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Constance Markievicz

Constance Georgine Markievicz (Polish: Markiewicz [marˈkʲɛvitʂ]; née Gore-Booth; 4 February 1868 – 15 July 1927), also known as Countess Markievicz and Madame Markievicz,[2] was an Irish politician, revolutionary, nationalist, suffragist, socialist, and the first woman elected to the Westminster Parliament. She was elected Minister for Labour in the First Dáil, becoming the second female cabinet minister in Europe. She served as a Teachta Dála for the Dublin South constituency from 1921 to 1922 and 1923 to 1927. She was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Dublin St Patrick's from 1918 to 1922.

Constance Markievicz
Markievicz in her Irish Citizen Army uniform
Minister for Labour
In office
April 1919 – January 1922
Preceded byNew office
Succeeded byJoseph McGrath
Teachta Dála
In office
August 1923 – 15 July 1927
In office
May 1921 – June 1922
ConstituencyDublin South
In office
December 1918 – May 1921
ConstituencyDublin St Patrick's
Member of Parliament
In office
28 December 1918 – 15 November 1922
Preceded byWilliam Field
Succeeded byConstituency abolished
ConstituencyDublin St Patrick's
Personal details
Born
Constance Georgine Gore-Booth

(1868-02-04)4 February 1868
London, England
Died15 July 1927(1927-07-15) (aged 59)
Dublin, Ireland
Resting placeGlasnevin Cemetery,
Dublin, Ireland
Political party
SpouseCasimir Markievicz (m. 1900)
RelationsEva Gore-Booth (Sister)
ChildrenMaeve Markievicz (1901–1962)
Parents
Military service
Allegiance
Years of service1913–1923
RankLieutenant[1]
Battles/wars

A founding member of Fianna Éireann, Cumann na mBan and the Irish Citizen Army, she took part in the Easter Rising in 1916, when Irish republicans attempted to end British rule and establish an Irish Republic. She was sentenced to death but her sentence was commuted to life imprisonment[3] on the grounds of her sex. On 28 December 1918, she was the first woman elected to the UK House of Commons,[4] though, being in Holloway Prison at the time and in accordance with party policy, she did not take her seat. Instead, she and the other Sinn Féin MPs (as TDs) formed the first Dáil Éireann. She was also one of the first women in the world to hold a cabinet position, as Minister for Labour, from 1919 to 1922.[a]

Markievicz supported the anti-Treaty side in the Irish Civil War. She continued as an (abstentionist) Dáil member for Sinn Féin until 1926 when she became a founding member of Fianna Fáil. She died in 1927.

Early life

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Constance Gore-Booth, later known as Constance Markievicz

Constance Georgine Gore-Booth was born at Buckingham Gate in London in 1868, the elder daughter of the Arctic explorer and adventurer Sir Henry Gore-Booth, 5th Baronet, an Anglo-Irish landlord who administered a 100 km2 (39 sq mi) estate, and Georgina, Lady Gore-Booth, née Hill. During the famine of 1879–80, Sir Henry provided free food for the tenants on his estate at Lissadell House in the north of County Sligo in the north-west of Ireland. Their father's example inspired in Gore-Booth and her younger sister, Eva Gore-Booth, a deep concern for working people and the poor. The sisters were childhood friends of the poet W. B. Yeats, who frequently visited the family home Lissadell House, and were influenced by his artistic and political ideas. Yeats wrote a poem, "In Memory of Eva Gore-Booth and Con Markiewicz", in which he described the sisters as "two girls in silk kimono, both beautiful, one a gazelle" The gazelle being Eva, whom Yeats described as having "a gazelle-like beauty".[5] Eva later became involved in the labour movement and women's suffrage in Great Britain, although initially Constance did not share her sister's ideals.

Gore-Booth wished to train as a painter, to her family's dismay; in 1892, she went to study at the Slade School of Art in London,[6] where she lived at the Alexandra House for Art Pupils, Kensington Gore, founded five years before by Sir Francis Cook, a wealthy great-uncle of Maud Gonne. One of her contemporaries there was Blanche Georgiana Vulliamy.[7] It was at this time that Gore-Booth first became politically active and joined the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). Later she moved to Paris and enrolled at the prestigious Académie Julian where she met her future husband, Casimir Markievicz, an artist from a wealthy Polish family from present-day Ukraine.[8]

The Markieviczes settled in Dublin in 1903 and moved in artistic and literary circles, with Constance gaining a reputation as a landscape painter.[9] In 1905, along with artists Sarah Purser, Nathaniel Hone, Walter Osborne and John Butler Yeats, she was instrumental in founding the United Arts Club, which was an attempt to bring together all those in Dublin with an artistic and literary bent. This group included the leading figures of the Gaelic League founded by the future first President of Ireland, Douglas Hyde. Although formally concerned only with the preservation of the Irish language and culture, the league brought together many patriots and future political leaders. Sarah Purser, whom the young Gore-Booth sisters first met in 1882, when she was commissioned to paint their portrait, hosted a regular salon where artists, writers and intellectuals on both sides of the nationalist divide gathered. At Purser's house, Markievicz met revolutionary patriots Michael Davitt, John O'Leary and Maud Gonne. In 1907, Markievicz rented a cottage in the countryside near Dublin. The previous tenant, the poet Padraic Colum, had left behind copies of The Peasant and Sinn Féin. These revolutionary journals promoted independence from British rule. Markievicz read them and was propelled into action.[10]

Politics

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In 1908, Markievicz became actively involved in nationalist politics in Ireland. She joined Sinn Féin and Inghinidhe na hÉireann ('Daughters of Ireland'), a revolutionary women's movement founded by the actress and activist Maud Gonne, muse of WB Yeats. Markievicz came directly to her first meeting from a function at Dublin Castle, the seat of British rule in Ireland, wearing a satin ball gown and a diamond tiara. Naturally, the members looked upon her with some hostility. This refreshing change from being "kowtowed"-to as a countess only made her more eager to join, she told her friend Helena Molony. She performed with Maud Gonne in several plays at the newly established Abbey Theatre, an institution that played an important part in the rise of cultural nationalism. In the same year, Markievicz played a dramatic role in the women's suffrage campaigners' tactic of opposing Winston Churchill's election to Parliament during the Manchester North West by-election, flamboyantly appearing in the constituency driving an old-fashioned carriage drawn by four white horses to promote the suffragist cause. A male heckler asked her if she could cook a dinner, to which she responded, "Yes. Can you drive a coach and four?" Her sister Eva had moved to Manchester to live with fellow suffragist Esther Roper and they both campaigned against the anti-suffragist Churchill with her. Churchill lost the election to Conservative candidate William Joynson-Hicks, in part as a result of the suffragists' dedicated opposition.[11]

In 1909 Markievicz founded Fianna Éireann, a nationalist scouting organisation that instructed teenage boys in scouting, in the style of Robert Baden-Powell's then-paramilitary Boy Scouts. At the Fianna's first meeting in Camden Street, Dublin, on 16 August 1909, she was almost expelled on the basis that women did not belong in a physical force movement. She had drawn in Bulmer Hobson, who had earlier founded a less successful boy scout group in Belfast. He supported her, and she was elected to the committee.[12] She was jailed for the first time in 1911 for speaking at an Irish Republican Brotherhood demonstration attended by 30,000 people, organised to protest against George V's visit to Ireland. During this protest, Markievicz handed out leaflets, erected great banners emblazoned Dear land thou art not conquered yet, participated in stone-throwing at pictures of the King and Queen and attempted to burn the giant British flag taken from Leinster House, eventually succeeding, but then seeing James McArdle imprisoned for one month for the incident, despite Markievicz testifying in court that she was responsible.[13] Her friend Helena Molony was arrested for her part in the stone-throwing and became the first woman in Ireland to be tried and imprisoned for a political act since the time of the Ladies Land League.[13]

Markievicz joined James Connolly's socialist Irish Citizen Army (ICA), a volunteer force formed in response to the lock-out of 1913 to defend the demonstrating workers from the police. Markievicz recruited volunteers to peel potatoes in the basement of Liberty Hall while she and others worked on distributing the food. Markievicz was forced to take out loans and to sell her jewellery. That year, with Inghinidhe na hÉireann, she ran a soup kitchen to feed poor children and enable them to attend school.

In the Inghininidhe na h-Éireann magazine Bean na h-Éireann, Markievicz's advice to women was: "Dress suitably in short skirts and strong boots, leave your jewels in the bank and buy a revolver."[14]

Easter Rising

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Markievicz in uniform examining a Colt New Service Model 1909 revolver, posed c. 1915

As a member of the Citizen Army, Markievicz took part in the 1916 Easter Rising. She was deeply inspired by the founder of the ICA, James Connolly. Markievicz designed the Citizen Army uniform and composed its anthem, based on the tune of a Polish song.[15]

Markievicz fought in St Stephen's Green, where on the first morning —according to the only two pages surviving of the diary of an alleged witness — she shot a member of the Dublin Metropolitan Police, Constable Lahiff, who subsequently died of his injuries.[16][17] Other accounts place her at City Hall when the policeman was shot, only arriving at Stephen's Green later.[18] It was long thought that she was second in command to Michael Mallin,[19] but in fact it was Christopher "Kit" Poole who held that position.[20] Markievicz supervised the setting-up of barricades on Easter Monday and was in the middle of the fighting all around Stephen's Green, wounding a British army sniper.[21] Trenches were dug in the Green, sheltered by the front gate; however, after British machine gun and rifle fire from the rooftops of tall buildings on the north side of the Green including the Shelbourne Hotel, the Citizen Army troops withdrew to the Royal College of Surgeons on the west side of the Green.

The Stephen's Green garrison held out for six days, ending the engagement when the British brought them Pearse's surrender order. The British officer, Captain (later Major) de Courcy Wheeler, who accepted their surrender was married to Markievicz's first cousin, Selina Maude Beresford Knox.[22][23]

They were taken to Dublin Castle and then to Kilmainham Gaol through what Matt Connolly described as "several groups of hostile people".[24] There, she was the only one of 70 women prisoners who was put into solitary confinement. At her court-martial on 4 May 1916, Markievicz pleaded not guilty to "taking part in an armed rebellion...for the purpose of assisting the enemy," but pleaded guilty to having attempted "to cause disaffection among the civil population of His Majesty".[25] Markievicz told the court, "I went out to fight for Ireland's freedom and it does not matter what happens to me. I did what I thought was right and I stand by it."[25][26] She was sentenced to death, but the court recommended mercy "solely and only on account of her sex".[25] The sentence was commuted to life in prison. When told of this, she said to her captors, "I do wish your lot had the decency to shoot me".[b][28]

Markievicz was transferred to Mountjoy Prison, Holloway Prison and then to Aylesbury Prison in England in July 1916. She was released from prison in 1917, along with others involved in the Rising, as the government in London granted a general amnesty for those who had participated in it. It was around this time that Markievicz, born into the Church of Ireland, converted to Catholicism.[29]

First Dáil

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Election victory procession led by Markievicz in County Clare, circa 1918

Along with other leading Sinn Féin members, she was jailed again in 1918 for her part in the supposed German Plot. At the 1918 general election, Markievicz was elected for the constituency of Dublin St Patrick's, beating her opponent William Field with 66% of the vote, as one of 73 Sinn Féin MPs. The results were called on 28 December 1918.[4] This made her the first woman elected to the United Kingdom House of Commons.[30] However, in line with Sinn Féin abstentionist policy, she did not take her seat in the House of Commons.[31]

Markievicz was in Holloway prison when her colleagues assembled in Dublin at the first meeting of the First Dáil, the Parliament of the revolutionary Irish Republic. When her name was called, she was described, like many of those elected, as being "imprisoned by the foreign enemy" (fé ghlas ag Gallaibh).[32] She was re-elected to the Second Dáil in the elections of 1921.[33]

Markievicz served as Minister for Labour from April 1919 to January 1922, in the Second Ministry and the Third Ministry of the Dáil. Holding cabinet rank from April to August 1919, she became both the first Irish female Cabinet Minister and at the same time, only the second female government minister in Europe.[a][34] She was the only female cabinet minister in Irish history until 1979 when Máire Geoghegan-Quinn was appointed to the cabinet post of Minister for the Gaeltacht for Fianna Fáil. Her Labour department was concerned with setting up Conciliation Boards, arbitrating labour disputes, surveying areas and establishing guidelines for wages and food prices.[35]

Civil War and Fianna Fáil

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A 1927 Group shot of founding members of Fianna Fáil, with Markievicz placed front and centre beside leader Éamon de Valera

Markievicz left the government in January 1922 along with Éamon de Valera and others in opposition to the Anglo-Irish Treaty. She worked actively for the Republican cause in the Irish Civil War, including directing the Citizen Army in the occupation of Moran's Hotel in Dublin.[36] During the Battle of Dublin (28 June to 5 July 1922) she helped lead the anti-treaty forces of the IRAs Dublin Brigade. Members of Cumann na mBan assisted the anti-treaty forces and carried dispatches between the occupied Four Courts buildings and the Dublin Brigade headquarters.[37] After the civil war she toured the United States. She was not elected in the 1922 Irish general election but was returned in 1923 for the Dublin South constituency. In common with other Republican candidates, she did not take her Dáil seat. She was arrested again in November 1923. In prison, she went on a hunger strike, and within a month, she and other prisoners were released.[38]

She left Sinn Féin and joined the Fianna Fáil party on its foundation in 1926, chairing the inaugural meeting of the new party in La Scala Theatre. In the June 1927 general election, she was re-elected to the 5th Dáil as a candidate for Fianna Fáil, which was pledged to return to Dáil Éireann, but died only five weeks later, before she could take her seat.[39] Her fellow Fianna Fáil TDs signed the controversial Oath of Allegiance and took their seats in the Dáil on 12 August 1927, less than a month after her death.[40] The party leader Éamon de Valera described the Oath as "an empty political formula".[41]

Family life

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Markievicz with her daughter and stepson

Constance's husband, Casimir Markievicz, was known in Paris as Count Markievicz, a title that was the norm for large landowners in Poland at this time. When the Gore-Booth family enquired as to the validity of the title, they were informed through Pyotr Rachkovsky of the Russian Secret Police that he had taken the title "without right", and that there had never been a "Count Markievicz" in Poland.[42] However, the Department of Genealogy in Saint Petersburg said that he was entitled to claim to be a member of the nobility.[43] Markievicz was married, though separated, at the time they met; his wife died in 1899 and he and Gore-Booth married in London on 29 September 1900.[44] She gave birth to their daughter, Maeve, at Lissadell in November 1901.[44] The child was mainly raised by her Gore-Booth grandparents. Stanislas, Casimir's son from his first marriage, accompanied the couple to Ireland after their honeymoon visit to his homeland.

In 1913 Markievicz's husband moved back to Ukraine, and never returned to live in Ireland. However, they did correspond and he was by her side when she died.

Death

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Markievicz died at the age of 59 on 15 July 1927, of complications after two appendicitis operations, a dangerous surgery in the days before antibiotics. She had given away the last of her wealth, and died in a public ward "among the poor where she wanted to be".[45][46] One of the doctors attending her was her revolutionary colleague Kathleen Lynn.[47] Also at her bedside were Casimir and Stanislas Markievicz, Éamon de Valera and Hanna Sheehy Skeffington.[47] Prior to her death, Esther Roper maintained a vigil at Constance's bed with Marie Perolz, Helena Molony, Kathleen Lynn and other friends. Refused a state funeral by the Free State government, she was laid out in the Rotunda, where she had spoken at so many political meetings. Thousands of the Dubliners who loved her lined O'Connell Street and Parnell Square to pass by her body and pay their respects to 'Madame'. It took four hours for the beginning of the funeral, starting from the Rotunda, to reach the gates of Glasnevin Cemetery. Eamon de Valera gave the funeral oration, while Free State soldiers stood on guard to prevent the rifle salute that Michael Collins had called “the only speech which it is proper to make above the grave of a dead Fenian”.[45][48]

Her former Citizen Army colleague the playwright Seán O'Casey said of her: "One thing she had in abundance—physical courage; with that she was clothed as with a garment."[49]

Tributes

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In County Sligo Markievicz Road and Markievicz Park (the main GAA stadium in the county) both bear her name.[50] In Dublin, the flat complex Countess Markiewicz House also bears her name. [51]

In 2018, a portrait of Markievicz was donated by the Irish parliament to the British House of Commons to commemorate the 1918 Representation of the People Act, under which, some women were allowed the right to vote for the first time in the United Kingdom.[52]

In 2019, a Dublin City Council Commemorative Plaque was unveiled at Markievicz's former home in Dublin, Surrey House on Leinster Road in Rathmines.[53]

In 2008, a Ukrainian village of Zhyvotivka, where Constance stayed with the Markievicz family in 1903, opened a room dedicated to the couple with the documents brought from Lissadel. [54]

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    Sculpture of Markievicz and her cocker spaniel, Poppet, on Townsend Street, Dublin by Elizabeth McLaughlin
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    A Dublin City Council 1916 Commemorative plaque, unveiled on 15 July 2019, to commemorate Constance Markievicz and the house she lived in from 1912 to 1916
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    The bust of Constance Markievicz in St Stephen's Green in Dublin.

Notes

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  1. ^ a b Alexandra Kollontai was People's Commissar (Minister) for Social Welfare of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1918.
  2. ^ A quite different account was given by 2-Lt William Wylie KC, the prosecutor, writing 23 years later in 1939: he said that she "curled up completely", "never stopped moaning" and cried "I am only a woman, and you cannot shoot a woman. You must not shoot a woman."[27]

References

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  1. ^ Bureau of Military History, Winess Statement 1666 [1] Archived 27 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine (Fr. T. O'Donoghue), p. 8
  2. ^ "Sligo and Madame Markievicz". The Irish Times. Dublin. 29 June 1917.
  3. ^ British National Archives WO 35/211
  4. ^ a b "Countess Markievicz—'The Rebel Countess'" (PDF). Irish Labour History Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  5. ^ Memoirs, Ed by Dennis Donoghue (1972) Quoted in Everyman edition of, Yeats, The Poems.(1992)p694.Rodgers, Rosemary (11 May 2015). "The Rebel Countess". Irish America. June/July 2015. pp. 42–3. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2018 – via issuu.
    Rodgers, Rosemary (13 May 2015). "The Rebel Countess". Irish America. June/July 2015. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018 – via Irish America website.
  6. ^ "Countess Markievicz (Constance Markievicz)". Centre for Advancement of Women in Politics. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
  7. ^ Naughton, Lindie (2016). Markievicz: A Most Outrageous Rebel. Newbridge, Co. Kildare: Merrion Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-78537-084-7. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  8. ^ "Constance Markievicz: The Countess of Irish Freedom". The Wild Geese today. Archived from the original on 5 May 1998.
  9. ^ Gore-Booth, Eva, The one and the many Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1904. Copy with hand-painted illustrations by Constance Markievicz [née Gore-Booth] held in the Manuscripts & Archives Research Library, The Library of Trinity College Dublin. Available in digital form on the Digital Collections website.
  10. ^ Anne Haverty, Constance Markievicz: Irish Revolutionary (Liiliput Press: Dublin, 2016), pp. 73-74.
  11. ^ Marecco, Anne (1967). The Rebel Countess. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
  12. ^ Townshend, Charles (2006). Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion. London: Penguin Books. pp. 21–2. ISBN 978-0-14-190276-0. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  13. ^ a b Ward, Margaret (1983). Unmanageable Revolutionaries: Women and Irish Nationalism. London: Pluto Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-86104-700-0.
  14. ^ Sigillito, Gina (2007). The Daughters of Maeve: 50 Irish Women Who Changed World. New York: Kensington Publishing Corp. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8065-3609-5. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
  15. ^ Markievicz, Constance (c. 1917). A Battle Hymn. Irish Traditional Music Archive. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
  16. ^ Matthews, Ann (2010). Renegades: Irish Republican Women 1900–1922. Mercier Press Ltd. pp. 129–30. ISBN 978-1-85635-684-8. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  17. ^ Arrington, Lauren (26 January 2016). "Did Constance Markievicz Shoot the Policeman?". Conference of Irish Historians in Britain. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  18. ^ Haverty, Anne (1988). Constance Markievicz: Irish Revolutionary. London: Pandora. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-86358-161-8.
  19. ^ Ward (1983), p. 112.
  20. ^ Millar, Scott (December 2013). "Not for fame or for name". Liberty. 12 (10): 23.
  21. ^ McKenna, Joseph (2011). Guerrilla Warfare in the Irish War of Independence, 1919–1921. McFarland. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-7864-8519-2. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  22. ^ "Mauser pistol handed to me by Countess Markievicz when she surrendered to me at the College of Surgeons Dublin in 1916 with Commandant Mallin. H. E. de C. Wheeler. This was presented to me by General Lowe". Catalogue. National Library of Ireland. 1916. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  23. ^ Bunbury, Turtle. "Dorothea Findlater – One Hundred Years On". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016. Perhaps the most awkward arrest Wheeler made was Countess Markievicz, his wife's first cousin.
  24. ^ Matthew Connolly Bureau of Military History witness statement Archived 7 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ a b c Foy, Michael T.; Barton, Brian (2011). The Easter Rising. The History Press. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-7524-7272-0. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  26. ^ Arrington (2015), p. 141.
  27. ^ Richardson, Neil (2015). "Chapter 8: Dublin University Officer Training Corps: The Defence of Trinity College Dublin". According to their Lights: Stories of Irishmen in the British Army, Easter 1916. Cork: The Collins Press. ISBN 978-1-84889-214-9.
  28. ^ Dowler, Lorraine (2004). "Amazonian Landscapes: Gender, War, and Historical Repetition". In Flint, Colin (ed.). The Geography of War and Peace: From Death Camps to Diplomats. Oxford University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-19-534751-7. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  29. ^ Kenny, Mary (November–December 2018). "Would the countess have supported repeal of the 8th?". History Ireland. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  30. ^ Bell, Jo (2021). On this day she : putting women back into history, one day at a time. Tania Hershman, Ailsa Holland. London. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-78946-271-5. OCLC 1250378425.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  31. ^ "Archives – The First Women MPs". UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  32. ^ McGuffin, John (1973). "Internment – Women Internees 1916–1973". Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  33. ^ "Countess Constance de Markievicz". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  34. ^ Ward (1983), p. 137.
  35. ^ McNamara, Maedhbh (2020). A Woman's Place is in the Cabinet: Women Ministers in Irish Government 1919-2019. Drogheda (Ireland): Sea Dog Books. ISBN 978-1-913275-06-8.[page needed]
  36. ^ Annie Farrington Bureau of Military History witness statement Archived 8 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  37. ^ Macardle, Dorothy (1965). The Irish Republic. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 747–748.
  38. ^ Pašeta, Senia (2009). "Markievicz, Constance Georgine". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Royal Irish Academy. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  39. ^ "Constance Georgina de Markievicz". Houses of the Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  40. ^ "New Deputies take their seats – Dáil Éireann debate – Friday, 12 Aug 1927". Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  41. ^ "BBC's Short History of Ireland". Bbc.co.uk. 1 January 1970. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  42. ^ Arrington, Lauren (2015). Revolutionary Lives: Constance and Casimir Markievicz. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 21–2. ISBN 978-1-4008-7418-7. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  43. ^ Arrington (2015), p. 22 (footnote).
  44. ^ a b "Constance Georgine Gore-Booth". The Lissadell Estate. Archived from the original on 18 November 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  45. ^ a b Depuis, Nicola (2009). Mná Na HÉireann: Women who Shaped Ireland. Cork: Mercier Press Ltd. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-85635-645-9. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  46. ^ Levenson, Leah; Natterstad, Jerry H. (1989). Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington: Irish Feminist. New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 452. ISBN 978-0-8156-2480-6. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  47. ^ a b "Death of Madame Marcievicz". Irish Independent. 15 July 1927.
  48. ^ "The Late Madame Marcievicz: An Impressive Funeral". Irish Independent. 18 July 1927.
  49. ^ Ratcliffe, Susan (2001). People on People: The Oxford Dictionary of Biographical Quotations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-19-866261-7.
  50. ^ "Ulster Bank, Stephen Street, Markievicz Road, RATHQUARTER, Sligo, SLIGO". buildingsfireland.ie. National Inventory of Architectural Heritage.
  51. ^ "Countess Markiewicz House, 115-140 Townsend Street, Mark's Lane, Dublin 2, DUBLIN". buildingsfireland.ie. National Inventory of Architectural Heritage.
  52. ^ Oireachtas, Houses of the (19 July 2018). "Picture of Constance Markievicz, first woman elected to House of Commons, gifted to UK by Ceann Comhairle – 19 Jul 2018, 11.20 – Houses of the Oireachtas". www.oireachtas.ie. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  53. ^ "Countess Markievicz is honoured with a plaque at Rathmines home". Dublingazette.com. 17 July 2019. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
  54. ^ "Irish flag flies high as Markievicz room opens in Ukrainian village". Irish Independent. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2024.

Further reading

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  • O'Faolain, Seán (1934). Constance Markievicz.
  • Lawlor, Damian (2009). Na Fianna Éireann and the Irish Revolution- 1909–1923.
  • Marreco, Anne (1967). The Rebel Countess: The Life and Times of Constance Markievicz.
  • Norman, Diana (1987). Terrible Beauty: A Life of Constance Markievicz, 1868–1927.
  • Haverty, Anne (1993). Constance Markievicz: Irish Revolutionary.
  • McGowan, Joe (2003). Constance Markievicz: The People's Countess.
  • Van Voris, Jacqueline (1967). Constance de Markievicz: In The Cause of Ireland.
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    British Army military intelligence file of 1917
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    British Army military intelligence file of the activities of Countess Constance Georgina Markievicz to 1919
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    British Army military intelligence file of the activities of Countess Constance Georgina Markievicz of 1922
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