yermiya.
- ^ (Journal of Palestine Studies, vol. VII, no. 4 (summer 1978), no. 28, pp. 143)
- ^ Ofer Aderet (March 15, 2019). "Israeli Who Commanded Massacre of Dozens of Arab Captives in 1948 Dies at 93". Haaretz.
- ^ Verdict from The Israeli High Court of Justice, Feb. 2, 1949; the written judgement was not provided until 1959: Shmuel Lahisse versus The Minister of Defense and others, HCJ 27/48. [1] Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ (Journal of Palestine Studies, vol. VII, no. 4 (summer 1978), no. 28, pp. 143)
- ^ Ofer Aderet (March 15, 2019). "Israeli Who Commanded Massacre of Dozens of Arab Captives in 1948 Dies at 93". Haaretz.
- ^ https://www.arabnews.com/node/2580284/media ""A memorial in the village of Hula, commemorating the massacre committed by the Israeli army in 1948, defaced & desecrated with the above Hebrew graffiti, by Israel’s most immoral army in the world," said Lebanese-British journalist and author Hala Jaber on X."