The Battle of Pindus (Italian: Battaglia del Pindo, Albanian: Beteja e Pindit, Greek: Μάχη της Πίνδου Máchi tis Píndou) took place in the Pindus Mountains in Epirus and West Macedonia, Greece, from 28 October – 13 November 1940. The battle was fought between the Greek and the Italian armies during the first stages of the Greco-Italian War. The elite Italian 3rd Alpine Division "Julia" invaded Greece from the Pindus sector. After its initial advance, the division was surrounded by the Greek army and forced to retreat after suffering heavy losses. In the aftermath, the Greeks were able to push back the Italians, advancing deep into Albanian territory.
| Battle of Pindus | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Greco-Italian War | |||||||
 Italian Invasion of Greece 1940 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Italy |
 Greece | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Mario Girotti |
Konstantinos Davakis Vasileios Vrachnos Georgios Stanotas Sokratis Dimaratos | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
28 October: Julia:[1] 10,804 officers and men 20 guns mid-November:[2] 23,000 men 112 guns |
28 October: 2,000 men 4 guns 13 November: 32,000 men 114 guns[3] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 5,000 killed, wounded and missing[4] | Unknown | ||||||
Background
editAfter the Italian invasion of Albania in 1939, the Greek General Staff became alerted to a potential Italian attack from Albanian territory, which eventually started on 28 October 1940. The Italian command deployed the Julia Division with the objective of capturing the strategic mountain passes of the Pindus Mountains as swiftly as possible.[5] During an Italian war council, the Italian commander in Albania, General Visconti Prasca, stated that the mountain range of Pindus would be no problem for the Italian units, and foresaw no difficulty in getting his divisions straight to Athens, like a modern Hannibal.[6] The Greeks divided the theatre of operations into the sectors of Epirus and Macedonia linked by the Pindus Detachment.[7] The Pindus Detachment under Colonel Konstantinos Davakis was deployed along a 35-kilometre (22 mi) line in the Pindus mountain range.[8]
Battle
editThe primary objective of the Julia Division was to advance towards the Pindus mountain range and to capture the strategic pass at the town of Metsovo. This move would have a crucial effect on the outcome of the battle, since it would break the Greek supply lines and separate the Greek forces in Epirus from those in Macedonia. The Julia managed to cover 40 kilometres (25 mi) of mountain terrain in icy rain and captured the village of Vovousa, but were unable to reach Metsovo. On 2 November, Davakis was gravely wounded during a reconnaissance mission near Fourka.[9] However, it had become clear to the Italians that they lacked the manpower and the supplies to continue in the face of the arriving Greek reserves.[10]
On 3 November, the Italian spearhead, after the initial advance, was surrounded from all sides. The commander of the Julia requested from the Italian headquarters relief attacks and Italian reserves were thrown into the battle. However, reinforcements from Albania were unable to reach the cut-off Italian forces and the Julia sustained heavy losses. In the meantime, Greek reinforcements were arriving in the Pindus sector, while the assistance of the local population, including men, women, and children, was invaluable.[11] The situation became difficult for the Italians and their pocket came under pressure from Greek units that had advanced to the area.
The Julia was eventually able to break out of the encirclement, but lost about one fifth of its force and retreated to Koritsa.[12] The villages that had been initially captured during the Italian advance—Samarina and Vovousa—were recaptured by the advancing Greek forces on November 3–4.[13] Within less than a week, the remaining Italian troops were pushed back into roughly the same positions they occupied along the frontier before the declaration of the war.[12]
By 13 November, the entire frontier area had been cleared of Italian units, thereby ending the Battle of Pindus in a complete Greek victory.[14] Highly significant for Greek success was the failure of the Regia Aeronautica to attack and disrupt the mobilization and the deployment of the Greek forces as they moved to the front. Due to this failure to interdict movement, the geographical and technical obstacles faced by the Greeks in transporting men and material in the mountainous terrain to the front lines proved surmountable.[15]
Aftermath
editAs a result of the failed invasion, the Italians lost 5,000 men.[4] After the successful Greek defence in Pindus and Elea–Kalamas sectors, the Greeks were able to push back the Italians, advancing deep into Albanian territory.[16] It has been argued that the assistance provided by the local women during the conflicts was crucial to the outcome of the battle. The women of the surrounding villages assisted the Greek forces in several ways, while their most important contribution was the transportation of guns, food, clothes and other important supplies to the front, since vehicles could not reach the battlegrounds due to bad weather conditions and rough roads.[17]
Legacy
editThe war film I trecento della Settima was a propaganda film directed by Mario Baffico that depicts the Greeks as the "bad" people that attack the Italian forces who defend a strategic point. It resembles the Italians alpinists as the "300" of Leonidas, and the Greeks as the mighty and cowardly army of Xerxes.
Footnotes
edit- ^ "La Julia nella seconda guerra mondiale: La campagna Greco-Albanense". 2009.
- ^ Zizzo 2008, p. 86.
- ^ Η Ιταλική Εισβολή, ΔΙΣ, Αθήναι 1960, page 247
- ^ a b Jowett & Stephen 2000, p. 6.
- ^ Schreiber et al. 1995, p. 430.
- ^ Schreiber et al. 1995, p. 412.
- ^ Schreiber et al. 1995, p. 428.
- ^ Gedeon 1997, p. 31.
- ^ Gedeon 1997, p. 64.
- ^ Bauer 2000, p. 105.
- ^ Mackenzie 1943, pp. 75, 391.
- ^ a b Schreiber et al. 1995, p. 437.
- ^ Sakellariou 1997, p. 391.
- ^ Gedeon 1997, p. 71.
- ^ Schreiber et al. 1995, p. 438.
- ^ Willingham 2005, p. 114.
- ^ Mpalaska et al. 2010, pp. 23–24.
References
edit- Bauer, Eddy (2000) [1979]. Young, Peter (ed.). The History of World War II (Revised ed.). London: Orbis. ISBN 1-85605-552-3.
- Gedeon, Dimitrios (1997). An abridged history of the Greek-Italian and Greek-German war, 1940–1941: (land operations). Athens: Hellenic Army General Staff, Army History Directorate. ISBN 978-960-7897-01-5.
- Jowett, Philip S.; Stephen, Andrew (2000). The Italian Army 1940–45: Europe 1940–43. Vol. I. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-85532-864-8.
- Mackenzie, Compton (1943). Wind of Freedom: The History of the Invasion of Greece by the Axis Powers, 1940–1941. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-960-213-371-2.
- Mpalaska, Eleni; Oikonomou, Andrian; Stylios, Chrysostomos. "Women of Epirus and their Social Status from Ancient to Modern Times" (PDF). Community Initiative Programme Interreg IIIA Greece-Italy 2000–2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
- Sakellariou, M. V. (1997). Epirus, 4,000 years of Greek History and Civilization. Athens: Ekdotikē Athēnōn. ISBN 978-960-213-371-2.
- Schreiber, Gerhard; Stegemann, Bernd; Vogel, Detlef (1995). The Mediterranean, south-east Europe and north Africa, 1939–1941: from Italy's declaration of non-belligerence to the entry of the United States' into the war. Oxford University Press. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-19-822884-4.
- Willingham, Matthew (2005). Perilous Commitments: The Battle for Greece and Crete 1940–1941. Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-236-1.
- Zizzo, Remigio (2008) [1995]. Ottobre 1940, la campagna di Grecia [Octōvrios 1940: hē epithesē enantion tēs Helladas : hopōs tēn eidan hoi Italoi : syllogiko ergo]. Immagini di storia (in Greek). Vol. VIII (Greek trans. Ekdoseis D. N. Papadēma, Athens ed.). Campobasso: Italia. ISBN 978-960-206-576-1.