[go: up one dir, main page]
Wikipedia

Eugenio Scalfari

Eugenio Scalfari (Italian: [euˈdʒɛːnjo ˈskalfari]; 6 April 1924 – 14 July 2022) was an Italian journalist. He was editor-in-chief of L'Espresso (1963–1968), a member of Parliament in Italy's Chamber of Deputies (1968–1972), and co-founder of La Repubblica and its editor-in-chief (1976–1996). He was known for his meetings and interviews with important figures, including Pope Francis,[1] Enrico Berlinguer, Aldo Moro,[2] Umberto Eco,[3] Italo Calvino, and Roberto Benigni.[4]

Eugenio Scalfari
OMRI, LH
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
In office
5 June 1968 – 24 May 1972
ConstituencyTurin
Personal details
Born(1924-04-06)6 April 1924
Civitavecchia, Italy
Died14 July 2022(2022-07-14) (aged 98)
Rome, Italy
Political partyPNF (1942–1943)
PLI (1945–1955)
PR (1955–1962)
PSI (1962–1972)
Spouses
Simonetta De Benedetti
​
​
(m. 1950; died 2006)​
Serena Rossetti
​
(m. 2008)​
ChildrenTwo daughters
Residence(s)Velletri, Lazio, Italy
Alma materUniversity of Genoa
ProfessionJournalist
Founder of La Repubblica

Early life and education

edit

Scalfari was born in Civitavecchia, in the province of Rome, on 6 April 1924.[5][6] He began secondary studies at the Mamiani High School in Rome. Scalfari's family, of Calabrian origin, later moved to Sanremo, where his father was artistic director of the Casino, and he completed his high school studies there, at the G.D. Cassini school, where Italo Calvino was a classmate. About his friendship with Scalfari, Calvino wrote: "Dear Eugenio, your letters are like slaps on the back and I need slaps on the back, especially these days. ... My mouth is watering thinking about the delicious discussions we will have when we get together again."[7]

In July 2021, about his lasting friendship with Calvino, which included discussions around books, the first girls, the exchange of letters, the evenings at the pool table, and the National Fascist Party Saturday marches, he recalled: "My adolescence began when I was fifteen in Sanremo: I think back to that age of life as I leaf through the Meridian which collects my books. First class of high school. The 'band', as immediately we baptized, the first trimester of school was formed."[8] Philosophically, Scalfari underwent three phases: Benedetto Croce, the Age of Enlightenment, and the discovery of Friedrich Nietzsche. He was also influenced by Marcel Proust and Rainer Maria Rilke.[9] An intellectual of Pannunzian training, he always supported and defended secularism in the politics of the Italian state.[6]

Career

edit

In 1942 Scalfari, then a law student at the Sapienza University of Rome, joined the National Fascist Party and the Fascist University Groups (GUF) and started to cooperate with the local GUF magazine Roma Fascista, of which he eventually became editor-in-chief.[10][11] He also worked with other Fascist publications like the Nuovo Occidente magazine.[11] He was later expelled from the Fascist Party and dismissed from his journalistic positions in 1943 by order of party secretary Carlo Scorza after he had published unsubstantiated articles about alleged real estate speculations of some Fascist hierarchs in the construction of the EUR.[12]

After his law graduation, Scalfari resumed his journalistic career in 1950 and worked for the influential post-war news magazines Il Mondo led by Mario Pannunzio and L'Europeo of Arrigo Benedetti.[5][6] In 1955, as part of the Amici del Mondo group,[5][6] he was among the founders of the Radical Party,[13]: 747 [14] of which he served as the national vice-secretary from 1958 to 1963.[5][6]

In October 1955, jointly with Benedetti, Scalfari co-founded one of Italy's foremost news magazines L'Espresso with capital from the progressive industrialist Adriano Olivetti, manufacturer of Olivetti typewriters.[13]: 290, 980  The experienced Benedetti, who had directed L'Europeo (1945–1954), was the first editor-in-chief until 1963, when he handed over to Scalfari,[15] who served as the administrative director and collaborator for the economy of L'Espresso until 1962. As an expert in financial mechanisms, Scalfari became the first Italian director manager.[14] From 1963 to 1968, he was the editor of L'Espresso, of which he was also its vice-chairman.[6] From 1970 to 1975, he was also managing director of the L'Espresso publishing company.[5] In January 2016, he recalled that his journalistic career began with his dismissal by Banca Nazionale del Lavoro after his publication of an article.[16]

In January 1976, the Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso launched the daily newspaper La Repubblica in a joint venture with Arnoldo Mondadori Editore; its first issue came out on 14 January,[17][18] with the slogan "From 14 January, you either believe the official versions or believe La Repubblica". It was also the first Italian newspaper to come out in the tabloid format.[19] At the time, the paper had sixty editors, of which ten were professional journalists, as the others were at their first experience. Scalfari called some trusted colleagues, including Gianni Rocca [it], Giorgio Bocca, Sandro Viola [it], Miriam Mafai, Barbara Spinelli, Natalia Aspesi, and Giovanni Valentini [it]. The satirical cartoons were drawn by Giorgio Forattini. The editorial office occupied four rooms in via Po 12 in Rome, the same place of L'Espresso headquarters. The La Repubblica project was not only a way to found a new newspaper but to propose a new school of journalism.[20]

From 1984 to 1992, the newspaper played a role in the evolution of Europeanism and the Italian political left.[21] Scalfari became the editor-in-chief and remained so until 1996,[15][22] when he was succeeded by Ezio Mauro;[23] he maintained a weekly column.[14] Few believed such a venture could succeed in the already crowded Italian newspaper market; under Scalfari's skilful editorship, La Repubblica prospered to the point of rivaling the prestigious Corriere della Sera in both sales and status as a national daily.[13] Scalfari put cultural pages at the centre of the paper,[24] and remained active in both La Repubblica and L'Espresso. He also published a number of books including the 1969 work L'autunno della Repubblica ("Autumn of the Republic") and the 1998 novel Il labirinto ("The Labyrinth").[13] With Bernard Guetta, Scalfari had also tried to form a European newspaper based on an alliance between Italy's La Repubblica, France's Le Monde, Spain's El País, and Britain's The Independent.[25] Additionally, he valourized the paper's female journalists,[26] and wrote an article, titled "Feminine at Heart", for D – la Repubblica delle donne [it].[27] He was the administraror for the paper's finance.[14] In 2007, he abandoned his column Scalfari risponde ("Scalfari Answers") and was replaced by Michele Serra.[14]

In February 1978, about a month before the kidnapping and killing of Aldo Moro, Scalfari was received by Aldo Moro, the former Prime Minister of Italy and the then leader of Christian Democracy (DC), in his studio in Rome. Moro explained to Scalfari his political project, from Giulio Andreotti's government to the alliance with the Italian Communist Party (PCI) with the aim of creating a modern political system in Italy, based on a normal alternation between the centre-left and the centre-right. The first objective, which was also shared by the PCI, was the defeat of the Red Brigades.[2] During the 1980s, Scalfari travelled to the Soviet Union to meet its leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, in Moscow and was enthusiastic about perestroika.[28] He was present to a roundtable in November 1989, where it was proposed by Giulio Tremonti, then a tax advisor to the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) finance minister Rino Formica, the idea of presumptively taxing not individual savers but large brokerage networks, which cost him his job. The context was what became known as liberalizzazione valutaria, the liberalization of capital. After this, no other roundtables were instituted.[29]

Reporting

edit

As a journalist, Scalfari was especially active in investigative reporting, uncovering illegal right-wing activities and major government cover-ups.[13][14] In May 1967, along with Lino Jannuzzi, he uncovered Piano Solo, the attempted 1964 coup d'état led by the general and then Commander-General of the Carabinieri, Giovanni de Lorenzo [it].[30][31] In the wake of this investigative reporting, the PSI offered him a seat as a member of Parliament, a position he held from 1968 to 1972, with disappointing results, as he himself recalled.[14] Additionally, that same year he had been sued by de Lorenzo and sentenced to eighteen months as a result of the SIFAR–De Lorenzo scandal [it];[5] only his election to the Italian Parliament avoided imprisonment.[32] As an observer of political life and power in Italy, he investigated and analyzed other important moments of crisis in Italian politics, including the Enimont trial [it] and Tangentopoli.[6]

Among Scalfari's other notable reporting were his interviews and meetings with Pope Francis,[33] whom he defined as his revoluionary pope,[1] among other Italian Catholic figures.[34] He reported the July 2014 statement by Pope Francis about Catholic Church sexual abuse cases that approximately 2% of the Roman Catholic Church's total number of priests, including bishops and cardinals, were pedophiles.[35] In 2018, Scalfari wrote an article related to his interview with Pope Francis stating that the pontiff made claims that Hell did not exist. Scalfari later admitted that some words attributed to the pontiff "were not shared by Pope Francis" himself. Later in 2019, he wrote a further article related to Pope Francis, stating that the pope "rejects the godly nature of Jesus Christ". This was denied by the Holy See, which said that "as already stated on other occasions, the words that Dr. Eugenio Scalfari attributes in quotation marks to the Holy Father during talks with him cannot be considered a faithful account of what was actually said but represent a personal and free interpretation of what he heard, as appears completely evident from what is written today regarding the divinity of Jesus Christ."[36]

Politics

edit
 
Scalfari in 2011

Initially, like many Italians of the time, Scalfari was a committed but non-aligned Italian fascist, and described himself as "a young, happy, and fascist".[37] After the Second World War, Scalfari was close to the Italian Liberal Party (PLI). In 1956, he and several others on the left wing of the PLI, such as Marco Pannella and Ernesto Rossi, broke away in order to form the Radical Party. In 1968, as a candidate in the electoral districts of Turin and Milan,[5] Scalfari was elected to Turin's single member district for the Turin–Novara–Vercelli constituency to the country's Chamber of Deputies, a position he held until 1972, as an independent aligned with the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and handed over his post as editor to Gianni Corbi.[38][39] As a member of the Italian Parliament, he was also a member of the Fifth Committee (Budget and State Holdings) from 10 July 1968 to 24 May 1972 and a member of the Twelfth Committee (Industry and Commerce) from 27 March 1970 to 24 May 1972.[40][41]

Within the PSI, his paper L'Espresso was a supporter of Riccardo Lombardi. He also tried to influence the then major Italian parties, Christian Democracy (DC) and the Italian Communist Party (PCI), at the time led by Ciriaco De Mita and Enrico Berlinguer, respectively.[42] The group of the paper's founders set for itself the goal of creating a third force between the DC and the PCI, in order to create "another protagonist who would balance them, custodian of secularism and of the sense of the state". It had a liberal culture that was attentive to social values and needs, including the modernization of the country and its economy, as well as the redemption of Southern Italy. According to Scalfari, the group shared the values of the Western world and saw in their cultural legacy the principles of the French Revolution and even more of the American Revolution, and was unreservedly in favour of a European federation and NATO, in which "the United States and Western Europe were seen as a single community", in addition to Israel.[24] In June 2012, he described the paper thusly: "Progressive in politics, liberal in economics, conservative in custom."[43]

Political positions

edit

A liberal socialist,[44] Scalfari described himself as "a libertarian",[45] and also "a liberal of social mold".[46] In the words of journalist Francesco Merlo [it], "Scalfarism ... is the strength of commitment and the lightness of style. But it is also the firm character that Italians do not have. And, why not, it is the liberal and libertine culture far from the sermons of the sacristy and the Gramscian school-cadres."[47] Both Scalfari and La Repubblica were pro-choice in the 1981 Italian referendums that kept legal abortion in Italy.[48] La Repubblica also held a critical line towards the former prime minister Silvio Berlusconi, especially criticizing his conflict of interest as both an entrepreneur and politician. Scalfari criticized Berlusconi's television channels and urged an investigation into the origins of his fortune.[49]

Under Scalfari, the paper used to be known for its critical stand vis-à-vis the Catholic Church,[50] a position that changed after the onset of the papacy of Pope Francis,[51] whom Scalfari compared to the former Italian Communist Party leader Enrico Berlinguer. He wrote that "Enrico Berlinguer had a somewhat similar role in Italian politics (and not only) to the one Pope Francis is having today in the Catholic religion (and not only). Both followed a path of reformism so radical as to produce revolutionary effects; both were loved and respected even by their adversaries; both had a charisma that grasped reality and fueled a dream."[52]

After the acquisition of La Repubblica by John Elkann in April 2020, Scalfari warned the paper not to move away from its liberal-socialist positions, which he described thusly: "I have always believed in a liberal socialism, capable of uniting equality and reformism ... at the forefront in guiding the country and Europe in this direction."[44] Critics described the appointment of Maurizio Molinari as the editor-in-chief and other related changes, which led several journalists including Carlo De Benedetti to leave the paper, as the de-Scalfarization of the paper.[53]

Personal life and death

edit

In 1950, Scalfari married Simonetta De Benedetti, daughter of the journalist Giulio De Benedetti [it]; she died in 2006. From the end of the 1970s, Scalfari was romantically linked to Serena Rossetti, former editorial secretary of L'Espresso and later of La Repubblica, whom he married after the death of his first wife.[54] From his first wife,[55] he had two daughters, Donata and Enrica.[56][57][58] Scalfari was an atheist.[59] In 2013, he received a personal and detailed explanation from Pope Francis about atheism and forgiveness.[60][61]

Scalfari died on 14 July 2022, at the age of 98.[62][63] His death came during the 2022 Italian government crisis.[64] Upon Scalfari's death, Pope Francis remembered him as a "laical friend".[65] Among others, the paper's editor-in-chief Maurizio Molinari,[44][66] the paper's owner John Elkann,[67][68] La Stampa editor-in-chief Massimo Giannini [it],[69] La Stampa and La Repubblica journalist Ezio Mauro,[70][71] Democratic Party politicians like Enrico Letta and Walter Veltroni,[72][73][74] and the paper's journalists and readers paid tribute to Scalfari,[75][76][77] as did all major Italian institutional figures,[78] and international figures like Bernard Guetta and France's Le Monde,[79] as well as Spain's El País.[80] Italy's Senate of the Republic held a minute of silence.[81] La Repubblica published a special issue in his honour.[82]

Legacy

edit

A popular journalist who revolutionized the profession in Italy,[63] for his collaborator, Paolo Mauri [it], "[Scalfari's] great revolution was to put literature, art, the debate of ideas at the centre, even physical", of La Repubblica.[83] Fellow journalist Michele Serra described him as "the last giant of classic journalism".[84] In the words of Marco Ruffolo [it], Scalfari's main challenge, which he extended to journalism as a whole, was the checking of power.[85] La Repubblica commented that Scalfari "changed the way of telling the country. Until the end he continued to write about philosophy, literature, and politics."[86]

Lucio Caracciolo [it], the founder of the geopolitics magazine Limes, described La Repubblica as an absolute monarchy, with Scalfari as its enlightened king, and praised him for his way to handle important personalities with his charisma.[87] Italian politician Giorgio La Malfa remembered how Scalfari helped Pietro Ingrao to enter into a dialogue with his father, Ugo La Malfa. He commented that Scalfari was right about Bettino Craxi but not Enrico Berlinguer, and said that "Eugenio Scalfari was a great journalist, obsessed with his creature to the point of sacrificing everything. But even though he is convinced that he has the same political talent, he hasn't always seen far, he has made serious mistakes, as with Berlinguer."[88]

Books

edit

In the 1950s, Scalfari was the author of some publications of a political-economic nature that appeared in the series "Convegni degli amici del Mondo" (Rapporto sul neocapitalismo italiano; Potere economico in Urss).[5][6] He was the author of numerous books, ranging from philosophical, historical, political, and religious works to novels, including L'autunno della Repubblica (1969),[13][14] Razza padrona (1974, co-authored with Giuseppe Turani [it]),[6] Interviste ai potenti (1979), Come andremo a incominciare (1981, co-authored with Enzo Biagi),[6] L'anno di Craxi (1984),[14] La sera andavamo in via Veneto. Storia di un gruppo dal "Mondo" alla "Repubblica" (1986),[24] Incontro con Io (1994), Alla ricerca della morale perduta (1995), Il labirinto, narrazione esistenziale a sfondo filosofico (1998),[13] La ruga sulla fronte (2001), Articoli (2004), Dibattito sul laicismo (2005),[14] L'uomo che non credeva in Dio (2008), Per l'alto mare aperto. La modernità e il pensiero danzante (2010), Scuote l'anima mia Eros (2011), La passione dell'etica. Scritti (1963–2012) (2012),[14] Conversazioni con Carlo Maria Martini (2012, co-authored with Vito Mancuso [it]),[6] Dialogo tra credenti e non credenti, con Papa Francesco (2013), L'amore, la sfida, il destino. Il tavolo dove si gioca il senso della vita (2013), Racconto autobiografico (2014), L'allegria, il pianto, la vita (2015), L'ora del blu (2019),[14] and Il Dio unico e la società moderna. Incontri con papa Francesco e il Cardinale Carlo Maria Martini (2019).[89]

Honours and awards

edit

Scalfari received prestigious awards, such as the Trento International Award in 1988 for "A life dedicated to journalism", the Ischia International Journalism Award to his career in 1996, the Guidarello Award [it] for author journalism in 1998, the Saint-Vincent Award [it] in 2003, and the Viareggio Prize in 2019. He also received honorary citizenships (Vibo Valentia in 1990, Velletri in 1993, Vinci in 2007, and Sanremo in 2008), and honours, including that of Grand Official of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1966), the Grand Cross Knight of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1996), and the Knight Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (1999).[6]

References

edit
  1. ^ a b Testa, Tiziana (16 December 2016). "Scalfari: 'Gli 80 anni del mio Papa rivoluzionario'". Repubblica TV (in Italian). Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  2. ^ a b Vecchio, Concetto (23 March 2018). "Scalfari: 'Sconfiggere le Br e cambiare l'Italia. Il mio ultimo incontro con Moro'". Repubblica TV (in Italian). Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  3. ^ "Scalfari: 'Come funziona la mente di Eco?'". Repubblica TV (in Italian). 8 January 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  4. ^ "Direzione Scalfari, in ricordo del fondatore". Visual Lab (in Italian). 22 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Sabbatini, Riccardo, ed. (1981). "Scalfari, Eugenio". Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian). Vol. IV Appendice. Rome: Institute of the Italian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 5 August 2023 – via Treccani.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Scàlfari, Eugenio nell'Enciclopedia Treccani". Treccani (in Italian). 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2023. Updated 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  7. ^ Cannatà, Angelo (2010). Eugenio Scalfari e il suo tempo (in Italian). Milan: Mimesi. p. 105. ISBN 9788857500270. Retrieved 18 July 2023 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ "Scalfari e Calvino". Repubblica TV - Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  9. ^ "Eugenio Scalfari. La filosofia, l'allievo di Nietzsche e Proust". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  10. ^ Ajello, Nello (6 April 2004). "Pannunzio e la scuola del 'Mondo'". la Repubblica.
  11. ^ a b Serri, Mirella (31 December 2010). I redenti (in Italian). Corbaccio. ISBN 978-88-6380-142-2.
  12. ^ Buttafuoco, Pietrangelo (7 June 2008). "Ero giovane, fascista e felice. L'intervista integrale di Buttafuoco a Scalfari". Il Foglio (in Italian).
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Moliterno, Gino, ed. (2000). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Italian Culture. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-4151-4584-8. Retrieved 18 July 2023 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Scàlfari, Eugènio". Sapere.it (in Italian). 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  15. ^ a b "Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso SpA: History". Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso. 21 June 2002. Archived from the original on 21 June 2002. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  16. ^ "Scalfari: 'La mia carriera da giornalista iniziò con un licenziamento'". Repubblica TV - Repubblica (in Italian). 17 January 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  17. ^ "Eugenio Scalfari re di cuori. Rose rosse dal mio direttore". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  18. ^ "Eugenio Scalfari. Repubblica primo sogno - Il documentario". Repubblica TV - Repubblica (in Italian). 14 January 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  19. ^ "Repubblica, il primo storico numero del quotidiano". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  20. ^ "Scalfari, il giornalista". Repubblica TV - Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  21. ^ Di Maggio, Marco (2022). "Eugenio Scalfari's La Repubblica, the Italian Left and the 'European question' 1984–1992". Journal of Modern Italian Studies. 27 (3: The Origins of the Crisis. Italian Political Cultures and European Integration in the 1980s). London: Taylor & Francis: 446–461. doi:10.1080/1354571X.2022.2044645. ISSN 1354-571X.
  22. ^ "Il saluto di Eugenio Scalfari alla redazione di Repubblica dopo aver lasciato la direzione". Repubblica TV - Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  23. ^ "Il futuro del Paese nell'ora del caos". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 March 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  24. ^ a b c Augias, Corrado (14 July 2022). "Quelle sere con Scalfari in via Veneto e una certa idea dell'Italia". la Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  25. ^ "Con Eugenio Scalfari progettammo il primo giornale europeo". la Repubblica (in Italian). 16 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  26. ^ "'O direttore mio direttore'. Un maestro in redazione". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  27. ^ "Addio Eugenio Scalfari. Lo ricordiamo con un testo che scrisse per noi: 'Femminile nell'anima'". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  28. ^ "Eugenio Scalfari, quel viaggio a Mosca sognando la perestrojka". la Repubblica (in Italian). 15 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  29. ^ "Giulio Tremonti e quella tavola rotonda a Repubblica che lo portò alle dimissioni". la Repubblica (in Italian). 16 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  30. ^ Cento, Anna (2008). Italian Neofascism: The Strategy of Tension and the Politics of Nonreconciliation. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-84545-335-0. Retrieved 18 July 2023 – via Google Books.
  31. ^ "Eugenio Scalfari. L'Espresso e quello scoop sul golpe de Lorenzo". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  32. ^ "Eugenio Scalfari. L'Espresso e quello scoop sul golpe de Lorenzo". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  33. ^ "Eugenio Scalfari, la storica intervista: "Pronto, sono Papa Francesco"". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  34. ^ "Eugenio Scalfari. Gli incontri in Vaticano, un laico che voleva capire". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  35. ^ Barrett, David; Squires, Nick Squires (13 July 2014). "Pope Francis says about 8,000 pedophiles are members of Catholic clergy, including bishops and cardinals". The Telegraph. Retrieved 18 July 2023 – via National Post.
  36. ^ Flynn, J. D. (9 October 2019). "Did Pope Francis say that Jesus isn't God? Don't believe the report, Vatican says". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  37. ^ Lanna, Luciano (2011). Il fascista libertario (in Italian). Milan: Sperling & Kupfer. p. 228. ISBN 978-8820050290.
  38. ^ "Scalfari, Eugenio – Dati personali e incarichi nella V legislatura" (in Italian). Italian Chamber of Deputies. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  39. ^ Lanna, Luciano (2011). Il fascista libertario (in Italian). Sperling & Kupfer. ISBN 978-88-200-5029-0.
  40. ^ "Scalfari Eugenio – Dati personali e incarichi nella V legislatura". Camera Legislature (in Italian). 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  41. ^ "Eugenio Scalfari / Deputati / Camera dei deputati". Camera dei deputati – Portale storico (in Italian). 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  42. ^ Ceccarelli, Filippo (14 July 2022). "Le battaglie di un profeta senza partito". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 4 August 2023 – via Ecomy.it.
  43. ^ "Scalfari e la nascita di Repubblica". Repubblica TV - Repubblica (in Italian). 17 June 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  44. ^ a b c Molinari, Maurizio (14 July 2022). "Eugenio Scalfari. Il suo giornale nato per guidare le riforme". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  45. ^ Chieffi, Daniele (3 April 2009). "Eugenio Scalfari: Repubblica e il compleanno di 'barbapapà'". Nanni Magazine (in Italian). Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  46. ^ Scalfari, Eugenio (16 January 2012). "Come si declina la parola libertà". L'Espresso (in Italian). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  47. ^ "Eugenio Scalfari. Vedi alla voce Scalfarismo". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  48. ^ Agnoli, Francesco (17 May 2011). "17 maggio 1981, disfatta dei pro life". La Nuova Bussola Quotidiana (in Italian). Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  49. ^ Stille, Alexander (31 July 2007). The Sack of Rome: Media + Money + Celebrity = Power = Silvio Berlusconi. Penguin Group US. p. 153. ISBN 978-1-101-20168-8. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  50. ^ Salvadori, Massimo L. (21 August 2009). "La differenza fra cattolici e clericali". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 29 June 2023 – via FLC CGIL.
  51. ^ "Papa Francesco scrive a Repubblica: 'Dialogo aperto con i non-credenti'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 11 September 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  52. ^ Scalfari, Eugenio (9 June 2019). "Enrico Berlinguer, perché ti abbiamo voluto bene". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  53. ^ Sorrentino, Carlo (30 April 2020). "'la Repubblica': è la fine di una storia?". Il Mulino (in Italian). Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  54. ^ Guzzanti, Paolo (2010). Guzzanti vs De Benedetti. Faccia a faccia fra un gran editore e un giornalista scomodo (in Italian). Rome: Aliberti Editore. ISBN 978-8-8742-4551-2.
  55. ^ Bertollini, Giulia (14 July 2022). "Donata ed Enrica, chi sono le figlie di Eugenio Scalfari/ 'Un papà ingombrante ma...'". IlSussidiario.net (in Italian). Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  56. ^ "Il documentario. Un padre di nome Eugenio Scalfari". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 October 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  57. ^ "Donata e Enrica Scalfari: "Così papà ci ha preparate al suo addio"". la Repubblica (in Italian). 15 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  58. ^ Bernard, Gabriel; Pasquin, Alessandro; Ricozzi, Giuliana (15 July 2022). "Il ricordo delle figlie Donata ed Enrica: 'Amico di tutti i redattori, gli confidavano anche problemi personali'". Repubblica TV (in Italian). Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  59. ^ "Scalfari alla Fiera del Libro 'Il relativismo? Una opportunità'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 8 May 2005. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  60. ^ "Papa Francesco scrive a Repubblica: 'Dialogo aperto con i non-credenti'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 11 September 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  61. ^ Davies, Lizzy (11 September 2013). "Pope Francis tells atheists to abide by their own consciences". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  62. ^ "È morto Eugenio Scalfari, il fondatore di Repubblica. Una vita da giornalista patriarca". La Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  63. ^ a b D'Emilio, Frances (14 July 2022). "Eugenio Scalfari, revolutionized Italy's journalism, dies". Associated Press News. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  64. ^ "Eugenio Scalfari e il senso della vita". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  65. ^ Pope Francis (14 July 2022). "Il ricordo del Papa: 'Eugenio, amico laico, mi mancherà parlare con te'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  66. ^ "Addio a Scalfari, Molinari: 'Un uomo straordinario, con il coraggio di osare'". Repubblica TV - Repubblica (in Italian). 16 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  67. ^ "John Elkann: 'L'intraprendenza di Eugenio Scalfari e la sua libertà di pensiero hanno reso possibile un'avventura straordinaria'". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  68. ^ "John Elkann ricorda Eugenio Scalfari: 'Ci ha insegnato ad avere coraggio sul futuro'". Repubblica TV - Repubblica (in Italian). 15 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  69. ^ "Addio a Scalfari, Giannini: 'Tutto ciò che sembra nuovo oggi, lui l'aveva già inventato'". Repubblica TV - Repubblica (in Italian). 16 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  70. ^ "Il ritratto. Il secolo di Eugenio Scalfari". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  71. ^ "Addio a Scalfari, l'emozione di Ezio Mauro: 'Dopo gli anni del comando, quelli della dolcezza'". Repubblica TV - Repubblica (in Italian). 16 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  72. ^ "Enrico Letta: 'Che fortuna poter discutere con lui del futuro dell'Europa'". la Repubblica (in Italian). 15 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  73. ^ "Eugenio Scalfari, campione di parole e di passione politica". la Repubblica (in Italian). 16 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  74. ^ "Addio a Scalfari, Veltroni: 'Un grande italiano che solo creando diventava felice'". Repubblica TV - Repubblica (in Italian). 16 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  75. ^ "Sostiene Scalfari. Le firme di Repubblica ricordano il fondatore e riflettono sulla crisi politica". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  76. ^ "Scalfari, i messaggi dei lettori: "Noi, cresciuti a pane e Repubblica"". la Repubblica (in Italian). 15 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  77. ^ "L'ultimo saluto dei lettori di Repubblica a Eugenio Scalfari: 'Di uomini così non ce ne sono più'". Repubblica TV - Repubblica (in Italian). 15 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  78. ^ "Mattarella, Draghi e i suoi lettori. L'abbraccio infinito a Scalfari nella camera ardente". la Repubblica (in Italian). 15 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  79. ^ "Eugenio Scalfari, l'ultimo saluto ai funerali in Campidoglio. Ezio Mauro: "Grazie, la tua idea dell'Italia non ci lascerà mai"". la Repubblica (in Italian). 16 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  80. ^ "Eugenio Scalfari. I legami internazionali; in missione con l'Europa nel cuore". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  81. ^ "Eugenio Scalfari, le reazioni nel giorno della morte. Papa: " Dolore per la scomparsa di un amico". Mattarella: "Particolarmente addolorato". Draghi: "Vuoto incolmabile"". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  82. ^ "Scalfari, così nasce la Repubblica dedicata alla scomparsa del suo fondatore". Repubblica TV - Repubblica (in Italian). 15 July 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  83. ^ "Eugenio Scalfari. La cultura, l'intellettuale che cancellò la terza pagina". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  84. ^ "Eugenio Scalfari, un'avventura straordinaria. L'intellettuale amato dal popolo". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  85. ^ "Eugenio Scalfari. L'economia, la sua sfida era controllare il potere". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  86. ^ "Addio Scalfari, l'inventore di giornali". 15 July 2022.
  87. ^ "Scalfari e gli anni del cambiamento". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  88. ^ "Giorgio La Malfa: Quando Scalfari fece dialogare Ingrao con il padre Ugo". la Repubblica (in Italian). 15 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  89. ^ "Eugenio Scalfari, i libri. Incontri con Io ed eterna ricerca sempre per l'alto mare aperto". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.

Bibliography

edit
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eugenio Scalfari.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugenio_Scalfari&oldid=1245487278"