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Clifford Nass

Clifford Ivar Nass (April 3, 1958 – November 2, 2013) was a professor of communication at Stanford University, co-creator of The Media Equation theory, and a renowned authority on human-computer interaction (HCI).[1][2] He was also known for his work on individual differences associated with media multitasking.[3] Nass was the Thomas M. Storke Professor at Stanford and held courtesy appointments in Computer Science, Education, Law, and Sociology. He was also affiliated with the programs in Symbolic Systems and Science, Technology, and Society.

Clifford Nass
Nass at Stanford in 2013
Born(1958-04-03)April 3, 1958
Teaneck, New Jersey, U.S.
DiedNovember 2, 2013(2013-11-02) (aged 55)
Stanford Sierra Camp, Fallen Leaf Lake, California, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Alma materPrinceton University
B.A., M.A., Ph.D.
Occupation(s)Professor, Stanford University

Nass was the director of the Communication between Humans and Interactive Media (CHIMe) Lab, co-director of Kozmetsky Global Collaboratory (KGC) and its Real-time Venture Design Laboratory (ReVeL),[4] and a co-founder of TeachAids.[5]

Early life and education

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Nass was born in Jersey City, New Jersey and raised in Teaneck, the son of Florence and Jules Nass. His parents formed New Jersey's first Mothers Against Drunk Driving chapter after Nass's older brother was killed by a drunk driver in 1981.[6]

Nass graduated cum laude with an A.B. in mathematics from Princeton University in 1981 after completing a senior thesis, titled "PASCGRAF and the Haloed line effect", under the supervision of Arthur Appel.[7][8] He then conducted research in the areas of computer graphics, data structures and database design for IBM and Intel before returning to Princeton to pursue graduate studies. He received a Ph.D. in sociology from Princeton in 1986 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "Society as computer: the structure and skill of information work in the United States, 1900-1980."[9] He then joined the faculty at Stanford University.[10]

Nass died, age 55, of a heart attack in November 2013.[11]

Research and Books

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He was the author of three books: The Media Equation, Wired for Speech, and The Man Who Lied to His Laptop. He has also published over 150 papers in the areas of human-computer interaction, statistical methodology, and organizational theory. He was credited with the founding of the Computers are social actors (CASA) paradigm.[12] Nass consulted on the design of over 250 media products and services for companies including Microsoft, Toyota, Philips, BMW, Hewlett-Packard, AOL, Sony, and Dell.[13]

Early HCI Work

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Nass’ early work was primarily in exploring ways people interacted with computers, particularly how those interactions are “fundamentally social” in nature.[14] By identifying a social theme in people's interaction with computers, he was able to observe that humans project “agency” on computers, and thus people will interact with computers in the same ways as interacting with people.

For example, he showed how people will observe the “politeness norm” and focus on the first application they are interacting with if another application interrupts them (such as a pop-up window).[15] He also showed how computer users engender computers and interact with them differently based on whether the computer is perceived as male or female – preferring to hear praise from a male computer voice, or receive relationship and love advice from a female computer voice, as examples. His 1994 presentation at the SIGCHI conference titled “Computers are Social Actors” outlined these and other observations on human computer interaction that led to the Computers are social actors paradigm.[14]

Mid-Career HCI Work

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After establishing that people interact with computers the same way they interact with people, particularly when using voice interfaces, Nass began to study this topic in more detail, publishing several studies that show the etiquette components of reciprocity, politeness, and responding to and giving praise as no different between people and computers as they were people and people.[16][17] This line of research led to the publishing of his book Wired for Speech : How Voice Activates and Advances the Human-Computer Relationship, in which he summarized the results of much of this work.

In 2007, Nass became a “dorm dad,” moving into a Stanford freshman residence hall. He was shocked and intrigued by the communication and technology practices of the students he observed. He watched as students utilized multiple devices all at once; texting, tweeting, listening to music and watching YouTube, all while working on homework.[18] He began a line of investigation into multitasking and the effects it has on cognition, discovering that more people multitask, the worse multitaskers they become. This, Nass asserts, is due to losing the ability to filter out non-relative stimuli.[19] In a Frontline interview in February 2010, Nass discusses the results of one of his experiments, saying “It turns out multitaskers are terrible at every aspect of multitasking. They're terrible at ignoring irrelevant information; they're terrible at keeping information in their head nicely and neatly organized; and they're terrible at switching from one task to another.”[20] The results of these experiments were widely picked up in the media, and Nass was invited to give a TedX talk at Stanford on the subject titled “Are you multitasking your life away?”[21]

Late Career HCI Work

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In The Man Who Lied to His Laptop, Nass summarizes many years of HCI research through the lens of what lessons they contain about human behavior and social relationships. The book, published in 2010, contains chapters on praise and criticism, personality, teams and team building, emotion, and persuasion.[22]

Nass continued to explore the effects of multitasking later in his career, co-publishing a study with Roy Pea showing the negative impacts on social well-being of certain media usage and media multitasking in 8-12-year-old girls.[23] This study also introduced a revised method for measuring media multitasking, building upon Nass’ earlier co-authored study with Eyal Ophir from 2009.[19] The new, revised method for measuring media multitasking allowed a more granular measurement of media multitasking in participants, which in turn allowed him to compare this measure to other variables, such as self-satisfaction and contentment.

In addition to furthering the study of media multitasking, Nass also began to research the voice user interface in relation to autonomous vehicles. He published a study that shows when a voice user interface reframes poor driving conditions in a positive light, it helps to regulate driver's emotions, attitudes, and increases driving performance. He also published studies that show when a voice user interface in an autonomous vehicle describes the vehicle taking an action, say slowing down, by describing the “why” and the “how” led to better driving performance and feelings of trust and safety from the driver.[24]

Published Books

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  • The Man Who Lied to His Laptop: What Machines Teach Us About Human Relationships. Penguin Group, 2010. ISBN 1-61723-001-4. Co-written with Corina Yen.
  • Wired for Speech: How Voice Activates and Advances the Human-Computer Relationship. MIT Press, 2005. ISBN 0-262-14092-6. Co-written with Scott Brave.
  • The Media Equation: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places. Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-1-57586-053-4. Co-written with Byron Reeves.

References

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  1. ^ NBC Plugs into YouTube's Viral Growth (NPR)
  2. ^ Machines' way with words (BBC)
  3. ^ Interview: Cliff Nass (Frontline)
  4. ^ Philanthropist George Kozmetsky makes $6 million gift to Stanford (Stanford News, April 21, 2003)
  5. ^ TeachAIDS: About
  6. ^ Chawkins, Steve. "Clifford Nass dies at 55; sociologist warned against multitasking; He was one of the first academics to study the dangers of chronic multitasking and the decline of face-to-face interaction.", Los Angeles Times, November 6, 2013. Accessed November 8, 2013. "Born in Jersey City, N.J., on April 3, 1958, Nass grew up in Teaneck, N.J., and graduated from Princeton University in 1981 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics. He stayed at Princeton and, in 1986, received his doctorate in sociology."
  7. ^ PASCGRAF and the Haloed line effect. 1981.
  8. ^ New York Times: Clifford Nass, Who Warned of a Data Deluge, Dies at 55.
  9. ^ Society as computer : The structure and skill of information work in the United States, 1900-1980. 1986.
  10. ^ Clifford Nass: Stanford University Home Page Archived 2006-10-15 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Sullivan, Kathleen J. (November 4, 2013). "Professor Clifford I. Nass, expert on human/computer interactions, dead at 55". The Stanford Report. Stanford University. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
  12. ^ Computer are Social Actors Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine (Microsoft Research)
  13. ^ Stanford Admit Weekend 2011: Clifford Nass
  14. ^ a b Nass, C., Steuer, J., & Tauber, E. (1994). Computers are social actors. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 72-78.
  15. ^ Bradford, J., Nass, Clifford Ivar, Fogg, Brian J, & Hewlett-Packard Laboratories. (1996). Differentiating interface agents : How simple can it be? (HP Laboratories technical report ; HPL-96-81). Palo Alto, CA: Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Technical Publications Dept.
  16. ^ Nass, C. (2004). Etiquette equality: Exhibitions and expectations of computer politeness. Communications of the ACM, 47(4), 35-37.
  17. ^ Nass, C., & Moon, Y. (2000). Machines and mindlessness: Social responses to computers. The Journal of Social Issues, 56(1), 81-103.
  18. ^ Chawkins, Steve (November 9, 2013). "Clifford Nass dies at 55; Stanford Scholar of Multitasking". The Washington Post.
  19. ^ a b Ophir, Eyal; Nass, Clifford; Wagner, Anthony D.; Posner, Michael I. (2009). "Cognitive Control in Media Multitaskers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (37): 15583–15587. doi:10.1073/pnas.0903620106. JSTOR 40484765. PMC 2747164. PMID 19706386.
  20. ^ "Interviews - Clifford Nass | Digital Nation | FRONTLINE | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
  21. ^ TEDx Talks (20 June 2013), Are You Multitasking Your Life Away? Cliff Nass at TEDxStanford, archived from the original on 2021-12-19, retrieved 2019-02-08
  22. ^ "The man who lied to his laptop: what machines teach us about human relationships". Choice Reviews Online. 48 (7): 48–3960-48-3960. 2011-03-01. doi:10.5860/choice.48-3960. ISSN 0009-4978.
  23. ^ Pea, Roy, Nass, Clifford, Meheula, Lyn, Rance, Marcus, Kumar, Aman, Bamford, Holden, . . . Subrahmanyam, Kaveri. (2012). Media Use, Face-to-Face Communication, Media Multitasking, and Social Well-Being Among 8- to 12-Year-Old Girls. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 327-336.
  24. ^ Koo, J., Kwac, J., Ju, W., Steinert, M., Leifer, L., & Nass, C. (2015). Why did my car just do that? Explaining semi-autonomous driving actions to improve driver understanding, trust, and performance. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), 9(4), 269-275.
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