The Battle of Komaki and Nagakute (小牧・長久手の戦い, Komaki-Nagakute no Tatakai) was a series of battles in 1584 between the forces of Hashiba Hideyoshi (who would become Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1586) and the forces of Oda Nobukatsu and Tokugawa Ieyasu. Hideyoshi and Ieyasu had both served Oda Nobunaga and had not previously come into conflict; this would in fact be their only period of enmity.[1][2] Although this episode of history is most commonly known by the two largest and most important battles, the event is also sometimes referred to as the Komaki Campaign (小牧の役 Komaki no Eki).
Background
editIn 1583, at the Battle of Shizugatake, Hideyoshi supported Nobukatsu, the second son of Oda Nobunaga, and defeated Shibata Katsuie, who supported Nobunaga's third son, Nobutaka. After winning the battle, Hideyoshi invited Nobukatsu and other generals to his residence at Osaka Castle, which he had just completed that same year. The meaning of such an invitation was for all the men to pay homage to Hideyoshi, which would reverse the roles between Hideyoshi and Nobukatsu. Therefore, Nobukatsu broke his bonds to Hideyoshi and did not go to Osaka Castle. Hideyoshi offered reconciliation to three of Nobukatsu's chief retainers (Tsugawa Yoshifuyu, Okada Shigetaka and Azai Nagatoki), which led to rumors that they were all in support of Hideyoshi. This in turn led Nobukatsu to become suspicious of the three men, whom he ordered executed on the sixth day of the third month of Tenshō 12 (or 17 March 1584 on the Gregorian calendar) [3] These actions gave Hideyoshi the justification for attacking Nobukatsu and, as a result, Nobukatsu asked Tokugawa Ieyasu for auxiliary forces. The next day, when Ieyasu sent his forces out to battle, it became a battle between Hideyoshi and Ieyasu.
Battle events
editThe first of these battles was fought around Mount Komaki and gave rise to the name "Battle of Komaki". The rest of the battles took place around Nagakute, giving rise to the modern-day names "Battle of Nagakute" for the conflict.[citation needed]
During this conflict, Honda Tadakatsu entered negotiation with the Akai clan, a samurai clan from Tanba Province, which led by Ashida Tokinao, younger brother of Akai Naomasa, as Tokinao aspired for the revival of the Akai clan by contributing with Tokugawa clan.[4][a] Tokinao then raised an army in Tanba to aid Ieyasu.[6]
Battle of Haguro
edit
On Tensho 12, 13th day of the third month (23 April 1584), Ieyasu arrived at Kiyosu Castle. On that same day, warriors of the Oda clan's vassals who were led by Ikeda Tsuneoki switched to the side of Hideyoshi and took over Inuyama Castle, which had originally been built by Oda Nobunaga.[7] Ieyasu was upset upon hearing this news and rushed to Inuyama Castle, arriving two days later.
At the same time, Mori Nagayoshi (brother of Mori Ranmaru, who died at the Incident at Honnō-ji with Nobunaga) began his attempt for the Kiyosu Castle. Despite fierce arquebus fire from Mori's men, Sakai Tadatsugu succeeded at flanking and attacking Mori's in the rear. Mori Nagayoshi fled, having suffered 300 casualties.[8]
Three days later, on the 16th day of the third month (26 April), forces called to support Inuyama Castle arrived in Haguro. Ieyasu, however, had already known of these plans and had Sakai Tadatsugu and Sakakibara Yasumasa move 5,000 troops to Haguro that same evening. Early the following morning, Tadatsugu's troops launched a surprise attack on Nagayoshi, whose troops barely escaped after the onslaught.
On the 18th day (28 April), without fear of raids from enemies, Ieyasu took over Inuyama Castle and finished the defenses that had first been built up by Hideyoshi.
Mission to Mikawa
edit
Hideyoshi and his troops left his fortifications at Osaka Castle on the 21st day (1 May), arriving at Inuyama Castle on the 27th day (7 May), and in Gakuden (present-day Inuyama) on the 5th day of the fourth month (14 May 1584).
Ieyasu, between entering Komaki Castle and arriving in Gakuden, stayed away from battle, except for a few smaller skirmishes here and there. Hideyoshi was lulled into complacency by this situation, aided by Tsuneoki, who said to him, "Ieyasu is now in Komakiyama. He is away from his main base in Okazaki and if we were to move our arms against him, we will certainly win."
The ambitious Hideyoshi decided to set out for Mikawa, along with the support of Mori Nagayoshi (who had regained his reputation at the Battle of Haguro), Ikeda Tsuneoki (who was embarrassed by his daughter's marriage), Hori Hidemasa and the young Hidetsugu (17 years old at the time). Hidetsugu was able to amass 8,000 men, which were supported by Hori Hidemasa's 3,000 men, Mori Nagayoshi's 3,000 men and Tsuneoki's 6,000 men. On the following day, they all set out for Mikawa.
Battle of Iwasaki Castle
edit
The Battle of Iwasaki was fought between the forces of Ikeda Tsuneoki and the Iwasaki castle garrison led by Niwa Ujitsugu. Though it was just part of overall Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, it played an important role in the outcome.[7]
On the 7th day of the fourth month (16 May), Ieyasu learned of Hidetsugu's encampment at Shinogi (modern-day Kasugai) through the information provided by farmers in Iga Province. Ieyasu entered into Obata Castle (Moriyama-ku, Nagoya) the following day and chose to pitch camp for the evening. Early the next morning, he sent both Ōsuga Yasutaka and Sakakibara Yasumasa forces to chase after Toyotomi Hidetsugu's forces, and followed shortly thereafter with his own. Hidetsugu resumed his march on the eight day after hearing of Ieyasu's entrance to Obata Castle, but on the next morning, the situation changed very rapidly.
Ikeda Tsuneoki led the attack on Iwasaki Castle (modern-day Nisshin) and was promptly shot off from his horse. Embarrassed by his fall, Tsuneoki forgot about the hit-and-run tactics and started a full assault on the castle. Though the defenders fought well, the castle fell. Niwa Ujitsugu, suffered numerous casualties including 300 killed, Ujitsugu's brother Niwa Ujishige being among the dead.
Battle of Hakusanmori
editAt the time that Ikeda Tsuneoki was attacking Iwasaki Castle, Hidetsugu, Hidemasa and Nagayoshi moved their forces to Hakusanmori (the modern-day cities of Owariasahi, Nagakute) to rest their forces, but Tokugawa forces were closing in on them. Later, Hidetsugu forces were ambushed by Ōsuga Yasutaka and Sakakibara Yasumasa. Hidetsugu's forces were pretty much destroyed by Tokugawa's surprise attack. Hidetsugu himself was knocked from his horse, but was able to get another horse and escape. It was at this battle that many members of the Kinoshita family (including Sukehisa, the father of Hideyoshi's wife, Nene) died.
Battle of Hinokigane
editFollowing the battle of Hakusanmori, the Tokugawa fortified Mount Komaki, creating a stalemate there. Thus, Ikeda Tsuneoki, one of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's chief commanders, decided to begin raids through neighboring Mikawa Province with an army numbering 20,000. Ieyasu expected this and led Tokugawa troops to challenge Hideyoshi's forces. Mizuno Tadashige led Tokugawa's rear-guard against Ikeda's force and the noise of the battle alerted Hori Hidemasa, the head of one of Hideyoshi's divisions. Hori Hidemasa led his men to the defense of his comrades, taking up position in the village of Nagakute. He held off the initial Tokugawa attacks, but was forced to withdraw as the main body of the Tokugawa army arrived, numbering some 9,000 warriors.[8]
Battle of Nagakute
edit
Mori Nagayoshi, another of Hideyoshi's commanders, waited until Ieyasu moved in to support Ii Naomasa, so that he could flank them.[9] At first, Naomasa's troops broke and retreating under the enemy assault, until Ieyasu furiously sent Naomasa's lieutenant, Kimata Morikatsu, to settle gave order to their troops and restore order.[10] In the end, Tokugawa forces charged forward, rather than swinging around, and avoided the flanking maneuver. Mori Nagayoshi was shot off his horse, which demoralized Ikeda's force. Ii Naomasa commanded around three thousand musketeers during this battle.[9] The battle lasted over two hours, as Naomasa units repeatedly foiled attempted charges towards his position by Tsuneoki and Mori Nagayoshi troops with musket rifle barrages,[11][12] until Nagayoshi was shot and killed in action, causing the entire Tokugawa forces gained the upper hand amid chaos. Tsuneoki also killed by Nagai Naokatsu's spear and died in battle.[b] The army of Nagayoshi and Tsuneoki were annihilated and it ended in victory for the Tokugawa force.[14][12]
Later, Ieyasu decided to withdraw, unwilling to risk further casualties as Hideyoshi's main army approached, and returned to Komaki.[9]
Aftermath
editWhen news of the loss at the Battle of Hakusanmori arrived in the afternoon, the 20,000 troops of Hideyoshi rushed to Ryūsen-ji, near the battle site. Later that evening, when he heard that Ieyasu was staying at Obata Castle, he decided to assault it the next morning; however, during that time, Ieyasu had left Obata Castle, went to Komakiyama Castle and finally returned to Kiyosu Castle. Hideyoshi heard the news of Tsuneoki dead and Ieyasu's departure shortly thereafter, and on the 10th day of the fourth month (19 May), he left Gakuden; he arrived back to Osaka castle on the 1st day of the fifth month (9 June).
On the 16th day of the sixth month (23 July 1584), Takigawa Kazumasu attacked Ieyasu's Kanie Castle, but was driven back by Oda Nagamasu. As a result, Kazumasu had his responsibilities taken from him and removed from Ieyasu's group.
On the 9th day of the ninth month (12 October), Sassa Narimasa, at the behest of Ieyasu, attacked Suemori Castle in Noto Province, forcing out its resident; later Maeda Toshiie arrived in the middle of the night, and defeated the Sassa forces.
On November 12th, Nobukatsu made peace with Hideyoshi without Ieyasu's permission.
Though Ieyasu had gained the advantage in both engagements, Hideyoshi and Ieyasu did make peace with each other in the early part of 1585. Oda Nagamasu become the peacemakers between Tokugawa Ieyasu and Toyotomi Hideyoshi, also between Sassa Narimasa and Maeda Toshiie. In the words of George Sansom, "...both men were too sensible to waste strength on a foolish quarrel."[1]
It is said that Ieyasu was furious with Nobukatsu for independently making peace with Hideyoshi. In any case, as Ieyasu no longer had a justifiable reason to continue the battle, he sent his son, Ogimaru (later Yuki Hideyasu), as a hostage to Hideyoshi, thus ending the conflict.[15]
National Historic Site
editThe Nagakute Battlefield Historic Site (長久手古戦場, Nagakute Kosenjō ato) in the city of Nagakute was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1939. The designation includes Mount Mihata (御旗山), Mount Irogane (色金山), and the head mound (首塚) [16] It is about a 3-minute walk from Nagakute Kosenjō Station on the Linimo maglev line.
Names for the battle
editDuring the Edo period, the public records of the Tokugawa clan and the shogunate refer to these battles as Battle of Komaki (小牧陣 Komaki no Jin). However, there are also documents that refer to it as the Battle of Iwasakiguchi (岩崎口の戦い Iwasakiguchi no Tatakai). There are places where the fighting in Nagakute is called the Battle of Nagakute (長久手合戦 Nagakute Gassen), but the two battles have generally been merged into one. Many other names have also been used to describe these battles, some of which separate the two, while the others keep them together. During the Meiji Restoration, the various Japanese words for battles, campaigns, etc., were mostly unified, leading to it sometimes being called the Komaki and Nagakute Campaign (小牧・長久手の役 Komaki-Nagakute no Eki). Through all of this, though, "Battle of Komaki and Nagakute" has come to be the accepted name.
See also
editAppendix
editFootnotes
edit- ^ A letter from Honda Tadakatsu dated May 16 addressed to Ashida Yahyoe-no-jo (Akai Tokinao) reads, "The son of Akuu-u (Akai Naomasa) has been taken into custody." [5]
- ^ It was said that Naotsugu Ando who killed both Nagayoshi and Ikeda Tsuneoki. However, it is recorded Ando let others to claim the head of Tsuneoki.[13]
References
edit- ^ a b Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan, 1334-1615. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 314. ISBN 0804705259.
- ^ Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & Co. p. 235. ISBN 9781854095237.
- ^ For a conversion table, see the Japanese Wikipedia article about the Tenshō era.
- ^ Fukushima 2023, p. 168.
- ^ Fukushima 2017, pp. 24–25.
- ^ Fukushima 2017, pp. 21–26; Fukushima 2023, p. 168.
- ^ a b Highlights of the Region: Aichi Prefecture Archived June 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Chubu Wide-Area Tourism Promotion Council. Accessed October 23, 2007.
- ^ a b Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & Co.
- ^ a b c Battle of Nagakute Archived 2017-08-31 at the Wayback Machine. SamuraiWiki. Accessed October 23, 2007.
- ^ hiroyuki kikuchi (菊地浩之) (2023). "｢井伊の赤鬼｣と恐れられた直政は実は名将ではなかった…関ヶ原の合戦後42歳で死んだ徳川四天王最年少の生涯". PRESIDENT Online（プレジデントオンライン） (in Japanese). PRESIDENT Inc. pp. 1–5. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
Hiroko Noda; Ii Naomasa; Hikone castle Museum
- ^ Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2014, p. 127-9)
- ^ a b 参謀本部 編 (1978, pp. 35–39)
- ^ Tsunoda Akio (2023). "小牧・長久手の激闘で大手柄！森長可＆池田之助（恒興長男）を倒した安藤直次の武勇伝【どうする家康】". Rekishi-ya. rekishiya. Retrieved 23 June 2024. Reference:
- "Kansei Shoshu Shokafu Volume 6" National Diet Library Digital Collection
- Asahi Shimbun Publishing Co., ed. "Asahi Dictionary of Japanese Historical Figures," Asahi Shimbun Publishing, October 1994
- ^ 花見朔已 (1942). "小牧・長久手の役". 大日本戦史. 三教書院: 44.
- ^ "家康は同年12月12日に二男の於義丸（おぎまる／のちの結城秀康／ゆうきひでやす）を養子として秀吉のもとに送り、両軍の和睦が成立した". Toyo Keizai Online. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "長久手古戦場" (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs.
Bibliography
edit
- Fukushima, Katsuhiko (2017). "天正十二年小牧・長久手合戦と丹波国衆" [The Battle of Komaki and Nagakute in 1581 and the Tanba Kokushu]. 丹波 (19): 16–32.
- Fukushima, Katsuhiko (2023). "荻野直正（赤井直正）―明智光秀の前に立ちはだかった"名高キ武士" / Ogino Naomasa (Akai Naomasa) - The "famous warrior" who stood in the way of Akechi Mitsuhide". In Amano, Tadayuki (ed.). 戦国武将列伝8 畿内編 下 [Sengoku Warlords' Biographies 8: Kinai Volume 2]. 戎光祥出版. pp. 159–168. ISBN 978-4-86403-447-0.
- Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2014). The Maker of Modern Japan The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136924705. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
- 参謀本部 編 (1978). 日本戦史第13巻 小牧役 [Japanese War History Volume 13: Komaki Role] (in Japanese). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
modern digital library edit of original edition 1908