Bagmati Province (Nepali: बागमती प्रदेश, Bāgmatī pradēśa)[1][2] is one of the seven provinces of Nepal established by the constitution of Nepal.[3] Bagmati is Nepal's second-most populous province and fifth largest province by area. It is bordered by Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, Gandaki Province to the west, Koshi Province to the east, Madhesh Province and the Indian state of Bihar to the south. With Hetauda as its provincial headquarters,[4] the province is also the home to the country's capital Kathmandu, is mostly hilly and mountainous, and hosts mountain peaks including Gaurishankar, Langtang, Jugal, and Ganesh.
Bagmati Province
बागमती प्रदेश Bāgmatī pradēśa | |
|---|---|
        From top left to right: Bhaktapur Durbar Square, Gosainkunda, Pashupatinath Temple, Patan Durbar Square, Swayambhunath, Gaurishankar, Hanuman Dhoka and One-horned rhinoceros at Chitwan National Park | |
 Seal | |
 Location of Bagmati | |
Map of Bagmati, Nepal | |
| Country |  Nepal |
| Formation | 20 September 2015 |
| Capital | Hetauda |
| Largest city | Kathmandu |
| Districts | 13 |
| Government | |
| • Type | Self governing province |
| • Body | Government of Bagmati Province |
| • Governor | Yadav Chandra Sharma |
| • Chief Minister | Bahadur Singh Lama (Congress) |
| • Legislature | Unicameral (110 seats) |
| • Parliamentary constituency | House of Representatives (33) National Assembly (8) |
| • High Court | Patan High Court |
| Area | |
• Total | 20,300 km2 (7,800 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 5th |
| Highest elevation | 7,422 m (24,350 ft) |
| Lowest elevation (Golaghat) | 141 m (463 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
• Total | 6,084,042 |
| • Rank | 2nd |
| • Density | 300/km2 (780/sq mi) |
| • Rank | 2nd |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (NST) |
| Geocode | NP-TH |
| ISO 3166 code | NP-P3 |
| Official language | Nepali |
| Other Official language(s) | 1.Nepal Bhasa 2.Tamang |
| Ethnic groups | |
| HDI |  0.673 (medium) |
| HDI rank | 1st |
| Literacy | 83% (2024) |
| Sex ratio | 98.77 ♂ /100 ♀ (2011) |
| GDP | US$ 14.5 billion (Rank 1) |
| GDP Per Capita | US$ 2618 |
| Website | bagamati |
Being the second most populous province of Nepal, it possesses rich cultural diversity with resident communities and castes including Thami (Thangmi) (Shneiderman, 2009, 2015; Turin, 1998), Newar, Tamang,Sherpa, Tharu, Chepang, Jirel, Brahmin, Chhetri, and more.[5] It hosted the highest number of voters in the 2017 election for the House of Representatives and Provincial Assembly.
Etymology
editBagmati is named after the Bagmati River which runs through the Kathmandu valley. The river is considered the source of the Newar civilization and urbanization.[6] The river has been mentioned as Vaggumuda (Nepali: वग्गुमुदा) in Vinaya Pitaka and Nandabagga.[6] It has also been mentioned as Bahumati (Nepali: बाहुमति) in Battha Suttanta of Majjhima Nikaya.[6] An inscription dated 477 A.D. describes the river as Bagvati Parpradeshe (Nepali: वाग्वति पारप्रदेशे) and subsequently in the Gopalraj Vanshavali.[6]
A provincial assembly meeting on 12 January 2020 endorsed the proposal to name the province as Bagmati by a majority vote. Hetauda was declared as the permanent state capital on 12 January 2020.[7][8]
Geography
editBagmati Province has an area of 20,300 km2 which is about 13.79% of the total area of Nepal. The elevation of the province ranges from 141 m at Golaghat in Chitwan District to 7,422m at Ganesh Himal. The province has an altitude low enough to support deciduous, coniferous, and alpine forests and woodlands. 27.29% land is covered by forest. The temperature varies with altitude. There are 10 sub-basins and 33 major rivers flowing through the province. The longest river is the Sunkoshi measuring 160.19 km.
Climate
editBagmati province has climatic variations, which are associated with the diverse nature of its topography and altitude. The climatic zone of Bagmati province starts from the High Himalaya in the north, above 5000 m with tundra and an arctic climate to the Siwalik region in the south, 500–1000 m with a sub-tropical climatic zone. The annual precipitation also varies from 150 to 200 mm in the high Himalayas to 1100–3000 mm in the southern plains. Similarly, the average annual temperature of the province varies from 30 °C to -10 °C. Rainfall takes place mainly during the summer.
| Location | August
(°C) |
January
(°C) |
Annual
Precipitation (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Banepa | 23.7 | 9.9 | 1930.8 |
| Bharatpur | 27.6 | 14.2 | 2550.1 |
| Hetauda | 26.5 | 12.9 | 2069.5 |
| Suryabinayak | 21.4 | 7.7 | 1821.7 |
| Kathmandu | 23 | 10 | 1360 |
| Kirtipur | 23.5 | 9.4 | 2100.9 |
History
editDuring the Lichhavi and Malla period, this region was known as Nepalmandal and was ruled by Newar kings. Historically the area of Bagmati province known as "Kathmandu Kshetra", which was established in 1956. Kathmandu Kshetra was composed by grouping the then five districts. Those five districts are now divided into many districts. Kathmandu Kshetra had a total area of 6,144 square miles (15,910 km2) and total population was 17.93 Lakhs (1.7 million).[10]
The five districts were:
- Narayani District (Bara, Parsa, Rautahat)
- Rapti District (Chitwan, Ramechap, Makwanpur)
- Chautara District (Sindhupalchok, Kavrepalanchowk)
- Trishuli District (Nuwakot, Dhading)
- Kathmandu District (Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur)
In 1962, administrative system restructured and the "Kshetras" system cancelled and the country restructured into 75 development districts and those districts were grouped into zones.[11] In 1972, the region was named to Central Development Region. It had 3 zones and 19 districts.
Major historical forts of Bagmati
editMakwanpurgadhi is located about 17 kilometers northeast of Hetauda, the district headquarters of Makwanpur district. Makwanpur Fort is a place of historical and tourist importance in Makwanpur district.[12]
Sindhuli Gadhi is an important place in terms of natural beauty and history. This place is about 150 kilometers east of Kathmandu. Sindhuligadi Nepal is a living document of the British War.
Rasuwa Fort on the Nepal-China border is considered to be an important security fort between Nepal and China. The historical fortress is about a century and a half old.
Demographics
editAccording to the 2021 Nepal Census, Bagmati Province has a population of 6,084,042 comprising 2,761,224 females and 2,672,594 males. The province has the second-highest population in the country having 20.84% of the population. The population density of the province is 300 people per square kilometre which is the second highest in the country.[13]
Ethnic groups
editTamang is the largest ethnic group in the province making up around 20.54% of the population. Hill Brahmans are the next largest group making up around 18.32% of the population followed by Chhetris (17.13%) and Newars (17.07%) respectively and Thami indigenous tribe make up to 9 percent. Similarly Magar, Kami and Gurung make up 4.87%, 2.52% and 2.22% of the population respectively. Tharu (1.63%), Dewas Rai (1.52%), Damai (1.36%), Sarki (1.33%) and Chepang (1.16%) are other smaller ethnic groups in the province.[13]
Languages
editNepali is the most common mother tongue in the province with 56.23% of the population speaking Nepali as their mother tongues. Tamang language is spoken by 18.16% and Nepal Bhasa is spoken by 12.23% of the population as their mother tongue. Magar (1.79%).,Gurung (0.92%) and Chepang (0.83%) are other languages spoken in the province.[13]
The Language Commission of Nepal has recommended Nepal Bhasa and Tamang as official language in the province.[14]
Religion
editHinduism is the most followed religion in the province, with 71.8% of the population identifying as Hindus. Buddhists are the largest minority population with 23.3% of the population following Buddhism and Christianity is followed by 2.9% of the population in the province.[13]
Administrative subdivisions
editThere are total 119 local administrative units in the province which include 3 metropolitan cities, 1 sub-metropolitan city, 41 urban municipalities and 74 rural municipalities.[15][16]
Bagmati is divided into 13 districts, which are listed below. A district is administered by the head of the District Coordination Committee and the District Administration Officer. The districts are further divided into municipalities or rural municipalities.
Districts
editDistricts in Nepal are the second level of administrative divisions after provinces. Bagmati Province is divided into 13 districts, which are listed below. A district is administered by the head of the District Coordination Committee and the District Administration Officer. The districts are further divided into municipalities or rural municipalities.
| Districts | Headquarters | Population (2021)[17] |
|---|---|---|
| Sindhuli | Kamalamai | 300,026 |
| Ramechhap | Manthali | 170,302 |
| Dolakha | Bhimeshwar | 172,767 |
| Bhaktapur | Bhaktapur | 432,132 |
| Dhading | Dhading Besi | 325,710 |
| Kathmandu | Kathmandu | 2,041,587 |
| Kavrepalanchok | Dhulikhel | 364,039 |
| Lalitpur | Lalitpur | 551,667 |
| Nuwakot | Bidur | 263,391 |
| Rasuwa | Dhunche | 46,689 |
| Sindhupalchok | Chautara | 262,624 |
| Chitwan | Bharatpur | 719,859 |
| Makwanpur | Hetauda | 466,073 |
Municipalities
editCities and villages are governed by municipalities in Nepal. A district may have one or more municipalities. Bagmati has two types of municipalities.
- Urban Municipality (Urban Municipality has three levels):
- Metropolitan city (Mahanagarpalika)
- Sub-metropolitan city (Upa-mahanagarpalika) and
- Municipality (Nagarpalika)
- Rural Municipality (Gaunpalika)
The government of Nepal has set out a minimum criteria to meet cities and towns. These criteria include a certain population, infrastructure and revenues.
| Rank | District | Pop. | Rank | District | Pop. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Kathmandu  Bharatpur |
1 | Kathmandu | Kathmandu | 845,767 | 11 | Kageshwori Manohara | Kathmandu | 133,327 |  Lalitpur  Hetauda |
| 2 | Bharatpur | Chitwan | 369,377 | 12 | Madhyapur Thimi | Bhaktapur | 119,955 | ||
| 3 | Lalitpur | Lalitpur | 299,843 | 13 | Mahalaxmi | Lalitpur | 118,710 | ||
| 4 | Hetauda | Makawanpur | 195,951 | 14 | Nagarjun | Kathmandu | 115,507 | ||
| 5 | Budhanilkantha | Kathmandu | 179,688 | 15 | Godawari | Lalitpur | 100,972 | ||
| 6 | Tarakeshor | Kathmandu | 151,508 | 16 | Ratnanagar | Chitwan | 90,978 | ||
| 7 | Gokarneshwar | Kathmandu | 151,200 | 17 | Changunarayan | Bhaktapur | 88,612 | ||
| 8 | Suryabinayak | Bhaktapur | 137,971 | 18 | Kirtipur | Kathmandu | 81,782 | ||
| 9 | Chandragiri | Kathmandu | 136,928 | 19 | Bhaktapur | Bhaktapur | 78,854 | ||
| 10 | Tokha | Kathmandu | 135,741 | 20 | Kamalamai | Sindhuli | 71,811 | ||
Government and administration
editBagmati provincial assembly is the unicameral legislative assembly consisting of 110 members. Candidates for each constituency are chosen by the political parties or stand as independents. Each constituency elects one member under the first past the post (FPTP) system of election. The current constitution specifies that sixty percent of the members should be elected from the first past the post system and forty percent through the party-list proportional representation (PR) system. Women should account for one-third of total members elected from each party. If one-third percentage are not elected, the party that fails to ensure so shall have to elect one-third of the total number as women through the party-list proportional representation. The Governor acts as the head of the province, while the Chief Minister is the head of the provincial government. The Chief Judge of the Patan High Court is the head of the judiciary.[18]
The present Governor, Chief Minister and Chief Judge are Yadav Chandra Sharma, Rajendra Prasad Pandey and Tek Bahadur Moktan respectively.[19][20] The provincial assembly has 110 members while the province has 33 House of Representative constituencies.[21] The term length of provincial assembly is five years. The Provincial Assembly is currently housed at the Regional Education Directorate in Hetauda.[22]
| Party | FPTP | PR | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | |||
| CPN (Unified Marxist-Leninist) | 725,113 | 35.37 | 41 | 677,317 | 35.81 | 12 | 45 | |
| CPN (Unified Socialist) | 9 | 4 | 13 | |||||
| Nepali Congress | 748,207 | 36.50 | 9 | 559,249 | 29.57 | 14 | 23 | |
| 21,552 | 1.05 | 23,958 | 1.27 | |||||
| CPN (Maoist Centre) | 355,126 | 16.32 | 15 | 316,876 | 16.75 | 8 | 23 | |
| Bibeksheel Sajha Party | 74,656 | 3.64 | 0 | 124,442 | 6.58 | 3 | 3 | |
| Rastriya Prajatantra Party | 27,960 | 1.36 | 0 | 59,268 | 3.13 | 1 | 1 | |
| Nepal Mazdoor Kisan Party | 40,502 | 1.98 | 1 | 41,610 | 2.20 | 1 | 2 | |
| Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Democratic) | 1,399 | 0.07 | 0 | 28,855 | 1.53 | 1 | 1 | |
| Others | 50,791 | 3.48 | 0 | 59,731 | 3.16 | 0 | 0 | |
| Independent | 4,688 | 0.23 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | |
| Invalid/Blank votes | 70,471 | – | – | 226,043 | – | – | – | |
| Total | 2,120,465 | 100 | 66 | 2,117,314 | 100 | 44 | 110 | |
| Registered voters/turnout | 3,074,381 | 68.97 | – | 3,074,381 | 68.87 | – | – | |
| Source: Election Commission of Nepal | ||||||||
Economy
editBagmati Province is the most industrialized province and has maintained the leading position in the economic sector in Nepal. With GDP of NPR 1.43 Trillion (as of 2019),[23] Bagmati alone is the single largest contributor to the national economy with a share of 36.8% in the country's GDP.
Major business groups
editInfrastructure
editHealth care
editAccording to the National Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) 2016, the Province's Neonatal Mortality (per 1000 live births) stands at 17 and Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births) stands at 29, both of which are below the national average of 21 and 32, respectively.
According to the Annual report of Department of Health Services (DoHS) 2018/19, Bagmati Province has 35 public hospitals, 41 Primary Health Care Centres (PHCCs), 641 Health posts and 1417 Non-public facilities.[24]
Education
editThe province has always been an educational hub of the country.
Enrollment rate in primary school in the province is 95.79, whereas adult literacy stands at 74.85%.
There are various education levels in Bagmati Province. They are: Primary Level (31%), Lower Secondary Level (18%), Secondary Level (11%), SLC (12%), Intermediate Level (11%), Beginner (3%), Non-formal (5%), Graduate (6%), Postgraduate and above (2%).
Universities
edit- Tribhuvan University
- Kathmandu University in Dhulikhel
- Nepal Open University in Lalitpur
- Agriculture and Forestry University in Rampur, Chitwan
- Madan Bhandari University of Science and Technology
(Nepali: मदन भण्डारी विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि विश्वविद्यालय)
Communication
editIn Bagmati province, 58.6% have radio access, followed by 54.0% have access to TV, and only 10.0% have access to the internet. Similarly, 16.7% have access to landline telephones, while 76.1% have access to mobile phones. There are a total of 51 radio stations. Some of the radio stations are Radio Chitwan, Radio Upathyaka, and Radio Lalitpur. There are a total of 405 newspaper channels in Bagmati Province with national, Provincial and local outreach. As per the classification, some of the top-ranking newspapers are Gorkhapatra Dainik, Himalayan Times.[25]
Energy
editBagmati Province has the second highest level of electrification with 94.44 percent electrification among the provinces. Districts like Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Nuwakot are fully electrified. Sindhuli district has the lowest electrification rate with the coverage of 69.51% so far.
Transportation
editRoadways
edit
Roads connect all 13 districts of Bagmati Province. However, people living in the high-altitude regions of Rasuwa, Sindhuplachok and Dolakha experience difficulty accessing roadways perennially. Major highways of the province are as follows:
- Tribhuvan Highway: Tribhuvan Highway (
H02) which is also part of Asian Highway 42 (
AH42) connects the capital city with Birgunj, a major business hub in Province 2 bordered with India. - Araniko Highway: Araniko Highway (
H03) which is also part of AH42 connects capital city with Kodari on the Nepal-China border. - Prithivi Highway: Prithivi Highway (
H04) connects capital city via Naubise, Dhading with Pokhara in Gandaki Province. This landslide-prone and heavily congested highway passes through five districts: Kathmandu, Dhading, Chitwan, Tanahuand Kaski. - BP Koirala Highway: The BP Highway(
H06), also known as the Banepa- Bardibas Highway, links Kathmandu Valley with Province 2 and connects with eastern Nepal.
Ropeways
edit- Manakamana Cable Car (bottom station)
- Chandragiri Cable Car
- Kalinchowk Cable Car
Sports
editBagmati Province Sports Development Council, Hetauda is the main Provincial Sports organizing and Managing body with in the Province. It's the Provincial branch of National Sports Council. Through the Council Team Bagmati participates in National Games.
Football
editBagmati Province Football Association is the provincial body for football in Bagmati Province. Currently there are 11 District FAs are affiliated to Bagmati Province FA.
Cricket
editBagmati Province Cricket Association is the provincial body for Cricket in Bagmati Province. Currently there are 6 District CAs are affiliated to Bagmati Province CA.
Volleyball
editBagmati Province Volleyball Association is provincial body for Volleyball in Bagmati Province. Currently 7 District VAs are affiliated to Bagmati Province VA.
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "प्रदेश ३ को नाम बाग्मती" [Province No. 3 named as Bagmati]. ekantipur.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 12 January 2020.
- ^ "प्रदेश ३ को नाम बाग्मती, स्थायी राजधानी हेटौंडा तोकियो" [Province No. 3 named as Bagmati, permanent capital Hetauda]. Online Khabar (in Nepali). Retrieved 12 January 2020.
- ^ "Nepal Provinces". statoids.com. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
- ^ "Finally, Provincial Assembly renames Province 3 as Bagmati, picks Hetaunda as capital". 12 January 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ "Highest number of voters in province no. 3". Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ^ a b c d Article: नेपाली वास्तु र वास्तुग्रन्थको संक्षिप्त परिचय, Author: Tarananda Mishra
- ^ "PA decides to call Province 3 Bagmati, with Hetauda as its permanent HQ". The Himalayan Times. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ "Province 3 assembly meet endorses Bagmati as the name of the province by majority votes". www.kathmandupost.com. Kantipur Media Group. 12 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
- ^ "Nepal Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
- ^ नेपालको जिल्ला प्रशासन पुनर्गठनको रिपोर्ट, २०१३ (PDF). Nepal: Nepal Govt. pp. 35, 36, 37.
- ^ "Memorial Step of King Mahendra in 1st Poush 2017 BS". reviewnepal.com. 13 December 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
- ^ "यस्तो छ मकवानपुर गढीको इतिहास". Highlights Tourism. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
- ^ a b c d "National Data Portal-Nepal". nationaldata.gov.np. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
- ^ "सरकारी कामकाजको भाषाका आधारहरूको निर्धारण तथा भाषासम्बन्धी सिफारिसहरू (पञ्चवर्षीय प्रतिवेदन- साराांश) २०७८" (PDF). Language Commission. Language Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
- ^ "स्थानिय तह". 31 August 2018. Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ^ "स्थानिय तह". 103.69.124.141. Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ^ 2021 Census District Level Detail Report Archived 2018-09-02 at the Wayback Machine, Central Bureau of Statistics.
- ^ "High Courts get their chief judges". Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ^ "UML PP leader Dor Mani Paudel appointed CM of Province 3". The Himalayan Times. 11 February 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ^ "President of Nepal administers oath to Chiefs of seven provinces | DD News". ddnews.gov.in. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ^ "CDC creates 495 constituencies". The Himalayan Times. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ^ "Preparations under way for assembly meeting". The Himalayan Times. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ^ "PROVINCE WISE GDP OF NEPAL 2019". nepalindata.com. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ^ "WHO Nepal COVID-19 Profile 2020: Bagmati Province - Nepal". ReliefWeb. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
- ^ "WHO Nepal COVID-19 Profile 2020: Bagmati Province - Nepal". ReliefWeb. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.