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Cumberland Basin (Bristol)

The Cumberland Basin is the main entrance to the docks of the city of Bristol, England. It separates the areas of Hotwells from the tip of Spike Island.

Cumberland Basin
The basin looking eastwards
The basin looking eastwards
Cumberland Basin is located in Bristol
Cumberland Basin
Cumberland Basin
Location within Bristol
Coordinates: 51°26′53″N 2°37′10″W / 51.44806°N 2.61944°W / 51.44806; -2.61944
CountryEngland
CityBristol
DistrictHotwells
Established1804-9
Further information on Cumberland Basin: Bristol Harbour § Construction of the floating harbour
MV Balmoral in Cumberland Basin

History

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Aerial photograph of the Cumberland Basin, 1930s

The River Avon never flowed through the Cumberland Basin. Before the 19th century improvements and the construction of the non-tidal Floating Harbour, the Avon flowed through the tidal harbour and out through the future location of the Underfall Yard. When the basin and Floating Harbour were constructed the river was diverted through the New Cut, bypassing the harbour entirely.

Following competition from other ports, in 1802 William Jessop proposed installing a dam and lock at Hotwells to create the harbour. The £530,000 scheme was approved by Parliament, and construction began in May 1804. The scheme included the construction of the Cumberland Basin, a large wide stretch of the harbour in Hotwells where the Quay walls and bollards have listed building status.[1][2]

The new scheme required a way to equalise the levels inside and outside the Dock for the passage of vessels to and from the Avon, and bridges to cross the water. Jessop built Cumberland Basin with two entrance locks from the tidal Avon, of width 45 ft (13.7 m) and 35 ft (10.7 m), and a 45 feet (13.7 m) wide junction lock between the Basin and what became known as the Floating Harbour. This arrangement provided flexibility of operation with the Basin being used as a lock when there were large numbers of arrivals and sailings. The harbour was officially opened on 1 May 1809.[3] The first alteration was the construction of the south junction lock which was completed in 1849 and had a single-leaf wrought-iron gate. It is no longer used and has been sealed by a concrete wall.[4]

In 1831 a terrace of eight houses were built for the Bristol Docks Company.[5][6] In 1870 a hydraulic pump house was built by Thomas Howard to power the bridges and machinery. It has since been converted into the Pump House pub,[7] with hydraulic power being provided from the Hydraulic engine house at the Underfall Yard.

Swing bridges

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When Brunel rebuilt the entrance locks of the Cumberland Basin in Bristol Harbour, between 1848 and 1849, he also constructed a number of swinging bridges – Brunel's first moving bridges.[8] These were of centre-pivot construction, but were highly asymmetrical, the outboard side being nearly three times longer than the landward, balanced by large cast iron counterweights.[8]

As the bridges were for light roadways and did not have to carry the weight of a railway or train, their girders were of a lightweight construction, known as Balloon flange girders that simplified manufacture. A full balloon upper flange was used, similar in shape to the South Wales Railway bridges, but the flange sat above the main web of the girder and the web did not span the flange and reach to the top. This simplified construction as it avoided the T-joint, the necessary L-strips and thus several rows of riveting.[8] The lower flange was of an entirely novel form, being triangular in section, although with concave sides. Again, the main web did not span the flange. All three joints were now simple lap joints with single-row riveting.[8]

One of the bridges was moved from the south entrance lock to the north entrance dock in 1873. It was originally hand cranked and later adapted to use hydraulic power.[9] It became redundant in the 1960s when it was replaced by the large Plimsoll Swing Bridge and was left on the side of the dock partially beneath the new bridge.[10] It is now known as "Brunel's other bridge" to differentiate it from the nearby Clifton Suspension Bridge.[11] The old Junction Lock swing bridge was originally powered by water pressure from the Underfall Yard hydraulic engine house at 750 psi (52 bar) but was converted to electro hydraulic with PLC control in 2010 by KPR Engineering.[12] The new Plimsoll Bridge, completed in 1965, utilises a similar electro-hydraulic system using oil at a pressure of 4,480 psi (309 bar).[3]

Like a number of early Brunel bridges, Brunel's involvement with them was largely forgotten and only recorded in obscure works.[13] At one point they were under serious threat of demolition until their historical significance was re-recognised. Brunel's other bridge is listed on the Heritage at Risk Register.[14] A £1 million appeal was launched in 2014 to restore the bridge,[11][15] and English Heritage has offered a grant towards its restoration.[14] In 2019, after work by volunteers from Avon Industrial Buildings Trust, a grant of £62,000 has been awarded by Historic England for restoration work.[16]

 

  1. Prince's Wharf, including M Shed, Pyronaut and Mayflower adjoining Prince Street Bridge
  2. Dry docks: SS Great Britain, the Matthew
  3. St Augustine's Reach, Pero's Bridge
  4. Bathurst Basin
  5. Queen Square
  6. Bristol Temple Meads railway station
  7. Castle Park
  8. Redcliffe Quay and Redcliffe Caves
  9. Baltic Wharf marina
  10. Cumberland Basin & Brunel Locks
  11. The New Cut
  12. Netham Lock, entrance to the Feeder Canal
  13. Totterdown Basin
  14. Temple Quay
  15. The Centre
  16. Canons Marsh, including Millennium Square and We The Curious
  17. Underfall Yard
  18. Bristol Bridge and Welsh Back

Future plans

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The elevated road network built in the 1960s which forms the majority of land at the Cumberland Basin is nearing the end of its intended lifespan. Since 2015, plans have existed to redevelop the area.[17] Bristol mayor Marvin Rees announced in 2017 the intention to regenerate the area under the name Western Harbour, a name referring to the area at the westerly entrance to the historic Floating Harbour, including the areas immediately to the north and south.[18] In August 2019, a public consultation began seeking local residents' views on the area's future, including new bridges and housing options.[19] In 2021, Bristol City Council announced a six-month period of community engagement into the area, in order to develop a vision for its future transformation.[18]

References

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  1. ^ Historic England. "Quay walls and bollards (1202185)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 August 2006.
  2. ^ Historic England. "Quay walls and bollards around Cumberland Basin (1202185)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  3. ^ a b "The creation of Bristol City docks". Farvis. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  4. ^ Historic England. "Brunel's South Entrance Lock (1207824)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  5. ^ Historic England. "Nos.1-5 (Consecutive) Old Dock Cottages (1279554)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  6. ^ Historic England. "Nos.6, 7 AND 8 Old Dock Cottages (1202184)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  7. ^ Historic England. "The Pump House Public House (1279539)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  8. ^ a b c d Isambard Brunel Junior (2006) [1870]. The Life of Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Civil Engineer. STEAM / Nonsuch Publishing. pp. 146–149. ISBN 978-1845880316.
  9. ^ Fells, Maurice (2014). The A-Z of Curious Bristol. History Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0750956055.
  10. ^ "Cumberland Basin Bridges (Bristol)". Grace's Guide. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  11. ^ a b "Brunel's other bridge in Bristol may be repaired as £1m appeal launched". BBC News Online. 10 October 2014.
  12. ^ "KPR £12M Historical I.K. Brunel Contract at Cumberland Basin Bristol UK". KPR Engineering. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  13. ^ Buchanan, Angus; Williams, Michael (1982). Brunel's Bristol. Redcliffe Press. p. 31. ISBN 0905459393.
  14. ^ a b "Swing Bridge over North Entrance Lock, Cumberland Basin, Bristol - Bristol, City of (UA)". Heritage at Risk. Historic England. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  15. ^ "Brunel's Other Bridge". Brunel's Other Bridge Committee. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  16. ^ "Brunel's 'other bridge' in Bristol to be 'saved with £62k grant". BBC News. 2 September 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  17. ^ "Pictures show potential for development around Cumberland Basin". Bristol Live. 19 August 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  18. ^ a b "Western Harbour". bristol.gov.uk. 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  19. ^ "Cumberland Basin: Major Bristol road consultation begins". BBC News. 19 August 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
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  Media related to Cumberland Basin at Wikimedia Commons

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