Caṇḍeśvara Thakkura was a Maithili-language political theorist and general during the 14th century. He served as minister for peace and war and chief judge in the court of Harisimhadeva who was the last King of the Karnat dynasty of Mithila. This dynasty ruled parts of modern-day north Bihar and Southern Nepal.[1] His family had their origins in the village of Bisfi in modern-day Madhubani district, Bihar.[2]
Caṇḍeśvara Ṭhakkura | |
|---|---|
| Born | 13th century CE |
| Died | 1315 CE |
| Occupation(s) | Minister of peace and war |
| Title | Praśnacandesvara |
| Parent | Virešvara |
| Relatives | Jayadatta (cousin) |
Family
editChandeshvar was born in a family of Maithil Brahmins who were also learned scholars who worked in the Karnat court.[3] He was the cousin of Jayadatta who was the grandfather of Vidyapati who worked in the court of the Oiniwar dynasty a century after Candesvara's time. Candesvara was also the grandson of another scholar, Devāditya Ṭhakkura who was described as a "minister for War and Peace" in the court of the Karnat dynasty.[4]
Candesvara most likely became a minister for peace and war for Harisimhadeva in 1310 C.E.[5]
Military career
editPrimary sources from the time describe him as a great diplomat and a successful minister cum commander who participated in battles against mlecchas (possibly referring to Muslim invaders).
He was also described as having rescued the earth from being flooded by Mlechchhas (possibly by defeating some Tughlaq generals)[6] as well as leading a successful military expedition to Nepal where he is said to have distributed gold equal in weight to himself on the banks of the Bagmati River in 1314.[7]
Under Caṇḍeśvara's leadership and with the support of the King Harisimhadeva, the Karnatas of Mithila launched an attack on Nepal in 1314. The Karnats made the city of Bhaktapur their focus and plundered the city. After this, they targeted the Lalitpur region.[8]
Literary works
editAmong his most notable works was the Rājanītiratnākara, a treatise on organising the state.[4] Furthermore, he also wrote a set of seven books that dealt with issues relating to the law among other themes. These were titled the Krityaratnākara, Dānaratnākara, Vyavahāraratnākara, Śuddhiratnākara, Pūjāratnākara, Vivādaratnākara, and Gṛihastharatnākara. These books dealt with gratitude, philanthropy, conduct, purification, religious rituals, conflict and family life, respectively. Together, these books are referred to as Saptaratnākara (seven jewels).[4]
References
edit- ^ Swagata P. Pandit (2003). "A Discussion about the Rare Quotes from Caṇḍeśvara Thakkura's Rajanitiratnakara". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 84: 33–41. JSTOR 41694748.
- ^ Jha, Ramanath (2017). Makers of Indian Literature: Vidyapati. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-5319-3.
- ^ Bimanbehari Majumdar (1962). "Political Thought of Chandesvara (A fourteenth-century philosopher-diplomat)". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 23 (1/4): 295–301. JSTOR 41853940.
- ^ a b c Pankaj Jha (20 November 2018). A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century. OUP India. pp. 49–60. ISBN 978-0-19-909535-3.
- ^ Ram Gopal Sharma (1966). "Rajanitiratnakara, A Medieval Sanskrit Text on Politics". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 28: 195–201. JSTOR 44140426.
- ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1960). The Delhi Sultanate. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 398.
- ^ Radhakrishna Choudhary (1970). History of Muslim Rule in Tirhut, 1206-1765, A.D. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office. p. 48.
- ^ Rajendra Ram (1978). A History of Buddhism in Nepal, A.D. 704-1396. Janabharati Prakashana. p. 185.