Hindavi Swarajya (Hindavī Svarājya; "self-rule of Hindu people"[1][2][3]) is a term attributed to Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Kingdom.[3] After Shivaji's death, the term swarajya came into widespread use, without "Hindavi" but rather associated with "Maratha". According to André Wink, the term Maratha Swarajya meant a form of zamindari sovereignty, not necessarily attached to any particular territory.[4]
The term Swaraj was later adopted by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, one of the early leaders of the Indian independence movement against the British Empire.[5][6]
Origin
editPopular belief holds that the Maratha warrior Shivaji used the phrase Hindavi Swarajya in a letter to Dadaji Naras Prabhu Deshpande of Rohidkhore on 17 April 1645. The purported letter, in Marathi, states:
It is God Rohireshvar that has given us victory; and that God would enable us to fulfil our wish of Hindavi Swarajya. It is God's will that this kingdom should be established.[7]
Scholars do not agree on the authenticity of the letter.[8][9] Historian Setumadhavarao Pagadi states that a lot of the historical source material on Shivaji is spurious, contributed by various influential families of Maharashtra to show how close their ancestors were to Shivaji.[10] J. V. Naik states that, irrespective of the authenticity of the letter, Shivaji's career itself amply demonstrates his conception of Swarajya.[11]
Interpretation
editScholar Wilfred Cantwell Smith interprets Shivaji's Hindavi Swarajya to mean "Indian independence from foreign rule."[1] Historian Pagadi also interprets it as "Indian rule."[2] Religious studies scholar William Jackson, while agreeing that it means independence from foreign rule, thinks its literal meaning is "self-rule of Hindu people."[3]
Historian Irfan Habib states that the term "Hindu" had acquired a religious sense by this time (though not with the present day meaning) and so, other terms such as Hindi, Hindustani and Hindavi began to be employed to mean "Indian", spanning both Hindus and Muslims.[12] According to Pagadi, Hindavi had the sense of "the sons of the soil" in this context.[13]
Swarajya (IAST: svarājya) is a Sanskrit term, whose meaning is "independent dominion or sovereignty" according to the Monier Williams dictionary.[14] Pagadi notes that Shivaji had referred to his jagir in Pune as a rajya.[15] He takes Swarajya to have meant a "homeland"[16] and Hindavi Swarajya a "state of the sons of the soil."[13]
References
edit- ^ a b Smith, On Understanding Islam 1981, pp. 194–195.
- ^ a b Pagadi, Shivaji 1983, p. 98: "Shivaji's coronation and setting himself up as a sovereign prince symbolises the rise of the Indian people in all parts of the country. It was a bid for Hindawi Swarajya (Indian rule), a term in use in Marathi sources of history."
- ^ a b c Jackson, William Joseph (2005). Vijayanagara voices: exploring South Indian history and Hindu literature. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 38. ISBN 9780754639503.: "Probably the earliest use of a word like 'Hindu' was in 1645 in a phrase in a letter of Shivaji, Hindavi swarajya, meaning independence from foreign rule, 'self-rule of Hindu people'."
- ^ Wink, Land and Sovereignty in India (2007), pp. 43–44: "Maratha Svarajya was a form of ‘zamindari sovereignty’ not merely in the eyes of the Mughals but actually established by people who were often just one or two generations away from village or district zamindari status and the practice of ‘organizing cultivation and expelling robbers’."
- ^ "Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Freedom Fighter Who Said, "Swaraj Is My Birth Right"". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
- ^ Choudhary, Ratnadeep (2018-07-23). "Lokmanya Tilak — the strongest advocate of Swaraj & a prime architect of freedom movement". ThePrint. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
- ^ Naik, The Foundation of Swarajya 1975, p. 50.
- ^ Naik, The Foundation of Swarajya 1975, pp. 50–51.
- ^ Pagadi, The Life and Times of Shivaji 1975, p. 10: "The authenticity of this letter has, however, been questioned by several eminent scholars, who consider that its language is not the language of the 17th century."
- ^ Pagadi, The Life and Times of Shivaji 1975, p. 10.
- ^ Naik, The Foundation of Swarajya 1975, p. 51.
- ^ Habib, The Formation of India 1997, p. 7.
- ^ a b Pagadi, Shivaji 1983, p. i.
- ^ "Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary 1899 Basic". www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
- ^ Pagadi, The Life and Times of Shivaji 1975, pp. 10–11.
- ^ Pagadi, Shivaji 1983, p. 89.
Bibliography
edit- Ali, M. Athar (January 1996), "The Evolution of the Perception of India: Akbar and Abu'l Fazl", Social Scientist, 24 (1/3): 80–88, doi:10.2307/3520120, JSTOR 3520120
- Habib, Irfan (July 1997), "The Formation of India: Notes on the History of an Idea", Social Scientist, 25 (7/8): 3–10, doi:10.2307/3517600, JSTOR 3517600
- Naik, J. V. (1975), "The Foundation of Swarajya", Shivaji and swarajya, Orient Longman, for Indian Institute of Public Administration. Maharashtra Regional Branch, pp. 43–57
- Pagadi, Setumadhava Rao (1983). Shivaji. National Book Trust, India.
- Pagadi, Setu Madhava Rao (1975), "The Life and Times of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj", Shivaji and swarajya, Orient Longman, for Indian Institute of Public Administration. Maharashtra Regional Branch, pp. 1–42
- Smith, Wilfred C. (1981), On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-082580-0
- Wink, André (2007), Land and Sovereignty in India: Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarājya, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-05180-4