Bourekas or burekas (Hebrew: בורקס) are a popular baked pastry in Sephardic Jewish cuisine and Israeli cuisine. A variation of the burek, a popular pastry throughout southern Europe, northern Africa and the Middle East, Israeli bourekas are made in a wide variety of shapes and a vast selection of fillings, and are typically made with either puff pastry, filo dough, or brik pastry, depending on the origin of the baker.[2]
 Typical Israeli bourekas, traditionally topped with sesame, poppy or nigella seeds. | |
| Alternative names | Burekas, Bureka, Boureka, Borekas, Burekasim |
|---|---|
| Type | Tea pastry[1] |
| Course | Fast food, Shabbat breakfast |
| Associated cuisine | Jewish cuisine |
| Main ingredients | Puff pastry or phyllo; filling |
| Variations | feta cheese, tzfat cheese, kashkaval cheese, mashed potato, spinach, mallow mushrooms, pizza, less commonly ground beef, lamb, chicken with pine nuts and almonds, or vegetables, or a sweet filling such as muhallebi |
Etymology
editAs knowledge of Ladino is lost among the younger generation of Sephardic Jews, Judeo-Spanish has become a "language of food". Food names have been described as "the last Judeo-Spanish remains" of the cultural memory of Ottoman-Sephardic heritage.[3] The word boureka (or borekita) is a Judeo-Spanish loanword from the Turkish börek. Spanish does not have the front rounded Turkish ö sound, so the word becomes boreka.[4]
As one Turkish food writer put it, "Ladino is the borekitas of the granmama".[3]
In Judeo-Spanish boreka originally referred to empanada-style pastries, while the traditional Ottoman börek were called bulema.[3]
Overview
edit
Bourekas have been called "the Israeli equivalent of Jewish-American bagel and cream cheese" and are served for almost any occasion, from a meeting of Israeli soldiers to a Shabbat kiddush.[5] Gil Marks has said:[6]
In Modern Israel, borekas…follows only falafel in popularity as a street snack food and rank among the favorite home treats for the Sabbath or a simple weekday nosh.
Bourekas can be found everywhere in Israel. They are a very popular street food, and are served at shuks (outdoor markets) and eateries in the Machane Yehuda market in Jerusalem, Levinsky market as well as the Carmel market in Tel Aviv and Israeli restaurants and cafes. They are also baked in dedicated boureka bakeries specializing in baking bourekas.[7][8]
Bourekas are often made out of puff pastry filled with various fillings. Among the popular fillings are feta cheese, kashkaval cheese, minced meat, mashed potato, spinach and cheese, eggplant, and mushrooms.[9]
Sephardic Jews also make a special version of borekitas that are deep-fried, soaked in honey, and filled with nuts, served as a traditional Purim delicacy.[10] It is known as Travadicos among Jews in Turkey and Bourekitas de muez among Jews in Greece.[11]
Shapes
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Israeli bourekas come in a variety of shapes, which are indicative of their fillings. The laws of kashrut require avoiding eating dairy pastries together with ones containing meat, so conventional, distinctive shapes are used to indicate different types of fillings. Cheese bourekas come in right angled and isosceles triangles, and have two different sizes. Potato-filled bourekas come in a certain box shape. Pizza-filled bourekas resemble a co-centric tower, while spinach-filled bourekas resemble a pastry knot. There are also the so-called "Turkish bourekas" which form rounded equilateral triangles, and are filled with various fillings, whose type can usually be determined by the addition on their outside.
Shape regulation
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In June 2013, the Chief Rabbinate of Israel started requiring that bourekas (and also rugelach and croissants) are to have specific shapes in order to be sold by kosher-certified bakers in Israel. According to the law, all bourekas made with puff pastry and containing dairy products had to be shaped into triangles, while parve (nondairy) bourekas made with puff pastry had to be made in round or square shapes. The Chief Rabbinate also implemented different regulations regarding the shape of bourekas made with phyllo dough, these bourekas must be made in triangular-shapes if parve (non-dairy), and "snake-shaped" if made with dairy.[12]
Preparation
editTraditionally, making bourekas was a very time-consuming process, taking many hours until the bourekas were finished. Bourekas are traditionally made with freshly made enriched dough, either similar to puff pastry or phyllo depending on the origin of the baker, although brik pastry, malawach dough, puff pastry, croissant dough, or babka dough are also sometimes used. To make homemade filo for bourekas, a simple flour and water dough is rolled out like thin flatbreads. They are brushed with oil then layered until the dough is very elastic and can be hand pulled until it is translucent. It is a laborious process and storebought frozen puff pastry or phyllo dough is more commonly used by home chefs today.[13]
The dough is then rolled out, and it is cut into various shapes. Any variety of fillings are placed into the center of each piece of dough, the edges of which are sealed with egg wash or water. Each boureka is then brushed with an egg wash and topped with seeds or seasoning, and is baked.[14]
Bourekas are also very commonly sold frozen in grocery and convenience stores in Israel[15] by brands including Ta'amti and Tnuva in flavors such as cheese, spinach and cheese, potato, and pizza.[16]
Toppings
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Bourekas are traditionally topped with any multitude of seeds. Sesame seeds are most common, however depending on the filling, poppy seeds, black sesame seeds, everything bagel seasoning, nigella seeds, or za'atar may be used as a topping.
Sides and condiments
editSavory bourekas are traditionally paired with hard-boiled eggs or haminados, a hot sauce such as skhug or harif, grated tomato, and sometimes tahini sauce, as well as olives, Israeli pickles, other pickled vegetables, and sometimes a salad as well. The use of skhug and grated tomato as an accompaniment to bourekas originated within the Yemenite Jewish community of Israel, who serve many of their traditional breads such as malawach in a similar manner.[17]
In popular culture
editBourekas films
edit"Bourekas films" (Hebrew: סרטי בורקס sirtei burekas) are a type of Israeli movie from the 1970s dealing with certain cultural aspects of Israelis, especially lower-class Mizrahi Israelis and their conflicts with the Ashkenazi establishment. The term is a calque on Spaghetti Western.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Nathan, Joan (26 November 2018). "On 'Bureka Tuesdays,' They Make Pastries the Way Their Grandmothers Did". The New York Times.
- ^ Marks, Gil. The Encyclopedia of Jewish Food.
- ^ a b c Winsperger, Marianne (2020). Places and Forms of Encounter in Jewish Literatures: Transfer, Mediality and Situativity. Brill. pp. 257–259. ISBN 9789004435285.
- ^ Proceedings of the Twelfth British Conference on Judeo-Spanish Studies, 24-26 June, 2001. Brill. 2004. p. 15. ISBN 9789004139565.
- ^ "How to Make Bourekas, Israel's Favorite Festive Pastry, Without the Hard Work". Haaretz. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- ^ Marks, Gil. The Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. HMH.
- ^ "Finding The Best Bourekas On The Planet". The Forward. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- ^ Solomonov, Michael. Zahav: A World of Israeli Cooking. HMH.
- ^ "Mushroom & Feta Cheese Burekas". Sooo Good.
- ^ רשליקה - Rashelika - ניחוח המטבח הירושלמי ספרדי המסורתי. 1999. pp. 82-87
- ^ "Bourekitas de muez – small, sweet nut filled bourekas". Foodish – by Anu – Museum of the Jewish People. Retrieved 2024-08-31.
- ^ "Rabbinate regulates bourekas shape". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ^ Solomonov, Mike. Zahav. HMH.
- ^ Shaya, Alon. Shaya. Knopf.
- ^ "What makes Israel Grocery Stores Unique". Haaretz. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- ^ Solomonov, Michael. Zahav.
- ^ Srulovich, Itamar. Golden.