[go: up one dir, main page]
Wikipedia

Civil union

(Redirected from Civil partnerships)
See also: Domestic partnership, which is legal recognition of relationships without the wider rights or benefits of civil unions.

A civil union (also known as a civil partnership) is a legally recognized arrangement similar to marriage, created primarily as a means to provide recognition in law for same-sex couples. Civil unions grant some or all of the rights of marriage (with child adoption being a common exception, and the title itself).

Gay couple in Croatia, which allows civil partnerships but not same-sex marriage.

Civil unions under one name or another have been established by law in several, mostly developed, countries in order to provide legal recognition of relationships formed by unmarried same-sex couples and to afford them rights, benefits, tax breaks, and responsibilities similar or identical to those of legally married couples. In 1989, Denmark was the first country to legalise civil unions, for same-sex couples; however most other developed democracies did not begin establishing civil unions until the 1990s or early 2000s, often developing them from less formal domestic partnerships. While civil unions are often established for both opposite-sex couples and same-sex couples, in a number of countries they are available to same-sex couples only. In Brazil, civil unions were first created for opposite-sex couples in 2002, and then expanded to include same-sex couples through a supreme court ruling in 2011. In the majority of countries that established same-sex civil unions, they have since been either supplemented or replaced by same-sex marriage. Civil unions are viewed by LGBT rights campaigners as a "first step" towards establishing same-sex marriage, as civil unions are viewed by supporters of LGBT rights as a "separate but equal" or "second class" status.

Many jurisdictions with civil unions recognize foreign unions if those are essentially equivalent to their own; for example, the United Kingdom lists equivalent unions in the Civil Partnership Act 2004 Schedule 20. The marriages of same-sex couples performed abroad may be recognized as civil unions in jurisdictions that only have the latter.

Overview and terminology

edit
 
The notion of civil unions is rejected by some, such as this protester at a large demonstration in New York City against California Proposition 8.[1]

The terms used to designate civil unions are not standardised and vary widely from country to country. Government-sanctioned relationships that may be similar or equivalent to civil unions include civil partnerships, registered partnerships, domestic partnerships, significant relationships, reciprocal beneficiary relationships, common-law marriage, adult interdependent relationships, life partnerships, stable unions, civil solidarity pacts, and so on. The exact level of rights, benefits, obligations, and responsibilities also varies, depending on the laws of a particular country. Some jurisdictions allow same-sex couples to adopt, while others forbid them to do so, or allow adoption only in specified circumstances.

In the United States, the term civil union was introduced in the state of Vermont in 2000 to connote a status equivalent to marriage for same-sex couples; it was chosen by the state's legislators in preference to phrases such as "domestic partner relationship" or "civil accord".[2]

Domestic partnership, offered by some states, counties, cities, and employers since as early as 1985,[3] has generally connoted a lesser status with fewer benefits.[4] However, the legislatures of the West Coast states of California, Oregon and Washington have preferred the term domestic partnership for enactments similar or equivalent to civil union laws in East Coast states.

Civil unions are not seen as a replacement for marriage by many in the LGBT community. "Marriage in the United States is a civil union; but a civil union, as it has come to be called, is not marriage", said Evan Wolfson of Freedom to Marry.[5] "It is a proposed hypothetical legal mechanism, since it doesn't exist in most places, to give some of the protections but also withhold something precious from gay people. There's no good reason to do that." However, some opponents of same-sex marriage claim that civil unions rob marriage of its unique status; Randy Thomasson, executive director of the Campaign for California Families, calls civil unions "homosexual marriage by another name" and contends that civil unions provide same-sex couples "all the rights of marriage available under state law".[6] The California Supreme Court, in the In Re Marriage Cases decision, noted nine differences[7] in state law.

Civil unions are commonly criticised as being 'separate but equal'; critics such as former New Zealand MP and feminist Marilyn Waring note that same-sex couples remain excluded from the right to marry and are forced to use a separate institution.[8] Supporters of same-sex marriage contend that treating same-sex couples differently from other couples under the law allows for inferior treatment and that if civil unions were the same as marriage there would be no reason for two separate laws. A New Jersey commission which reviewed the state's civil union law reported that the law "invites and encourages unequal treatment of same-sex couples and their children".[9] Some have suggested that creating civil unions which are open to opposite-sex couples would avoid the accusations of apartheid.[10]

Proponents of civil unions say that they provide practical equality for same-sex couples and solve the problems over areas such as hospital visitation rights and transfer of property caused by lack of legal recognition.[11] Proponents also say that creating civil unions is a more pragmatic way to ensure that same-sex couples have legal rights as it avoids the more controversial issues surrounding marriage and the claim that the term has a religious source.

Many supporters of same-sex marriage state that the word 'marriage' matters and that the term 'civil union' (and its equivalents) do not convey the emotional meaning or bring the respect that comes with marriage.[9][12] Former US Solicitor General and attorney in the Perry v. Schwarzenegger case Theodore Olsen said that recognizing same-sex couples under the term 'domestic partnership' stigmatizes gay people's relationships, treating them as if they were "something akin to a commercial venture, not a loving union".[13] Many also contend that the fact that civil unions are often not understood can cause difficulty for same-sex couples in emergency situations.[14]

List of jurisdictions recognizing same-sex unions but not same-sex marriage

edit

As of July 18, 2024, the states that provide civil unions but not marriage for same-sex couples are:

In Israel, no national domestic authority performs same-sex marriage, though couples may marry abroad. In addition, same-sex couples may be considered to have a common-law marriage, which affords "most" of the rights of marriage.[15]

List of jurisdictions recognizing same-sex unions

edit
Main article: Same-sex union legislation
 
  Civil unions for same-sex couples.
  Civil unions in some counties.
  Civil unions not performed.

The following is a list of countries and other jurisdictions which have established civil unions for same-sex couples or opposite-sex couples, categorized by continent, with the year in which the law establishing civil unions in the listed country or other jurisdiction came into effect in brackets:

Africa

edit

Americas

edit

Asia

edit

Europe

edit

Oceania

edit

Countries with former civil unions

edit
 
  Gender-neutral civil unions.
  Civil unions for opposite-sex couples only.
  Civil unions for same-sex couples only.
  Former civil unions for same-sex couples, replaced by marriage.
  Civil unions not performed.

Several countries used to offer civil unions only for same-sex couples. The laws that allowed civil unions were repealed when same-sex marriage was legalized. The following is a list of countries and other jurisdictions that used to offer civil unions for same-sex couples with the years in which they were available in brackets:

Europe

edit

Americas

edit

Asia

edit

Oceania

edit

Case studies

edit

Argentina

edit
Main article: Same-sex marriage in Argentina

Since 2003, the Argentine province of Río Negro and the city of Buenos Aires allow domestic partnerships. The City of Villa Carlos Paz (Córdoba) allowed it from 2007. Since 2009, the city of Río Cuarto (Córdoba) allows Civil Unions.

Australia

edit
Main article: Same-sex marriage in Australia

All levels of Australian Governments under nearly all Australian statutes do recognise same-sex couples as de facto couples as unregistered co-habitation or de facto status since 2009.[118] From 1 July 2009 Centrelink recognised same-sex couples equally regarding social security – under the common-law marriage, de facto status or unregistered cohabitation.[119]

Registered relationship recognition in state Governments:

State or territory Official relationship status Year of enactment
Australian Capital Territory   Civil partnership 2008
New South Wales   Registered relationship 2010
Queensland   Civil partnership 2012
Tasmania   Significant relationship 2004
Victoria   Registered domestic relationship 2008
South Australia   Registered relationship 2017

Registered relationship recognition in 5 local government areas within Australia:

Brazil

edit
Main article: Same-sex marriage in Brazil
 
Countries performing civil unions in South America
  Gender-neutral civil unions.
  Civil unions for opposite-sex couples only.
  Civil unions never performed.

Cohabitation grants 112 benefits as family entities in Brazil since 2002. It is known as união estável when both parts are legally authorized to marry, and as concubinato when at least one party is legally prohibited from doing so.[125] Cohabitation grants all rights marriage confers, with the exception of automatic opt-in for one of four systems of property share married couples have access to, and automatic right to inheritance. Potential confusion might arise regarding terminology, given how when Brazilian Portuguese refers to the term união civil, it tends to be short for casamento civil, or civil marriage.

Couples that have at least one child registered as a descendant of both parties might also have access to união estável or concubinato rights.

Same-sex stable cohabitation in Brazil is legally recognized nationwide since May 5, 2011. Brazil's Supreme Court voted 10–0 with one abstention to allow same-sex couples the same legal rights as married couples, following pointed recognition of such relationships that dates as far back as 2004. The ruling gave same-sex couples in such relationships the same financial and social rights enjoyed by those in mixed-sex ones.[126]

A union between two women and one man was reported in August 2012, though its legality was doubted.[127]

Canada

edit
Main article: Same-sex marriage in Canada
 
Jurisdictions performing civil unions in North America
  Gender-neutral civil unions.
  Former civil unions for same-sex couples, replaced by marriage.
  Civil unions never performed.

In Canada:

were extended to same-sex couples before the enactment of the federal Civil Marriage Act which legalized same-sex marriage in Canada nationally.

The 1994 proposed Equality Rights Statute Amendment Act in Ontario was a notable early attempt to introduce a status similar to civil unions. It was supported by the provincial government but was defeated in the legislature.

Some provinces and territories amended their family law to extend statutory benefits to same-sex couples that were equivalent to those granted to unmarried cohabiting opposite-sex couples without establishing a specific name for the partnership. For example, Ontario was required to amend its family law legislation in 1999 in response to the Supreme Court of Canada's ruling in M v H.

Colombia

edit
Main article: Same-sex marriage in Colombia

In 2007, Colombia came close to passing a law granting legal recognition to same-sex couples, but the bill failed on final passage in one house of the national legislature. However, a court decision in October 2007 extended social security and health insurance rights to same-sex couples.[128] On January 29, 2009, the Constitutional Court ruled that cohabitating same-sex couples must be given all rights offered to unmarried heterosexual couples,[129] making Colombia the first Latin American country to fully grant this right to all its citizens. Couples can claim these rights after living together for two years. Colombia has since approved same-sex marriage.

Costa Rica

edit
Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Costa Rica

The Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica passed a bill in early July 2013 that "confers social rights and benefits of a civil union, free from discrimination", language inserted by lawmaker José María Villalta Florez-Estrada of the Broad Front party. After the bill passed, several media outlets reported that conservative lawmakers realized the bill's implications for same-sex unions and urged President Laura Chinchilla, who is set to face Villalta in the 2014 presidential election, to use her veto power to stop the bill from becoming law. Chinchilla, who has suggested the courts should determine the legality of same-sex unions in Costa Rica, refused and signed the bill into law on 4 July. A gay couple has filed an appeal with the Supreme Court of Justice of Costa Rica asking that their union be recognized under the new law.[130] Gay rights activists reacting to the law said it needs to survive a constitutional challenge in court.[131][132] Some constitutional lawyers stated that same-sex couples will "still lack legal capacity" to formalize their unions, despite passage of the bill.[133]

Ecuador

edit
Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Ecuador

The 2008 Constitution of Ecuador enacted civil unions between two people without regard to gender, giving same-sex couples the same rights as legally married heterosexual couples except for the right to adopt.[134]

Europe

edit
Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe
 
Countries performing civil unions in Europe
  Gender-neutral civil unions.
  Civil unions for same-sex couples only.
  Former civil unions for same-sex couples, replaced by marriage.
  Civil unions never performed.

In Europe:

Andorra

edit
Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Andorra

Austria

edit
Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Austria

In 2018, Minister of Justice Josef Moser announced that both marriage and registered partnership would be open to homosexuals and heterosexuals. This occurred because Helga Ratzenböck and Martin Seydl have been appealing for years[timeframe?] in court for a registered civil partnership in Austria. At the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg they attempted to sue Austria for discrimination against their sexuality,[when?] because they were a heterosexual couple and were excluded from the benefits of registered partnership, but this failed.[135][136] Only when the Constitutional Court of Austria opened up marriage to homosexuals in December 2018 registered partnerships also become possible for heterosexuals. After 35 years of living together, the two entered into a registered partnership in 2019.[137]

Croatia

edit
Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Croatia

Cyprus

edit
Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Cyprus

Czech Republic

edit
Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in the Czech Republic

Denmark

edit
Main article: Same-sex marriage in Denmark

Civil unions were introduced in Denmark by law on 7 June 1989, the world's first such law, and came into effect on 1 October 1989. On 7 June 2012, the law was replaced by a new same-sex marriage law, which came into effect on 15 June 2012.[138]

Registered partnership was by civil ceremony only, but the Church of Denmark allowed priests to perform blessings of same-sex couples, as it stated that the church blesses people, not institutions. The new law makes same-sex marriages in churches possible, but allows vicars to decline marriages of same-sex couples in their church.[138]

On 17 March 2009, the Folketing introduced a bill that gave same-sex couples in registered partnerships the right to adopt jointly.[139] This bill was approved on 4 May 2010 and took effect on 1 July 2010.[140]

Estonia

edit
Main article: Same-sex marriage in Estonia

France

edit
 
PACS (blue) and marriage (red) in France (INSEE)
Main article: Civil solidarity pact

The French law providing benefits to same-sex couples also applies to opposite-sex couples who choose this form of partnership over marriage. Known as the "Pacte civil de solidarité" (PACS), it is more easily dissolved than the divorce process applying to marriage. Tax benefits accrue immediately (only from 2007 on[citation needed]), while immigration benefits accrue only after the contract has been in effect for one year. The partners are required to have a common address, making it difficult for foreigners to use this law as a means to a residence permit, and difficult for French citizens to gain the right to live with a foreign partner – especially since the contract does not automatically give immigration rights, as marriage does.[141]

Between 2000 and 2010, the number of marriages decreased while the number of PACS strongly increased. In 2010, there were 3 PACS for every 4 marriages celebrated in France.[142] Especially amongst heterosexual couples PACS is very popular, with 96 out of 100 PACS couples being heterosexual in the year 2019.[143]

 
Countries performing civil unions in Central America and the Caribbean Islands
  Gender-neutral civil unions.
  Civil unions for opposite-sex couples only.
  Civil unions never performed.

Germany

edit
Main article: Same-sex marriage in Germany

Civil unions in Germany began in 2001.[citation needed]

In 2017, registered life partnership was replaced with marriage, with any couple regardless of sex allowed to marry.[144]

Greece

edit
Main article: Same-sex marriage in Greece

Greek parliament voted in favor of a Cohabitation Pact (Greek: Σύμφωνο Συμβίωσης) giving almost the same rights as marriage to couples regardless of their sex. The draft was approved in the relevant Greek parliament committee[when?] and during voting on 22 December 2015, the law was passed with 194 positive votes (out of 300).[145]

Hungary

edit
Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Hungary

Civil unions in Hungary began in 2009.[citation needed]

Iceland

edit

Iceland does not have a comprehensive legal act on civil unions (Icelandic: óvígð sambúð). Instead, various laws deal with civil unions and their meaning. When Iceland legalised same-sex marriages in 2010, the Act on Registered Partnerships (87/1996) was abolished. Registered partnerships (Icelandic: staðfest samvist) had been the principal legal unions for same-sex partners since the law was passed in 1996.[146]

Ireland

edit

In 2010, the lower house of the Irish Parliament Dáil Éireann passed the bill on Civil Partnerships unanimously. This bill allows civil partnerships of same-sex couples, and establishes an extensive package of rights, obligations and protections for same-sex couples who register as civil partners.[147] The bill passed all stages of in both Houses of the Oireachtas,[148] and came into effect on 1 January 2011. The first partnership between two men was registered on 7 February 2011.[149]

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Ireland since 2015 following a referendum.[citation needed]

Italy

edit
Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Italy

Civil unions in Italy began in 2016.[citation needed]

Liechtenstein

edit
Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Liechtenstein

Civil unions in Liechtenstein began in 2011.[150]

Monaco

edit
Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Monaco

Civil unions in Monaco began in 2020.[citation needed]

Montenegro

edit
Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Montenegro

Civil unions in Montenegro began in 2020.[citation needed]

Netherlands

edit

In 2001, the Netherlands passed a law allowing same-sex couples to marry, in addition to its 1998 "registered partnership" law (civil union) for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples.[151][152]

Poland

edit

In 2004, Senator Maria Szyszkowska proposed a bill which would legalize same-sex civil unions in Poland. The project was approved by the Senate but was never voted upon by the Sejm, as Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz (then the Marshal of the Sejm) did not bring it for the deliberation.[This paragraph needs citation(s)]

In 2008, when asked about same-sex civil unions, First Cabinet of Donald Tusk spokeswoman Agnieszka Liszka answered: "Council of Ministers did not and would not take care of that matter."[153]

On January 25, 2013, Sejm voted upon three separate bills regarding same-sex civil unions in Poland: by the centre-left Democratic Left Alliance, liberal Palikot's Movement and centre-right Civic Platform. The first bill had 283 against, 137 for, 30 abstaining. The second had 276 against, 150 for, 23 abstaining. The third had 228 against, 211 for, 10 abstaining. All three were rejected, mainly with the votes of centre-right, right-wing and conservative parties: Polish People's Party, Law and Justice and United Poland. A majority of deputies from the ruling centre-right Civic Platform also voted against the first two bills.[154][155][156] The Roman Catholic Church in Poland, Polish Orthodox Church and Polish Muslims opposed all three bills.

In March 2013, Prime Minister Donald Tusk officially stated that a new project of civil unions bill would be presented to the parliament "in two months time" (in May 2013), but as of April 2014[needs update] no such initiatives took place.

In a 2013 opinion poll conducted by CBOS, 68% of Poles were against gays and lesbians publicly showing their way of life, 65% of Poles were against same-sex civil unions, 72% were against same-sex marriage and 88% were against adoption by same-sex couples.[157]

In December 2014, the Sejm refused to deal with a civil partnership bill proposed by Your Movement, with 235 MPs voting against debating the bill, and 185 MPs voting for.[158]

In May 2015, the Sejm again refused to deal with the topic, with 215 MPs voting against and only 146 for. The Prime Minister, Ewa Kopacz, said that civil partnerships are an issue for the next parliament to deal with.[159]

San Marino

edit
Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in San Marino

Slovenia

edit
Main article: Same-sex marriage in Slovenia

Switzerland

edit
Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Switzerland

The Canton of Geneva has a law on the cantonal level, the Partenariat cantonal (the Cantonal Domestic Partnership), since 2001. It grants unmarried couples, whether same-sex or opposite-sex, many of the rights, responsibilities and protections that married couples have. However, it does not allow benefits in taxation, social security, or health insurance premiums (unlike the federal law). Geneva was the first Canton to recognise same-sex couples through this law.

On September 22, 2002, voters in the Swiss canton of Zurich voted to extend a number of marriage rights to same-sex partners, including tax, inheritance, and social security benefits.[160] The law is limited to same-sex couples, and both partners must have lived in the canton for six months and formally commit to running a household together and supporting and aiding each another.

On November 12, 2003, the Constituent assembly of the Canton of Fribourg granted Registered Partnership as a constitutional right under the Article 14.

On January 27, 2004, the Canton of Neuchâtel voted for a law on the cantonal level, the Partenariat enregistré (the Cantonal Registered Partnership). It grants unmarried couples, whether same-sex or opposite-sex, the same rights as married couple for cantonal matters such as responsibilities and protections, benefits in taxation, social security, or health insurance premiums.

On June 5, 2005, voters extended this right to the whole of Switzerland through a federal referendum. This was the first time that the civil union laws were affirmed in a nationwide referendum in any country. The Federal Domestic Partnership Law, reserved for same-sex couples, came into force on January 1, 2007. It grants the same rights as marriage, but full joint adoption rights, facilitated naturalization and medically assisted procreation are explicitly forbidden for same-sex domestic partners.[161]

In 2017, the Federal Councilor Simonetta Sommaruga addressed the issue that civil union is not open yet for heterosexual couples, in collaboration with experts at the University of Bern. In Geneva and Neuchâtel a type of civil union called cantonal PACS is available to opposite-sex and same-sex couples.[162] The cantonal PACS effects are limited to cantonal law. The cantonal PACS, however, has no impact on civil status and inheritance, which are regulated by federal law.[163]

On September 26, 2021, the people of Switzerland approved on national referendum the initiative "Marriage for all", which would grant marriage and adoption rights for same-sex couples. This initiative would be made effective on July 1, 2022.

United Kingdom

edit
Main article: Civil partnership in the United Kingdom

In 2003, the British government announced plans to introduce civil partnerships which would allow same-sex couples the rights and responsibilities resulting from marriage. The Civil Partnership Bill was introduced into the House of Lords on 30 March 2004. After considering amendments made by the House of Commons, it was passed by the House of Lords, its final legislative hurdle,[colloquialism] on 17 November 2004, and received royal assent on 18 November. The Act came into force on 5 December 2005, and same-sex, but not opposite-sex, couples were able to form the civil partnerships from 19 December 2005 in Northern Ireland, 20 December 2005 in Scotland and 21 December 2005 in England and Wales.[164] Separate provisions were included in the first Finance Act 2005 to allow regulations to be made to amend tax laws to give the same tax advantages and disadvantages to couples in civil partnerships as apply to married couples. At that time, the Church of England, the state church in England, permitted clergy to enter into same-sex civil partnerships.[165]

Aside from the manner in which couples register and the non-use of the word "marriage", civil partnerships grant most of the same legal rights as marriage and generally operate under the same constrictions (one difference being that marriage requires dissolution by divorce while a civil union does not). It is not legal to be in both a civil partnership and a marriage at the same time. Nevertheless, some of those in favour of legal same-sex marriage object that civil partnerships do not grant full equality.

Both same-sex marriages and civil unions of other nations will be automatically considered civil partnerships under UK law providing they came within Section 20 of the Act. This means, in some cases, non-Britons from nations with civil unions will have greater rights in the UK than in their native countries. For example, a Vermont civil union would have legal standing in the UK; however, in cases where one partner was American and the other British, the Vermont civil union would not provide the Briton with right of abode in Vermont (or any other US state or territory), whereas it would provide the American with right of abode in the UK.

In September 2011, the succeeding coalition government announced its intention to legalise same-sex marriage in England and Wales by 2015 at the latest.[166] The future status of civil partnerships is unclear. The Scottish Government, which has devolved responsibility for such legislation, held a consultation concerning both civil and religious same sex marriage in the autumn of 2011.[when?] Legislation to allow same-sex marriage in England and Wales was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in July 2013 and came into force on 13 March 2014, and the first same-sex marriages took place on 29 March 2014. The first same-sex marriages in Scotland took place in December 2014.

In June 2018, the Supreme Court ruled that restricting civil partnerships to same-sex couples was discriminatory.[167] In response, the Prime Minister announced in October 2018 that civil partnerships would be opened to heterosexual couples.[168] In autumn 2018 Theresa May announced that she would open up the "Civil Partnership" to heterosexual couples in England.[169] As of 31st December 2019 it is possible for both same-sex and heterosexual couples to enter into a civil partnership in England.[170]

Mexico

edit
Main articles: Recognition of same-sex unions in Mexico and Same-sex marriage in Mexico City
 
States performing civil unions in Mexico
  Gender-neutral civil unions.
  Former civil unions for same-sex couples, replaced by marriage.
  Civil unions never performed.

On 9 November 2006, Mexico City's unicameral Legislative Assembly passed and approved (43–17) a bill legalizing same-sex civil unions, under the name Ley de Sociedades de Convivencia (Law for Co-existence Partnerships), which became effective on 16 March 2007.[171] The law gives property and inheritance rights to same-sex couples. On 11 January 2007, the northern state of Coahuila, which borders Texas, passed a similar bill (20–13), under the name Pacto Civil de Solidaridad (Civil Pact of Solidarity).[172] Unlike Mexico City's law, once same-sex couples have registered in Coahuila, the state protects their rights no matter where they live in the country.[172] Twenty days after the law had passed,[when?] the country's first same-sex civil union took place in Saltillo, Coahuila.[173] Civil unions have been proposed in at least six states since 2006.[174]

In Colima, governor Mario Anguiano Moreno has agreed to discuss the legalization of civil unions and adoption by same-sex couples.[175][when?] In Jalisco, local congress approved on 31 October 2013 the Free Coexistence Act, which allows the performance of civil unions in the state.[176]

New Zealand

edit
Main article: Civil union in New Zealand
 
Countries performing civil unions in Oceania
  Gender-neutral civil unions.
  Civil unions never performed.

On 9 December 2004 the New Zealand Parliament passed the Civil Union Bill, establishing civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples. The debate over Civil Unions was highly divisive in New Zealand, inspiring great public emotion both for and against the passing. A companion bill, the Relationships (Statutory References) Bill was passed shortly thereafter to remove discriminatory provisions on the basis of relationship status from a range of statutes and regulations. As a result of these bills, all couples in New Zealand, whether married, in a civil union, or in a de facto partnership, now generally enjoy the same rights and undertake the same obligations. These rights extend to immigration, next-of-kin status, social welfare, matrimonial property and other areas.

The Civil Union Act 2004 came into effect on 26 April 2005 with the first unions able to occur from Friday 29 April 2005.

South Africa

edit
Main article: Civil partnership in South Africa
 
Countries performing civil unions in Africa
  Gender-neutral civil unions.
  Civil unions never performed.

In South Africa, a "civil union" is either a marriage or a civil partnership, although the term "civil union" is commonly used when "civil partnership" is meant. Same-sex and opposite-sex couples may register their unions either as marriages or as civil partnerships. In laws where "marriage" is mentioned, its definition now retroactively includes civil partnerships.[This paragraph needs citation(s)]

United States

edit
Main articles: Same-sex unions in the United States and Domestic partnership in the United States
 
States performing civil unions
  Civil union
  Civil union with limited rights
  Civil unions not performed
  Civil unions forbidden

The first civil unions in the United States were offered by the state of Vermont in 2000. The federal government does not recognize these unions. By the end of 2006, Connecticut and New Jersey had also enacted civil union laws; New Hampshire followed in 2007. Furthermore, California's domestic partnership law had been expanded to the point that it became practically a civil union law as well. The same might be said[by whom?] for domestic partnership in the District of Columbia, domestic partnership in Washington, and domestic partnership in Oregon.

Jurisdictions in the U.S. that offer civil unions or domestic partnerships granting nearly all of the state-recognized rights of marriage to same-sex couples include:

States in the U.S. with domestic partnerships or similar status granting some of the rights of marriage include:

Since October 2014, all states that provide for civil unions, domestic partnerships, or similar arrangements between same-sex partners also allow same-sex partners to legally wed.

Arizona

edit
Main article: Same-sex marriage in Arizona

In 2013, Bisbee became the first city in Arizona to legalize civil unions for same-sex couples.[177] After its passage, the state's Attorney General, Tom Horne, threatened to challenge the law in court, arguing that it violated the state's constitution.[178] However, the Attorney General agreed to withdraw the challenge after Bisbee amended the law, and the civil union ordinance was approved.[179]

Following Bisbee, also in 2013, Tucson became the second municipality to legalize civil unions.[180] Jerome followed in the same year.[181] Also in 2013, Clarkdale and Cottonwood were the next cities in the Verde Valley to pass civil unions.[182][183] A measure to allow civil unions failed in Camp Verde by a split 3–3 vote in the city council making it the only city in the Verde Valley to not have passed the bill.[184]

Sedona passed civil unions in September 2013.[185] The city of Tempe considered legal advice about a civil union ordinance, but it did not pass a bill.[186] After the legalization of same-sex marriage in Arizona, civil unions may continue to be registered in the cities that had legalized the ordinances.[187]

California

edit
Main article: Domestic partnership in California

In California, where domestic partnership (DP) has been available to same-sex and certain opposite-sex couples since 2000, a wholesale revision of the law in 2005 made it substantially equivalent to marriage at the state level. In 2007, the Legislature took a further step when it required same-sex DP couples to file state income taxes jointly. (Couples must continue to file federal taxes as individuals.) In the May 2008 In re Marriage Cases decision, the state supreme court noted nine differences between Domestic Partnerships and same-sex marriage in state law, including a cohabitation requirement for domestic partners, access to CalPERS long-term care insurance (but not CalPERS in general), and the lack of an equivalent to California's "confidential marriage" institution.[7] The cohabitation requirement was dropped on January 1, 2012, and a "confidential option" for domestic partners became available the same day.

Colorado

edit

A bill to establish civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples passed both chambers of the Colorado legislature and was signed into law by Governor John Hickenlooper. Civil unions began on May 1, 2013.

Connecticut

edit
Main article: Same-sex marriage in Connecticut

In 2005, the Connecticut General Assembly passed a bill to adopt civil unions in Connecticut. Connecticut's civil unions were identical to marriage and provided all of the same rights and responsibilities except for the title. Connecticut was the first state in the U.S. to voluntarily pass a same-sex civil unions law through the legislature without any immediate court intervention.[188] The law was repealed on October 1, 2010, and replaced with a law making marriage gender-neutral.

Delaware

edit

Delaware Governor Jack Markell signed a civil union bill on May 12, 2011, that establishes civil unions in the state effective January 1, 2012.[189] The law was repealed on July 1, 2014, and replaced with a law making marriage gender-neutral.

District of Columbia

edit
Main article: Same-sex marriage in the District of Columbia

Same-sex marriage in the District of Columbia was legalized on December 18, 2009. Marriage licenses became available on March 3, 2010, and marriages began on March 9, 2010. Domestic Partnerships in the District of Columbia (1992 law implemented, 2002 law came into effect – expanded over time to 2009)

Hawaii

edit
Main article: Same-sex marriage in Hawaii

Hawaii legalized civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples on January 1, 2012. Same-sex marriage became legal on December 2, 2013.

Illinois

edit

On December 1, 2010, the Illinois state senate passed SB1716 – the "Illinois Religious Freedom Protection and Civil Union Act" – in a 32–24–1 vote, just one day after the Illinois House of Representatives did the same in a 61–52–2 vote. On January 31, 2011, Illinois state Governor Pat Quinn signed SB1716 into law, establishing civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples. The new law came into effect on June 1, 2011. The provision allowing opposite-sex couples to establish a civil union effectively doubles as a tool for widowed seniors to keep survivor's benefits from a marriage while gaining marital rights at the state level with another partner.[190]

Maine

edit
Main article: Domestic partnership in Maine

Maine legalized domestic partnership for same-sex and opposite-sex couples in 2004. Maine's domestic partnership registry only provides limited rights, most of which are geared toward[colloquialism] protecting couples' security in emergency situations.

New Hampshire

edit
Main article: Same-sex marriage in New Hampshire

On April 26, 2007, the New Hampshire General Court (state legislature) passed a civil union bill, and Governor John Lynch signed the bill into law on May 31, 2007.[191] At the time, New Hampshire was "... the first state to embrace same-sex unions without a court order or the threat of one".[192] The New Hampshire civil union legislation became effective on January 1, 2008.[193] The law was replaced by the same-sex marriage law on January 1, 2010.

New Jersey

edit
Main article: Same-sex marriage in New Jersey

On October 25, 2006, the Supreme Court of New Jersey gave New Jersey lawmakers 180 days to rewrite the state's marriage laws, either including same-sex couples or creating a new system of civil unions for them. On December 14 the Legislature passed a bill establishing civil unions in New Jersey, which was signed into law by Governor Jon Corzine on December 21, 2006. The first civil unions took place on February 19, 2007.[194]

There are differences between civil unions and domestic partnerships. In 2004, the state of New Jersey enacted a domestic partnership law, offering certain limited rights and benefits to same-sex and different-sex couples. In 2006, however, after a state Supreme Court ruling that same-sex couples must be extended all the rights and benefits of marriage, the Legislature passed a civil unions law, effective in 2007, which is an attempt to satisfy the court's ruling.

Nevada

edit

On May 31, 2009, the Nevada legislature overrode Governor Jim Gibbons' veto of a domestic partnership bill. The bill allows registered domestic partners, whether they are a same-sex or opposite-sex couple, to have most of the state level rights and responsibilities afforded to married couples. It does not require any other entity to provide rights or benefits afforded to married individuals. This has left the partnership bill ineffective compared to those of other states. The law took effect on 1 October 2009.

Oregon

edit
Main article: Domestic partnership in Oregon

Since 4 February 2008, Oregon offers domestic partnerships which grant nearly all of the state-recognized rights of marriage to same-sex couples.

Rhode Island

edit
Main article: Same-sex marriage in Rhode Island

Civil unions were permitted in Rhode Island since July 1, 2011 until July 1, 2013.

Vermont

edit
Main article: Same-sex marriage in Vermont

The civil unions law[195] that was passed in the Vermont General Assembly in 2000 was a response to the Vermont Supreme Court ruling in Baker v. Vermont, requiring that the state grant same-sex couples the same rights and privileges accorded to married couples under the law.

A Vermont civil union is nearly identical to a legal marriage, as far as the rights and responsibilities for which state law, not federal law, is responsible are concerned.[195] It grants partners next-of-kin rights and other protections that heterosexual married couples also receive. However, despite the "full faith and credit" clause of the United States Constitution, civil unions are generally not recognized outside Vermont in the absence of specific legislation. Opponents of the law have supported the Defense of Marriage Act and the proposed Federal Marriage Amendment in order to prevent obligatory recognition of same-sex couples in other jurisdictions. This means that many of the advantages of marriage, which fall in the federal jurisdiction (over 1,100 federal laws, such as joint federal income tax returns, visas and work permits for the foreign partner of a U.S. citizen, etc.), are not extended to the partners of a Vermont civil union.

Regarding voluntary recognition of the civil union in other jurisdictions, New York City's Domestic Partnership Law, passed in 2002, recognizes civil unions formalized in other jurisdictions. Germany's international civil law (EGBGB) also accords to Vermont civil unions the same benefits and responsibilities that apply in Vermont, as long as they do not exceed the standard accorded by German law to a German civil union. The law was replaced by the same-sex marriage law on September 1, 2009.

Washington

edit
Main article: Domestic partnership in Washington (state)

Washington offers domestic partnerships which grant nearly all of the state-recognized rights of marriage to same-sex couples. Washington is the first state to have passed a same-sex civil union bill by a popular vote.

Washington legalized same-sex marriage early in 2012, which provided that a couple in a civil union would have two years to convert their civil union to a marriage. The law was upheld by popular referendum in November 2012.[196]

Uruguay

edit
Main article: Same-sex marriage in Uruguay

Civil unions in Uruguay were allowed nationwide from January 1, 2008.

National debates

edit

International standards

edit

To date, only two countries, Spain and Portugal, have signed onto the Convention on the Recognition of Registered Partnerships, a draft multilateral agreement on the status of civil, unmarried partnerships. The document is inclusive of rights for both same and opposite sex partnerships.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ NYC Protest and Civil Rights March Opposing Proposition 8, Andy Towle, Towelroad.com, November 13, 2008; accessed November 14, 2008.
  2. ^ Halloran, Liz (March 23, 2013). "How Vermont's 'Civil' War Fueled The Gay Marriage Movement". NPR. National Public Radio. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
  3. ^ "Governments Offering Benefits". Partners Task Force for Gay & Lesbian Couples. 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
  4. ^ "Marriage, Domestic Partnerships, and Civil Unions: An Overview of Relationship Recognition for Same-Sex Couples in the United States" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2008.
  5. ^ Interview with Evan Wolfson, David Shankbone, September 30, 2007
  6. ^ "Bush's gay union stance irks conservatives". NBC News. 26 October 2004.
  7. ^ a b In Re Marriage Cases, California Supreme Court Decision, footnote 24, pages 42–44.
  8. ^ "Civil Unions "Anathema" to Marilyn Waring". Scoop. October 23, 2004. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
  9. ^ a b Hammond, Bill (April 20, 2009). "Marriage is more perfect union: In gay marriage debate, separate but equal won't cut it". Ny Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on September 25, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
  10. ^ Swayne, Steven (February 28, 2004). "The Case for Federal Civil Unions". Independent Gay Forum. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
  11. ^ "Obama: Sermon on the Mount supports gay civil unions". Baptist Press. Archived from the original on 2011-04-25.
  12. ^ Sullivan, Andrew (February 8, 2004). "Why The M Word Matters To Me". Time. Archived from the original on March 6, 2005. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
  13. ^ "Text of Ted Olson's Opening Statement in Prop. 8 Trial – As Prepared". Equal Rights Foundation. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
  14. ^ Kitch, Mary (April 21, 2009). "Why the word "marriage" matters". Oregon Live. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
  15. ^ "Information for couples marrying outside the Rabbinate" (PDF). Rackman Center. 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  16. ^ "Reglamento regulador del Registro de Uniones de Hecho". Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta (in Spanish). Área de Telecomunicaciones y Sociedad de la Información. 11 September 1998. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  17. ^ "LEY 5/2003, de 6 de marzo, para la regulación de las parejas de hecho en la Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias". Boletín Oficial de Canarias (in Spanish) (54). 19 March 2003. Retrieved 21 August 2019 – via Noticias Jurídicas.
  18. ^ "Reglamento Regulador del Registro de Parejas de Hecho de la Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla" (PDF). Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla: 8. 28 January 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  19. ^ a b "Chapitre Ier : Du pacte civil de solidarité". Legifrance (in French). Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  20. ^ a b "Reprise d'entreprise Ile de La Réunion - se préparer aux enjeux de la reprise d'entreprise > Le Pacs". Entreprendre Réunion (in French). Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  21. ^ "Civil Union Act, 2006". Government Gazette of South Africa. 497 (29441). South Africa government: 2–12. 17 November 2006. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  22. ^ Flores, S-COM: Davinsson Nunjar. "Sistema Costarricense de Información Jurídica". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-09-01.
  23. ^ "NYC Passes Domestic Partnership Law".
  24. ^ Migden. "AB 26 Assembly Bill - CHAPTERED".
  25. ^ "HRC Talking Points on DC Domestic Partnership Program".
  26. ^ "Public Laws of 2003 as Passed at 2nd Special Sess. of 121st Legislature".
  27. ^ "We have moved..."
  28. ^ "Washington State Legislature".
  29. ^ "HOUSE BILL 09-1260" (PDF).
  30. ^ "Domestic Partnerships in Nevada". 5 March 2010. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  31. ^ "Law Reform (2000) Act". 27 November 2017.
  32. ^ "Civil Unions". Archived from the original on 2015-06-27.
  33. ^ "Adult Interdependent Relationships Act, SA 2002". Archived from the original on October 17, 2015.
  34. ^ "Province of Manitoba - Manitoba Justice - Family Law - Family Law in Manitoba". 30 September 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
  35. ^ Staff Reporter (13 January 2007). "Mexican state approves gay civil unions".
  36. ^ "Legalizan bodas gays en Campeche". 23 December 2013. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
  37. ^ "Ley Nş 18.246 UNIÓN CONCUBINARIA". Archived from the original on 2010-07-02.
  38. ^ Partlow, Joshua; Küffner, Stephan (29 September 2008). "Voters in Ecuador Approve Constitution". The Washington Post.
  39. ^ "Decision C-029 of 2009" (PDF).
  40. ^ "Brazil supreme court recognizes same-sex civil unions". Jurist. 6 May 2011.
  41. ^ "Aruba staat partnerregistratie homo's toe". 9 September 2016.
  42. ^ "InfoLEG - Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas - Argentina". servicios.infoleg.gob.ar. Archived from the original on 2019-02-23. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
  43. ^ "Buenos Aires Herald". 28 September 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
  44. ^ "En 5 años, sólo 10 parejas gays pasaron por el Registro Civil". www1.rionegro.com.ar. Archived from the original on September 26, 2013.
  45. ^ "Córdoba: aprueban la unión civil entre homosexuales en Villa Carlos Paz". Archived from the original on 2013-10-03. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
  46. ^ "LAVOZ.com.ar | Río Cuarto: aprueban la unión civil de parejas gays". archivo.lavoz.com.ar. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013.
  47. ^ "LEY-20830 21-ABR-2015 MINISTERIO SECRETARIA GENERAL DE GOBIERNO - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional".
  48. ^ "Marriage Ordinance 1996". Falkland Islands Legislation. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  49. ^ "Domestic Partnership Act 2018" (PDF). bermudalaws.bm. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  50. ^ "Civil Partnerships".
  51. ^ "Trouwen, samenlevingscontract en geregistreerd partnerschap - Onderwerp - Rijksoverheid.nl". 23 March 2018.
  52. ^ "LLEI 10/1998, de 15 de juliol, d'unions estables de parella (DOGC núm. 2687, de 23.07.1998)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2012.
  53. ^ "Ley 6/1999, de 26 de marzo, relativa a Parejas estables no casadas (Vigente hasta el 23 de Abril de 2011)". Noticias Jurídicas.
  54. ^ "Decreto Legislativo 1/2011, de 22 de marzo, del Gobierno de Aragón, por el que se aprueba, con el título de "Código del Derecho Foral de Aragón", el Texto Refundido de las Leyes civiles aragonesas. TÍTULO VI. De las parejas estables no casadas". Noticias Jurídicas.
  55. ^ "Decreto 124/2000, de 11 de julio, por el que se regula la creación y el régimen de funcionamiento del Registro de parejas de hecho de la comunidad autónoma de Castilla-La Mancha". Noticias Jurídicas.
  56. ^ "Lexnavarra". www.lexnavarra.navarra.es.
  57. ^ "Ley 5/2012, de 15 de octubre, de Uniones de Hecho Formalizadas de la Comunitat Valenciana" (PDF).
  58. ^ "Ley 18/2001, de 19 de diciembre, de parejas estables". Noticias Jurídicas.
  59. ^ "LEY 5/2002, de 16 de diciembre, de Parejas de Hecho" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 16, 2012.
  60. ^ "LEY 4/2002, de 23 de mayo, de Parejas Estables" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016.
  61. ^ "Comunidad de Madrid - madrid.org". www.madrid.org. Archived from the original on 2020-12-07. Retrieved 2020-10-01.
  62. ^ "Comunidad de Madrid - madrid.org". www.madrid.org. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2020-10-01.
  63. ^ "DECRETO 117/2002, de 24 de octubre, por el que se crea el Registro de Uniones de Hecho en Castilla y León y se regula su funcionamiento" (PDF).
  64. ^ "Ley 5/2003, de 20 de marzo, de Parejas de Hecho de la Comunidad Autónoma de Extremadura". Noticias Jurídicas.
  65. ^ "Ley 2/2003, de 7 de mayo, reguladora de las parejas de hecho". Noticias Jurídicas.
  66. ^ "Ley de la C.A. de Cantabria 1/2005, de 16 de mayo, de parejas de hecho de la Comunidad Autónoma de Cantabria". Archived from the original on November 18, 2012.
  67. ^ "Ley 10/2007, de 28 de junio, de reforma de la disposición adicional tercera de la Ley 2/2006, de 14 de junio, de derecho civil de Galicia". Noticias Jurídicas.
  68. ^ "Decreto 248/2007, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se crea y se regula el Registro de Parejas de Hecho de Galicia. TÍTULO II. Organización y funcionamiento del Registro de Parejas de Hecho de Galicia". Noticias Jurídicas.
  69. ^ "Pagina Error". ias1.larioja.org. Archived from the original on 2020-06-28. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
  70. ^ "BOE.es - Documento BOE-A-2018-10759". www.boe.es. pp. 76345–76350.
  71. ^ "Cohabitation légale — Uccle Ukkel". Archived from the original on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
  72. ^ "Lei n.º 7/2001, de 11 de Maio. Protecção das uniões de facto".
  73. ^ "Déclarer un partenariat (PACS) - Citoyens // Luxembourg".
  74. ^ "Expedient previ al registre d'unions estables de parella". Registrecivil.ad. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  75. ^ "Civil Partnership Act 2004". www.legislation.gov.uk.
  76. ^ "CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
  77. ^ "Civil Partnership (Jersey) Law 2012". Archived from the original on September 6, 2015.
  78. ^ "CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 2014" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
  79. ^ "Uzavření registrovaného partnerství". Archived from the original on January 16, 2014.
  80. ^ Kft., Wolters Kluwer. "2009. évi XXIX. törvény - a bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolatról, az ezzel összefüggő, valamint az élettársi viszony igazolásának megkönnyítéséhez szükséges egyes törvények módosításáról".
  81. ^ "485 d.B. (XXIV. GP) - Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz - EPG".
  82. ^ "LLV". www.llv.li. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013.
  83. ^ "View Document". legislation.mt.
  84. ^ "POVIJESNA ODLUKA U SABORU Istospolni će parovi od rujna imatiista prava kao i bračni partneri". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
  85. ^ "ΕΦΗΜΕΡΙΔΑ ΤΗΣ ΚΥΒΕΡΝΗΣΕΩΣ". www.dsanet.gr. Archived from the original on October 13, 2015.
  86. ^ "Greece to legally recognize same-sex couples for the first time". 23 December 2015. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  87. ^ "Parliament Passes Cohabitation Act; President Proclaims It". Archived from the original on 2015-11-30.
  88. ^ "Italian MPs back same-sex unions in vote for Renzi". BBC News. 11 May 2016.
  89. ^ "LEGGE 20 novembre 2018 n.147 - Regolamentazione delle unioni civili - Consiglio Grande e Generale". www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm.
  90. ^ "N° 1481 - Loi du 17 décembre 2019 relative aux contrats civils de solidarité". Archived from the original on 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  91. ^ Savage, Rachel (July 1, 2020). "Montenegro legalises same-sex civil partnerships". Reuters.
  92. ^ "Court recognizes another same-sex couple as legitimate family". Baltic Times. 8 July 2022.
  93. ^ "Legislation View Page".
  94. ^ "South Australia gays get new rights". 6 December 2006.
  95. ^ government, Australian Capital Territory. "ACT legislation register - Civil Partnerships Act 2008 (repealed) - main page".
  96. ^ "Relationships Act 2008" (PDF).
  97. ^ "Relationships Register Act 2010". Archived from the original on 2020-07-31. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
  98. ^ "Acts as passed - Queensland Legislation - Queensland Government". www.legislation.qld.gov.au.
  99. ^ "Civil Union Act 2004 No 102 (as at 01 July 2013), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation".
  100. ^ a b "LOI n° 2009-594 du 27 mai 2009 pour le développement économique des outre-mer".
  101. ^ "LPartG - Gesetz über die Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft".
  102. ^ "Uradni list Republike Slovenije".
  103. ^ "Bundesgesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare (Partnerschaftsgesetz, PartG)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-07. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
  104. ^ "Jalisco, cuna de charros y tequila, da primer paso hacia el matrimonio gay". Archived from the original on 2013-11-03.
  105. ^ Shanghaiist (21 May 2015). "Kaohsiung allows same-sex couples to register partnership". Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
  106. ^ "Taipei opens registration for gay couples". 18 June 2015. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
  107. ^ "Taiwanese city becomes first to record gay relationships as next-of-kin in hospitals". 13 October 2015. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
  108. ^ "Tainan to register gay couples". 28 January 2016. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  109. ^ "New Taipei City to start registering gay couples next week". 29 January 2016. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  110. ^ 編輯, TNL (7 March 2016). "All Taiwan Municipalities To Recognize Same-Sex Relationships - The News Lens International Edition". Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  111. ^ "Chiayi to register gay couples". 25 February 2016. Archived from the original on 26 February 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  112. ^ a b c d e f "More counties recognize same-sex registrations - Taipei Times". www.taipeitimes.com. 8 June 2017.
  113. ^ "Cross-county same-sex partnership registration to be allowed | Society | FOCUS TAIWAN - CNA ENGLISH NEWS". focustaiwan.tw. 2 July 2017.
  114. ^ Hernandez, Vittorio (1 April 2016). "Taiwanese Same-Sex Pairs Move 1 Step Closer to Marriage Legalization as 8th Region Allows Registration of Gay Couples".
  115. ^ "酷新聞 - 伴侶註記再下一城 105年4月1日起新竹縣開始受理". 8 April 2016. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  116. ^ "520蔡英文上台後宜蘭第一個改變 開放同性伴侶註記 - 生活 - 自由時報電子報". 19 May 2016.
  117. ^ "HiNet". Archived from the original on 2016-11-05. Retrieved 2016-11-09.
  118. ^ "SAME-SEX RELATIONSHIPS (EQUAL TREATMENT IN COMMONWEALTH LAWS-GENERAL LAW REFORM) ACT 2008 (NO. 144, 2008)". Austlii.edu.au. Archived from the original on 2015-04-21. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  119. ^ "Centrelink recognises same-sex relationships from 1 July 2009". Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
  120. ^ "CITY OF SYDNEY RELATIONSHIPS DECLARATION PROGRAM" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  121. ^ "Woollahra to get same-sex register - Star Observer". www.starobserver.com.au. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  122. ^ Day, Clear Blue. "Blue Mountains City Council - Relationship Declaration". Archived from the original on 2016-02-01.
  123. ^ "City of Vincent : Relationship Declaration Register". Archived from the original on 2015-11-15.
  124. ^ "Relationship Declaration Register » Town of Port Hedland". Archived from the original on 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
  125. ^ Trevisan, Antônio Carlos (September 2004). "Sucessão de companheiros sob a égide da Lei nº 10.406/2002". Jus Navigandi (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  126. ^ "Brazil Supreme Court awards gay couples new rights". BBC News Online. www.bbc.co.uk. BBC. 6 May 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  127. ^ "Three-person civil union sparks controversy in Brazil". BBC News Online. BBC Online. BBC. 28 August 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  128. ^ "Colombian court rules in favour of equal rights for gay couples". Pink News. 6 October 2007. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  129. ^ Grew, Tony (29 January 2009). "Colombian court confirms equal rights for same-sex couples". Pink News. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  130. ^ "Costa Rica May Have Legalized Gay Civil Unions". Associated Press. 6 July 2013. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  131. ^ "Costa Rica Passes Legislation Permitting Gay Civil Unions -- By Accident". Fox News Latino. 5 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  132. ^ "Costa Rican legislature accidentally passes gay marriage legalization". Tico Times. 3 July 2013. Archived from the original on 6 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  133. ^ "Costa Rican lawyers claim 'accidental' bill does nothing for same-sex unions". 6 July 2013. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  134. ^ "The Backlot - Corner of Hollywood and Gay - NewNowNext". Archived from the original on 2008-12-04. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
  135. ^ "Verpartnern für alle: 'Uns fällt ein Stein vom Herzen'". nachrichten.at (in German). Retrieved 2021-04-27.
  136. ^ "Verfassungsgerichtshof entscheidet". DER STANDARD (in Austrian German). Retrieved 2021-04-27.
  137. ^ ""Verpartnert": Für dieses Paar ging ein Traum in Erfüllung". nachrichten.at (in Austrian German). Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  138. ^ a b The Copenhagen Post, 7 June 2012: Gay marriage legalised Archived 16 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2012-09-19
  139. ^ "Parliamentary majority for same-sex adoption". Archived from the original on August 11, 2010.
  140. ^ "The Post – The Copenhagen Post – Danish news in english". cphpost.dk. Archived from the original on May 8, 2010.
  141. ^ Circulaire n°2007-03 CIV du 5 février 2007
  142. ^ "Bilan démographique 2010". Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. January 2011.
  143. ^ "Eine Ehe zum kleinen Preis". ARTE (in German). Retrieved 2021-04-27.
  144. ^ Stocker, Frank (2017-06-30). "Bundestagsbeschluss: Das ändert sich durch die Ehe für alle konkret". DIE WELT. Retrieved 2021-04-27.
  145. ^ "Ο "δωδεκάλογος" του συμφώνου συμβίωσης..., της Λίνας Γιάνναρου - Kathimerini". 20 December 2015.
  146. ^ "Óvígð sambúð" (in Icelandic). Island.is. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  147. ^ O'Regan, Michael (7 July 2010). "Dáil passes Civil Partnership Bill". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  148. ^ McGee, Harry (7 July 2010). "Seanad passes Partnership Bill". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  149. ^ "Ireland's first civil partnerships have taken place early and in secret". Pinknews.co.uk. 20 February 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  150. ^ "Home". Archived from the original on 2011-03-18. Retrieved 2011-03-17.
  151. ^ Dunbar, William (September 19, 2012). "Equal marriage around the world". The Independent.
  152. ^ Associated Press (April 1, 2021). "The Dutch Went First in 2001; Who Has Same-Sex Marriage Now?". U.S. News & World Report.
  153. ^ Queermedia.pl. "Tusk nie chce rozmawiać".
  154. ^ "Sejm przeciwko związkom partnerskim - Polityka - rp.pl". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2013-01-25.
  155. ^ "KRONIKA SEJMOWA" (PDF). Kronika Sejmowakancelaria. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  156. ^ "Wyborcza.pl".
  157. ^ Feliksiak, Michał (February 2013). "Stosunek do praw gejów i lesbijek oraz związków partnerskich" (PDF) (in Polish). Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  158. ^ "Związki partnerskie do szuflady. Sejm nie zajął się projektem" (in Polish). tvn24.pl.
  159. ^ "Związki partnerskie - nie w tej kadencji" (in Polish). polityka.pl. 26 May 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  160. ^ "FindArticles.com - CBSi". Archived from the original on 2008-12-27.
  161. ^ "RS 211.231 Loi fédérale du 18 juin 2004 sur le partenariat enregistré entre personnes du même sexe (Loi sur le partenariat, LPart)". www.admin.ch.
  162. ^ ""Ein PACS für die Schweiz?": Tagung zu neuen Rechtsformen für Paarbeziehungen". Archived from the original on 2019-03-23. Retrieved 2021-01-19.
  163. ^ Archived (Date missing) at bj.admin.ch (Error: unknown archive URL)
  164. ^ "BBC NEWS - UK - 'Gay weddings' become law in UK". 5 December 2005.
  165. ^ Walker, Peter (2013-01-04). "Church of England rules gay men in civil partnerships can become bishops". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
  166. ^ Sky News: Drive for same-sex marriages Archived November 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. 17 September 2011. Access date: 31 October 2012.
  167. ^ Boycott, Owen (27 June 2018). "Ban on heterosexual civil partnerships in UK ruled discriminatory". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  168. ^ Boycott, Owen; Carrell, Severin (2 October 2018). "Civil partnerships to be opened to heterosexual couples". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  169. ^ "Great Britain opens civil partnerships for heterosexuals". queer.de. 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
  170. ^ "Civil partnerships for heterosexual couples - what you need to know". www.familylaw.co.uk. 2020-03-05. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  171. ^ Erich Adolfo Moncada Cota (November 19, 2006). "Mexico City Approves Same Sex Unions". Archived from the original on 20 November 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2009.
  172. ^ a b S. Lynne Walker (5 March 2007). "New law propels gay rights in Mexico". Mail & Guardian Online. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  173. ^ "Mexico's first civil union". Gay.com UK & Ireland. Associated Press. 1 February 2007. Archived from the original on 30 May 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  174. ^ Christine Delsol (26 November 2008). "Mexico's top destinations for gay vacations". San Francisco Gate. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  175. ^ El Universal (23 December 2009). "Acepta gobernador de Colima debatir sobre sociedades en convivencia" (in Spanish). Yahoo! México. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  176. ^ "Jalisco, cuna de charros y tequila, da primer paso hacia el matrimonio gay" (in Spanish). CNN México. 1 November 2013. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
  177. ^ Gaynor, Tim (2013-04-03). "Bisbee Becomes Arizona's First City To Allow Same-Sex Civil Unions". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2017-05-31.
  178. ^ "Arizona Attorney General Tom Horne to sue to block civil unions in Bisbee". KNXV. Associated Press. 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2017-05-31.[permanent dead link‍]
  179. ^ "Ariz. attorney general, Bisbee OK civil-union changes". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2017-05-31.
  180. ^ Walkley, A. J. (2013-07-19). "Civil Unions in Tucson". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2017-05-31.
  181. ^ "Jerome, Arizona Approves Civil Unions For Gay Couples". On Top Magazine. Retrieved 2017-05-31.
  182. ^ "Civil unions pass unanimously in Clarkdale". verdenews.com. Retrieved 2017-05-31.
  183. ^ [ap], FELICIA FONSECA (2013-12-18). "Cottonwood latest Ariz. city to approve same-sex civil unions". LGBTQ Nation. Retrieved 2017-05-31.
  184. ^ Lineberger, Mark. "Camp Verde rejects civil unions - JournalAZ.com - Verde Valley News, Jobs, Classifieds". www.journalaz.com. Archived from the original on 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2017-05-31.
  185. ^ "Sedona approves local ordinance on civil unions – Arizona Capitol Times". azcapitoltimes.com. Associated Press. 25 September 2013. Retrieved 2017-05-31.
  186. ^ "Tempe council to hear legal advice on civil unions – Arizona Capitol Times". azcapitoltimes.com. Associated Press. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 2017-05-31.
  187. ^ Day, Jones (August 31, 2015). "Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Relationships" (PDF). samesexrelationshipguide.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  188. ^ Fahrenthold, David A. (2 October 2005). "Connecticut's First Same-Sex Unions Proceed Civilly" – via washingtonpost.com.
  189. ^ Miller, Beth (May 12, 2011). "Governor signs Delaware civil unions bill". The News Journal. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
  190. ^ Avila, Oscar; Huppke, Rex (Dec 2, 2010). "Civil unions aren't just for same-sex couples". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
  191. ^ "Concord Monitor – Lynch signs bill legalizing civil unions". Archived from the original on November 3, 2007.
  192. ^ Wang, Beverley. (April 26, 2007) State Senate approves civil unions for same-sex couples Archived 2007-11-03 at the Wayback Machine Concord Monitor. Accessed April 26, 2007.
  193. ^ "Concord Monitor – State Senate approves civil unions for same-sex couples". Archived from the original on November 3, 2007.
  194. ^ "ABC7 Eyewitness News - WABC-TV New York".
  195. ^ a b "Professional Regulation - Home - Vermont Secretary of State". Archived from the original on 2009-09-23. Retrieved 2006-12-23.
  196. ^ "Anti-gay-marriage measure qualifies for Wash. state ballot". USA Today. June 12, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  197. ^ "Hong Kong legislature to debate same-sex unions this year". 25 May 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  198. ^ "Lithuanian parliament committee: 'constitution no barrier to gay civil partnerships'". 11 May 2015. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  199. ^ Cabitza, Mattia (12 February 2012). "Peru gay rights activists push for more rights in law". BBC News.
  200. ^ "Bill protecting same-sex couples' property rights filed". 23 October 2013.
  201. ^ "New Polish government eyes legalisation of same-sex civil partnerships". 15 January 2024.

Notes

  1. ^ Manitoba law allows for same- and opposite-sex couples to voluntarily register their common-law relationship with the provincial vital statistics agency, as an alternative to the requirement to cohabit for a minimum period of time.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_union&oldid=1258236713"