Australia was the host nation for the 2000 Summer Paralympics which was held in Sydney. Australia competed in the games between 18 and 29 October.[1] The team consisted of 285 athletes in 18 sports with 148 officials. It was the country's largest ever Paralympic delegation to a Games. Australia has participated at every Summer Paralympic Games since its inception. Australia finished at the top of the medal tally with 63 gold, 39 silver and 47 bronze medals to total 149 medals for the games. This was the first time and the only time to date that Australia has finished on top of either an Olympic or Paralympic medal tally.[2]
| Australia at the 2000 Summer Paralympics | |
|---|---|
 | |
| IPC code | AUS |
| NPC | Australian Paralympic Committee |
| Website | www |
| in Sydney | |
| Competitors | 285 in 18 sports |
| Flag bearer | Brendan Burkett (Opening) Neil Fuller (Closing) |
| Officials | 148 |
| Medals Ranked 1st |
|
| Summer Paralympics appearances (overview) | |
The most successful sports were athletics, cycling, equestrian, swimming and wheelchair tennis. As one of the sporting events, sailing involved the implementation of forecasting systems and services in Sydney Harbour, in addition to the recruitment of professionals to design the project’s plans and processes.[3] This occurred in order to fulfil the requirements of both event organisers, competitors and visitors.[3]
Notable Australian performances were:
- Siobhan Paton won six gold medals in S14 swimming events and set six world records
- Timothy Sullivan won five gold medals and set five world records in athletics
- Neil Fuller, a leg amputee sprinter, won four gold medals and one bronze medal and was flag bearer at the closing ceremony
- Lisa Llorens won three gold medals and one silver medal in athletics
- Greg Smith in wheelchair athletics events won three gold medals
- Lisa McIntosh won three gold medals in athletics
- Athletes who won two individual gold medals were: Louise Sauvage, Russell Short, Amy Winters, Julie Higgins, Kingsley Bugarin, and Gemma Dashwood.[4]
Ultimately, this event has historically influenced The Australian Paralympic Movement and has present impacts on the social development of the Australian nation and its disabled community.[5] Noting the access and disability challenges experienced prior to and during the Games, the outcomes of central organisational bodies responsible for devising and executing plans associated with this have been reviewed.[6] Following the announcement of Sydney being the host city for the 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games on 23 September 1993, the NSW Government established central organisations and bodies to distribute the workload, responsibilities and eventually, allocated funding based on this.[7]
Context
editThe games were the eleventh Summer Paralympics since its commencement in 1960. The opening ceremony took place on 18 October, followed by eleven days of intense competition. As the hosting nation, Sydney implemented a number of conservation and environmental education actions. The dedication to water saving techniques during both the Olympic and Paralympic games led to praise from the International Paralympic Committee.[8] Many held the organization of the games in high esteem. This success was attributed to the coordination between the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee and the Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games.[9]
The Mascot for the games was 'Lizzie' the frill-neck lizard, a well-known Australian animal. The voice for 'Lizzie' was Olivia Newton-John, singer and actor.[10] 'Lizzie' was well marketed and considered a successful iconic representation of the Sydney Paralympic games.[11]
Australia topped the medal count for the first time in games history, with a total of 149 medals. Notable performances from the Australian team include Siobhan Paton (swimming) with six gold medals, Tim Sullivan (track and field) with five gold medals and Matthew Gray (cycling) with two gold medals.[12]
Background
editSeveral Australian venues were used to host the Sydney 2000 Paralympic games. Listed below are the main locations and a brief description of the events at each:
- Anne Clark Netball Centre, Lidcombe – Volleyball (Sitting & Standing),
- Dunc Gray Velodrome, Bass Hill – Cycling,
- Equestrian Centre, Horsley Park – Equestrian,
- Exhibition Halls, Darling Harbour – Judo, Wheelchair Fencing,
- Sailing Marina, Rushcutters Bay – Sailing
- Shooting Centre, Cecil Park – Shooting
- Sydney Olympic Park – Archery, Athletics, Basketball (Wheelchair & Intellectually Disabled), Boccia, Football, Goalball, Powerlifting, Swimming, Table Tennis, Wheelchair Rugby, Wheelchair Tennis.
Huge crowds were drawn to these locations, namely some 340 000 school children. Schools were provided with free day tickets for students to attend, promoting the major schools education project which ran alongside the games. The Sydney Olympic Games Organising Committee (SOCOG) and the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee (SPOC) held an administrative and organisational partnership to deliver three months of festivals including the Olympic Games, Paralympics Games and cultural festival. This partnership alleviated transitional issues present at the 1996 Atlanta games, due to cross involvement between the committees at all events.[13]
The Prime Minister at the time, Mr John Howard wished the team good luck and said:
- "Their gold medal tally at Atlanta was second only and our team in Sydney next year will be the largest and strongest ever."[14]
Howard mentioned during his speech that the government has provided the athletes with A$5.5 million to prepare for the games.[14] The Australian Paralympic team launch took place during Paralympic Week. There were a number of other events prior to the commencement of the games including the launch of the formal uniforms at the museum of contemporary art and the Nike launch where both Olympic and Paralympic athletes modelled side by side.[15]
Team
edit
There were 285 athletes participating in 18 sports.[15] The Australian team had the largest number of athletes with an intellectual disability, a total of 30.[16] Brendan Burkett, Australian Paralympic swimmer was the opening ceremony flag bearer and Neil Fuller, Australian Paralympic athletics medalist was the closing ceremony flag bearer.[15] Australian athlete Louise Sauvage lit the Paralympic Cauldron at the opening ceremony.[16]
The Chef de Mission was Paul Bird, a Paralympic medalist in 1980 and 1984. He was supported by four assistant Chef de Missions; Keith Gilbert, Greg Campbell, Tony Naar and Robyn Smith.[17]
Medalists
edit
Archery
edit
Australia represented in archery by:
| Men | Arthur Fisk, John Marshall, Tony Marturano |
|---|---|
| Women | Natalie Cordowiner |
Coaches – Robert de Bondt (Head), Hans Klar
Athletics
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Australia represented in athletics by:
| Men | Shayne Allen, Kieran Ault-Connell, Wayne Bell, Malcolm Bennett, Anthony Biddle, Russell Billingham, Fabian Blattman, Damien Burroughs, Rick Cooke (guide for Jeffrey McNeill), Lee Cox, Roy Daniell, Mark Davies, Michael Dowling, Stephen Eaton, John Eden, Don Elgin, Kurt Fearnley, Anton Flavel, Heath Francis, Neil Fuller, Terry Giddy, Murray Goldfinch, Gerrard Gosens, Adrian Grogan, Brian Harvey, Bill Hunter (guide for Gerrard Gossens)), Clayton Johnson, Lachlan Jones, John Lindsay, Hamish MacDonald, John Maclean, Tim Matthews, Jeffrey McNeill, Paul Mitchell,
Andrew Newell, Paul Nunnari, Sam Rickard, Ed Salmon (guide for Gerrard Gosens)), Russell Short, Greg Smith, Tim Sullivan, Darren Thrupp, Geoff Trappett, Steve Thorley (guide for Jeffrey McNeil), Dean Turner, Bruce Wallrodt, Stephen Wilson |
|---|---|
| Women | Angela Ballard, Joanne Bradshaw, Madelyn Ehlers, Rebecca Feldman, Patricia Flavel, Lynda Holt, Norma Koplick, Tanya Krome,
Holly Ladmore, Lisa Llorens, Lisa McIntosh, Alison Quinn, Sharon Rackham, Allyson Richards (guide for Mark Davies), Louise Sauvage, Christie Skeleton, Frances Stanley, Meaghan Starr, Claire Summersgill, Katrina Webb, Debbie Wendt, Jodi Willis, Amy Winters |
Coaches – Chris Nunn (Head), Di Barnes, Andrew Dawes, Scott Goodman, Brett Jones, Peter Negropontis, Lorraine Feddema, Robyn Hanson, Phil Badman, Rob Gorringe
Officials – Jason Hellwig (Manager), Hayden Clark, Barb Denson, Petrina Tierney, Jodie Worrall, Allyson Richards, Bill Hunter, Rick Cooke
Australia finished the number one country in athletics with 35 gold, 15 silver and 16 bronze medals. This was Australia's best performance in athletics at the Paralympics. Team highlights included: Timothy Sullivan's five gold medals, Greg Smith's five gold medals, Neil Fuller's four gold medals and one bronze medal, Lisa Llorens's three gold medals and one silver medal and Lisa McIntosh's three gold medals. Australia also won four relay gold medals.[4][18][19]
Controversy
editWell known Australian team member and opening ceremony cauldron lighter Louise Sauvage was a participant in the 800 meters T54 event. The race was interrupted by a crash around the 200m mark, leaving three competitors unable to finish. Race leaders Sauvage and Canadian rival Chantal Petitclerc were uninterrupted by the incident, with Petitclerc finishing first, followed by Sauvage in second. Video footage was reviewed by race referee Reg Brandis, and it was determined the competitors involved in the crash were significantly disadvantaged in their opportunity to win a medal. Two hours after the event a re-race was ordered after the final result was declared void. Andrew Dawes, coach of Sauvauge was quoted as saying,
"If she comes out and wins, people will say that she got a second bit at the cherry. And if she loses, she has lost twice."[16]
In later events, Sauvage went on to win gold in the 1500m and 5000m, beating her rival Petitclerc.[16]
Basketball (Intellectual Disability)
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Australia represented in basketball by:
| Men | Frank Arratia, Lee Collins, Tim Devine, Simon Ishac, Bradley Lee, Tyson Lynch, Nicholas Maroney, Adam Meredith, Brett Phillips, Peter Willoughby, Brett Wilson, Justin Wrbik |
|---|
Coaches – Tony Guihot (Head), Liz Fraser, Ian McLeod Officials – Michael Hudson (Manager)
The Australian team known as the 'Boomerangs' finished sixth in the tournament.[4][18][19]
Controversy
editThe Spanish intellectually disabled basketball team beat Russia 87-63 to win the gold medal match. This win was later contended as a full investigation into the team was conducted due to accusations of fraud. It was later discovered that 10 of the 12 players were not disabled and that this deception was committed intentionally.
The IPC conducted a major investigation into the INAS-FID registration cards for all 244 athletes who participated in the Sydney games. A number of issues were discovered resulting in athletes with an intellectual disability being suspended from all IPC activities. The ban heavily affected the future Australian team as a large number of medals won during the Sydney games were by ID athletes. It was not until a meeting on 9 March 2001, where the IPC Executive Committee approved five resolutions pertaining to future participation. Unfortunately, it was concluded that these parameters would not be sufficient to expel cheating from the games and ID competitions were banned indefinitely. After the 2008 Paralympic games, a more robust criterion had been decided upon and the ban on intellectually disabled athletes lifted.[20]
Boccia
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Australia represented in boccia by:
| Men | Warren Brearley, Scott Elsworth, John Richardson |
|---|---|
| Women | Lyn Coleman, Angie McReynolds, Karen Stewart |
Coaches – Joan Stevens (Head), Italo Vigalo Officials – Peggy Richardson, Barry Stewart, Sue Beencke, Annette Low, Emily Connell, Carla Brearley, June Kaese
Most athletes did not progress from the first round of pool games. Scott Eslworth was the best performed athlete making the quarter-finals.[4][18][19]
Cycling
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Australia represented in cycling by:
| Men | Greg Ball, Paul Clohessy, Matthew Gray, Steven Gray (Pilot for David Murray), Darren Harry (Pilot), Eddie Hollands (Pilot for Paul Clohessy),
Peter Homann, Paul Lake, Mark le Flohic, Kieran Modra, David Murray, Paul O'Neill, Daniel Polson, Christopher Scott, Noel Sens, Russell Wolfe (Pilot for Christine Fisher) |
|---|---|
| Women | Christine Fisher, Lyn Lepore, Kerry Modra (Pilot for Kieran Modra ), Tania Modra (Pilot for Saryna Parker), Lynette Nixon (Pilot), Sarnya Parker |
Coaches – Kevin McIntosh (Head), Darryl Benson, Radek Valenta Officials – Elsa Lepore (Manager), John Beer, Rebecca Tweedy
Australia won 10 gold, 3 silver and 8 bronze medals and finished the number one country overall.[4][18][19]
Equestrian
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Australia represented in equestrian by:
| Women | Rosalie Fahey, Sue Haydon, Julie Higgins, Marita Hird, Judy Hogan, Sue-Ellen Lovett, Anne Skinner |
|---|
Coaches – Carolyn Lieutenant (Head), Gillian Rickard Officials – Judy Cubitt (Chef d'Equipe), Dinah Barron
Australia won 2 gold and 2 bronze medals in its second Paralympic competition. It came second to Great Britain in the overall medal tally. Due to the team's results, Head Coach Carolyn Lieutenant won the Australian Coaching Council's Female Coach of the Year award.[4][18][19]
Fencing
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Australia represented in wheelchair fencing by:
| Men | Michael Alston, Robert Goodwin |
|---|
Coach Sally Kopiec (Head)
Australia did not win any medals but each athlete made the second round (top sixteen).
Football (7 a Side)
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Australia represented in football by:
| Men | David Barber, Shaun Fedele, Eric Haddrick, Miguel Marcelino, Beau Menzies, Mark Morris, Andrew Panazzolo, Christopher Pyne, Jason Rand, Jeremy Thorpe, George Tonna |
|---|
Coaches – Russell Marriott (Head), David Campbell
Officials – Corny van Eldik (Manager)
The team known as the 'Drillers' finished seventh in their first Paralympics.[4][18][19]
Goalball
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Australia represented in goalball by:
| Men | Rob Crestani, Kevin Frew, Paul Harpur, Troy King, Warren Lawton, Robbie Vogt |
|---|---|
| Women | Penny Bennett, Kerrie-ann King, Jo Ruba, Robyn Stephens |
Men – Coaches – Sam Theodore (Head), Robert Apps
Women – Coaches – Terry Kenaghan (Head)
The men's team finished ninth out of twelve and the women's team finished eighth.[4][18][19]
Judo
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Australia represented in judo by:
| Men | Anthony Clarke |
|---|
Coach – Trevor Kschamer (Head)
Australia's sole competitor Anthony Clarke, a former gold medalist, finished seventh.[4][18][19]
Powerlifting
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Australia represented in powerlifting by:
| Men | Shaun Cavuoto, Darren Gardiner, Steve Green, Paul Hyde, Richard Nicholson, Kahi Puru, Wayne Sharpe |
|---|---|
| Women | Deahnne McIntyre, Julie Russell, Vicky Machen, Kim Neuenkirchen, Melissa Trafela, Sue Twelftree |
Coaches – Blagoi Blagoev (Head), Ray Epstein
Australia won a silver medal with Richard Nicholson's performance.[4][18][19]
Sailing
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Australia represented in sailing by:
| Men | Jamie Dunross, Graeme Martin, Michael McLean, Noel Robins, Peter Thompson |
|---|
Coaches – Lachlan Gilbert (2.4mR), Paul Eldrid (Sonar)
Officials – John Whitfield
Australia won the gold medal in the Sonar event and finished fourth in 2.4MR. It was the second placed nation in sailing.[4][18][19]
The role of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (ABM) was to be the "official provider of weather services", by providing specifically tailored services to the participants, spectators and event organisers for both the Olympic and Paralympic Games.[3] Based on the requests of the SOCOG sailing management team, the sailing events were prioritised in terms of forecasting effort, in comparison to the other events and their respective venues.[3]
The sailing events were hosted at the Sydney Harbour venue, as well as the offshore region adjacent to the entrance of the harbour.[3] Due to its detailed and complex topography, this entire region experienced certain challenges in relation to the forecasting of surface winds.[3] This included variations in wind speed and direction between "different reaches of the harbour", which occurred because of local sea to harbour and terrain circulations.[3] Another challenge that was identified centred around the accuracy of the resolution required for wind forecasting being beyond the scope of the Australian operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models of implementation.[3] As a result of these factors, various statistical tools were developed to support the NWP output, and forecasts were provided across "three different harbour locations" in addition to a region offshore.[3]
The statistical models utilised in preparation for and during the event, were NWP-based and high in resolution.[3] The two models were one named LAPS 05 and one that only operated at 1-km and 5-km resolutions, and was a contribution made by the University of New South Wales Centre for Environmental Modelling and Prediction (CEMAP) that was available at 5-km and 1-km resolutions contribution made by the University.[3] Alongside these statistical models, a further five were incorporated to facilitate the forecasting process in targeting these "small-scale wind variations".[3] Following this, the evaluation of each model’s prediction skill was conducted, by drawing a comparison between the predicted data and data obtained via observation.[21] This comparison was made mathematically, by using statistical indices which included the root-mean-square (RMS) error, "wind bearing error, magnitude of vector error", square error and Brier Skill score.[21]
The Games marked the first event, where any member of the public and all the athletes participating were granted access to all the forecasting information that was specifically delivered to the organisers.[3] The Bureau of Meteorology’s website was developed to provide both the event participants and their coaches with access to weather data.[3] An Australian team of meteorologists was formed and made responsible for "interpreting the output" of an array of statistical and NWP models.[3] Weather advice was provided by forecasters two weeks in advance to the Games beginning, during the training period and during the sailing test events conducted in 1999 and 1999.[3] Hourly updates were provided in the form of site-specific forecasts for wave displacements and surface winds across various course locations, and the sail management team located in key boats present at the venue, was equipped with "onboard laptops" which were used to transmit the most updated weather information.[3]
It has been revealed that the ABM received "numerous tributes" in relation to the "quality of its services", from SOCOG, individual athletes, meteorologists who were part of the sailing team, web clients and the International Sailing Federation (ISAF).[3] Additionally, a meteorology team member shared that he was "impressed by the services available to athletes".[3] However, he also expressed that the quality of these services was not consistent in its delivery to the organisers, and suggested that the service providers increase their focus on strongly interacting with "all client groups" when providing "future Olympics weather services".[3]
Shooting
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Australia represented in shooting by:
| Men | Ashley Adams, Stephen Guy, Stan Kosmala, Jeff Lane, James Nomarhas, Steven McCormack, Paul Schofield, Peter Shannon, Peter Tait, Peter Worsley |
|---|---|
| Women | Elizabeth Kosmala |
Coaches – Yvonne Hill (Head), Anne Bugden, Evangelos Anagnostou Officials – Andre Jurich
Australia won a silver medal with Peter Tait's performance in the pistol. Six shooters made finals.[4][18][19]
Swimming
edit
I had the privilege of sitting down the front on one of the nights at the swimming. It was incredible to turn around to look behind me and see 15,000 people right at the back of the Aquatic Centre. Probably the view was not very good for some of them, yet the people were there. They enjoyed it and I am sure found the whole experience uplifting.
Alan Ashton, Parliament Member[22]
Australia represented in swimming by:
| Men | Mark Altmann, Ben Austin, Paul Barnett, Daniel Bell, Tom Bridge, Scott Brockenshire, Kingsley Bugarin, Brendan Burkett, Dominic Collins, Paul Cross, Cameron de Burgh, Patrick Donachie, Justin Eveson, Jeff Hardy, Alex Harris, Michael Palfery, Stewart Pike, Brett Reid, David Rolfe, Alastair Smales, Christian Stafford, Shane Walsh |
|---|---|
| Women | Alicia Aberley, Katerina Bailey, Petrea Barker, Denise Beckwith, Melissa Carlton, Kate Church, Priya Cooper, Tracey Cross, Gemma Dashwood, Nicole Davey, Janelle Falzon, Amanda Fraser, Megan Grant, Judith Green, Sarah Houlbolt, Alicia Jenkins, Marayke Jonkers, Dianna Ley, Karni Liddell, Tamara Nowitzki, Kirra O'Cass, Siobhan Paton, Casey Redford, Ellen Steele, Brooke Stockham, Lucy Williams, Stacey Williams, Melissa Willson, Elizabeth Wright |
Coaches – Matthew Brown (Head), Greg Rochowcyzk, John Ornsby, Wanda Smales, Brendan Keogh, Frank Hohmann, Trent Patten, Dick Orbell Officials – Michael Scott (Manager), Linda Garsden, John Stamoulos, Michael Martin, Jenny Lambert
Australia had its largest ever swimming team and it won 14 gold, 15 silver and 21 bronze medals. It finished fifth on the gold medal tally and second on the overall medal tally. During the competition, Australian swimmers set 42 Australian records, 14 Paralympic records and 7 world records.[4][18][19]
Table Tennis
edit
Australia represented in table tennis by:
| Men | Bill Medley, Ross Schurgott |
|---|
Coaches – Joe Hoad (Head) Officials – Carmel Medley and Roger Massie
Australia was given two wild card entries due to it being the host nation. It did not win any medals as no athlete progressed past the first round.[4][18][19]
Volleyball
edit
Australia represented in volleyball by:
Sitting
| Men | Edward Bray, Paul Croft, Darren Gay, Albert Lee, Brant North, Kevin Price, Glenn Pyne, Brett Roworth, Greg Sobczak, Bruce Thompson, Mark Whiteman |
|---|
Coaches' – Weiping Tu, Glenn Stewart Officials – Graham Golley (Manager)
The team known as the 'Crabs' finished eleventh out of twelve but had their first ever international victory by defeating the United States.[4][18][19]
Standing
| Men | Daniel Byrne, Nick Coburn, Japhy Duldig, Joe Egan, Greg Hammond, Brett Holcombe, Nick Kaiser, Adam Lusted, Bill McHoul, Steven Neal, Grant Prest, Nigel Smith |
|---|
Coaches – Kieron Rochester (Head), Gary Jenness
The team known as the 'Volleyroos' finished eighth. At the end of the tournament, the International Paralympic Committee determined that the sport would not be part of the 2004 Athens Games due to it failing to meet IPC criteria.[4][18][19]
Wheelchair Basketball
edit
Australia represented in wheelchair basketball by:
Women's tournament
edit| Women | Julianne Adams, Amanda Carter, Paula Coghlan, Mellissa Dunn, Karen Farrell, Alison Mosely, Lisa O'Nion, Donna Ritchie, Nadya Romeo, Sharon Slann, Liesl Tesch, Jane Webb |
|---|---|
| Officials | Coaches – Peter Corr (Head), Tracy York, Rob Beveridge ; Managers – Kevin Smith (Manager) |
Group A Results and Standings
| Rank | Team | Pld | W | L | PF:PA | Pts | AUS | NED | USA | GBR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Australia |
3 | 3 | 0 | 125:74 | 6 | x | 38:26 | 44:36 | 43:12 | |
| 2 |  Netherlands |
3 | 2 | 1 | 105:85 | 5 | 26:38 | x | 45:26 | 34:21 | |
| 3 |  United States |
3 | 1 | 2 | 120:119 | 4 | 36:44 | 26:45 | x | 58:30 | |
| 4 |  Great Britain |
3 | 0 | 3 | 63:135 | 3 | 12:43 | 21:34 | 30:58 | x |
Semi-final Australia 45 defeated Japan 33
Gold Medal Match Canada 46 defeated Australia 27
Men's tournament
edit| Men | Troy Andrews, Sandy Blythe, David Gould, Shaun Groenewegen, Gerry Hewson, Adrian King, Michael McFawn, Nick Morris, Brad Ness, Shane Porter, Brook Quinn, Troy Sachs |
|---|---|
| Officials | Coaches – Bob Turner (Head), Michael Walker, Richard Oliver ; Managers – Fred Heidt (Manager), John Camens, Graham Gould |
Group B Results and Standings
| Rank | Team | Pld | W | L | PF:PA | Pts | NED | FRA | AUS | SWE | JPN | KOR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Netherlands |
5 | 5 | 0 | 331:243 | 10 | x | 76:51 | 48:47 | 62:45 | 62:52 | 83:48 | |
| 2 |  France |
5 | 4 | 1 | 296:272 | 9 | 51:76 | x | 62:54 | 51:50 | 67:44 | 65:48 | |
| 3 | Australia |
5 | 3 | 2 | 311:233 | 8 | 47:48 | 54:62 | x | 69:54 | 64:36 | 77:33 | |
| 4 |  Sweden |
5 | 2 | 3 | 266:280 | 7 | 45:62 | 50:51 | 54:69 | x | 60:43 | 57:55 | |
| 5 |  Japan |
5 | 1 | 4 | 239:296 | 6 | 52:62 | 44:67 | 36:64 | 43:60 | x | 64:43 | |
| 6 |  South Korea |
5 | 0 | 5 | 227:346 | 5 | 48:83 | 48:65 | 33:77 | 55:57 | 43:64 | x |
Source: Paralympic.org[23]
Quarter-finals United States 62 defeated Australia 52
Fifth to Eight Playoffs Australia 61 defeated Germany 53
Fifth - Sixth Playoff Australia 50 defeated France 47
The men's team known as the 'Rollers' lost their quarter-final to the United States and finished fifth. The women's team known as 'Gliders' won the silver medal after losing to Canada in the final. It was their most successful Paralympics.[4][18][19]
Wheelchair Rugby
edit
Australia represented in wheelchair rugby by:
| Men | Bryce Alman, Brett Boylan, Cliff Clarke, Garry Croker, Brad Dubberley, Nazim Erdem, Peter Harding, George Hucks, Tom Kennedy, Craig Parsons, Steve Porter, Patrick Ryan |
|---|
Coaches – Terry Vinyard (Head), Glenn Stephens, Nicholas Bailey Officials – Kim Elwood (Manager), David Bonavita (Chief Mechanic),[24] Wendy Poole
The team known as the 'Steelers' won the silver medal after losing to the World and Paralympic champions, United States by one point in the final.[4][18][19]
Group A Results and Standings
| Rank | Team | Pld | W | L | PF:PA | Pts | USA | AUS | SWE | SUI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States (USA)
|
3 | 3 | 0 | 125:83 | 6 | x | 29:27 | 54:29 | 42:27 | |
| 2 | Australia (AUS)
|
3 | 2 | 1 | 108:97 | 5 | 27:29 | x | 39:36 | 42:32 | |
| 3 | Sweden (SWE)
|
3 | 1 | 2 | 109:128 | 4 | 29:54 | 36:39 | x | 44:35 | |
| 4 |  Switzerland (SUI)
|
3 | 0 | 3 | 94:128 | 3 | 27:42 | 32:42 | 35:44 | x |
Semi-finals
Australia 40 defeated New Zealand 39
Gold Medal Match
United States 32 defeated Australia 31
Wheelchair Tennis
edit
Australia represented in wheelchair tennis by:
| Men | David Hall, David Johnson |
|---|---|
| Women | Daniela di Toro, Branka Pupovac |
Coach – Greg Crump (Head)
Australia had very impressive results making three finals out of four and winning 1 gold and 2 silver medals. David Hall took home one gold and one silver medal.[4][18][19]
Administration and support
editMembers of the headquarters team were:
Administration
Paul Bird ( Chef de Mission), Keith Gilbert (Assistant Chef de Mission), Greg Campbell (Assistant Chef de Mission), Tony Naar (Assistant Chef de Mission), Robyn Smith (Assistant Chef de Mission), John Watkins, Rod Anderson, Melinda Richards, Eve Bampfield, Carmel Williams, Graham Edwards, Rodney Nugent, Anne Brunnell, Rebecca Hill, Dianne Watson, Shona Halson, Andrea Davidson, Nadia Brandon-Black, Murray Lydeamore, Karen Hellwig, Louise Mogg, Simon Reffold, Jillian Lennon, Joel Lipman, Kellie Urquhart, Jenni Banks, Tracy Lawrence, Ross Boyd, Sharon Palmer, Michael Blucher, Peter Kelly, Victoria Carthew, Sally Nelson, Phyllis Sakinofsky[4]
Australia Medical Staff
Jane Buckley (Director), David Millions, Kevin Boundy, Syd Bourke, Kathy Merlehan, Jenny Nucifora, Craig Boettcher, Greg Ungerer, Mark Stokes, David Spurrier, Dimi Argyros, Allan Thomas, Joann Marr, Maria Di Michele, Vicki de Prazer, Gavin Freeman, John Woods[4]
Community links and volunteers
editThe SPOC identified the importance of reaching out the community in order to develop community awareness of the games, and to improve community relations. To achieve this, Community Support Programs were developed by the SPOC in 1998 and included partnership programs, a national education program, Ride 2000 and sports demonstrations. The aims of these initiatives were to "establish links with multicultural communities, service groups, local community events and disability groups to enhance community support"'[16]
One of the initiatives from the SPOC in partnership with the NSW Department of Education and Training (DET), was the introduction of a new curriculum to schools called 'Set no limits'. The package involved an official school excursion to the Paralympic Games for Australian school children, and included the official mascot of the games, 'Lizzie' the frill neck lizard. The National Education Program (NEP) aimed for school children to understand how to be more tolerant, however no official measures of attitudes were evaluated.
Demonstrations of disability sport were also conducted at Australian schools, shopping centres and other public events. These demonstrations were organised by the SPOC and APC, and included popular Paralympic sports such as wheelchair basketball and wheelchair rugby. The appearances of the Australian team athletes in these demonstrations was originally volunteer and un-paid, however later a fee of $500 was negotiated per appearance.
Rides 2000 was another community awareness initiative developed by Sue-Ellen Lovett, an equestrian rider and director of the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games Board. During this time Lovett participated in long distance rides to regional Australia in order to raise awareness of, and funds for the Paralympic Games. The rides included:
- 1997: Melbourne to Sydney
- 1998: Brisbane to Sydney
- 1999: Adelaide to Sydney
- 2000: Moree to Sydney
These 'community support programs' assisted in raising community awareness in the lead up to the games. For these reasons, and also due to the success of the previous Olympic games, a 'party atmosphere' was created which continued into the Paralympic games. This attracted numerous spectators to the games, including new groups joining the 'Paralympic party'. These groups encompassed "those who were critical of the Olympics but supported the Paralympics as it was not perceived as a corporatised event",[16] seniors and also school children who could not afford the Olympic Games.
The Australian Government at the time also showed political support of the games. A post-Games dinner was held including 70 parliamentarians, that aimed to ensure continual government and private funding for the games in years to come. Former Deputy Leader of the Federal Coalition, Tim Fischer was also involved in the Games, overseeing the Paralympic Village in the role of mayor.[16]
The community was also involved in the games through volunteer roles. The partnership between the SPOC and SOCOG lead to 15,000 volunteers being recruited for the Paralympic games. Volunteers were trained by Technical and Further Education (TAFE) New South Wales (NSW). The volunteers participated in a range of disability awareness training activities in preparation for the games. It was also noted that a "larger number of volunteers had disabilities themselves, highlighting the accessibility of all aspects of the venues and overlay".[16] Two incidents were reported where volunteers felt discriminated against as they had a disability.[16]
Media coverage and operations
editIt's estimated that approximately 3.9 billion people viewed the Sydney Paralympic Games, across 220 countries. Australian commercial television station Channel 7 paid $45 million for the rights to broadcast the games, however later declined to do so as it regarded the investment too high risk. Simon Thomas, the SPOC's senior television manager was quoted as saying:
- "There were several fundamental issues [that] we never got very close to resolving [with Channel 7] and in the end it was a mutual agreement to go our separate ways."[16]
Later, it was decided that Australian national broadcaster, ABC, would broadcast the games on ABC local radio and on ABC television. ABC had previous experience covering the Paralympics in 1992 and 1996. The television coverage included 40 hours of live action, with 2 hours per weekday and 20 hours on the grandstand program during both weekends. Over a total of 17 days, there were more than 8 million Metropolitan viewers and almost 4 million Regional viewers. The opening and closing ceremonies placed in the top 20 ABC most popular programs for the season. The ABC sports also set up an interactive website, with quizzes, athlete profiles and results.[25]
The relationship between the SOCOG and the SPOC resulted in providing improved media coverage for both the Olympics and Paralympics. Media operations were planned to limit the potential for complaint by both local Australian and overseas media, to result in better Paralympic Games reviews. This approach by Australian media was taken in response to the previous limitations of the Atlanta Paralympics. Australia was heavily involved in the media coverage of the Paralympics, namely through the role of volunteers.
The table below outlines the staffing numbers of the Media Centre at the Olympics and Paralympics respectively:[16]
| Total Number | Peak Shift Number | |
|---|---|---|
| Paid | 114 Olympics
70 Paralympics |
114 Olympics
70 Paralympics |
| Volunteer | 1113 Olympics
253 Paralympics |
340 Olympics
80 Paralympics |
| Contractor | 1078 Olympics
223 Paralympics |
490 Olympics
70 Paralympics |
The Main Media Centre (MMC) for the Paralympics opened on 11 October, and from 18–29 October ran 24 hours a day. Coupled with the MMC was a research and information office, including a library run by Wayne Peak, the SOCOG Communications officer. Staff from the Centre for Olympic Studies at the University of New South Wales also assisted the running of the library. WeMedia provided internet coverage of the games, and was a sponsor and partner of the Sydney Paralympics. During the games, WeMedia had 300 staff operating in the MMC. Creative production of the WeMedia webcast was led by Jason Snyder.[26] The official broadcaster of the games ABC, had a comparatively smaller team of 30 for its television coverage.[16]
Australian Paralympic Movement
editThe 2000 Paralympic Games proved to be a unique catalyst for social change within Australia and enabled the APC to realize its true potential and capacity to be a leader in the international arena of Paralympic sport.
Through increased media coverage and community support, the Australian athletes who participated at the 2000 Summer Paralympic games have left a lasting impression. Future Paralympians and the APC are left with the gift of a legacy from these athletes. Information into the attitude towards the Paralympics was sought through the APC in conjunction with Woolcott Research over a two-year period. The statistics are listed below:
- 93% of Australians believe Paralympic athletes are elite and train as hard as able-bodied athletes
- 87% of Australians believe they should receive equal or more funding than Olympic athletes
- 71% of Australians want to know personal stories about the athletes
- 72% of Australians believe that Paralympic athletes do not receive the attention deserved to them
The success of the Australian Paralympic team during the 2000 Summer games paves the way for a strong argument related to increased funding, education and infrastructure.[11] After the 2000 games, 54 Australian athletes were later awarded part-time scholarships to attend the Australian Institute of Sport. The value of these scholarships was approximately $1000 and recognised the value of Paralympic sport.[16]
Following the Games, the Australian Paralympic Committee (APC) became the legacy recipient of the nation with respect to recognition, funding, sport organisation and capacity development.[27] Attaining this title and the consequent recognition, further resulted in "government funding with a 150% increase" for up to seven years after the Games.[28] This facilitated the mainstreaming of certain aspects of the Paralympic sporting bodies, which were described to have "gained benefits" through better "training, coaching and professional sport organisations".[27] On the other hand, due to competing interests involving individuals without disabilities, the mainstreaming after-effects were also described to be placing a "lower priority for resources" amongst the disabled sporting community.[27] In general, the increased recognition provided an opportunity to target diverse demographics amongst coaches, teachers, students and the public, by "delivering disability education programmes" to approximately 39,000 individuals.[27]
In 2009, the Australian Paralympics Committee (APC) established the Australian Centre for Paralympic Studies (ACPS) as an initiative to preserve and protect the "historic, sporting and business information" that was acquired through the Paralympic Movement.[29] After its formation, the APC collaborated with the National Library of Australia (NLA) via a formal agreement for the "Paralympic oral history project", to capture and promote the preservation of Australian "history and sporting culture".[29] In general, this collaboration occurred in September 2010, to "mark the 50th anniversary of the Paralympic Games", and the project involved conducting interviews of athletes who participated in the first Games in 1960.[5] This led to the recording of "66 interviews" which initially focused on the first Paralympians.[5] Some of these interviews featured individuals who were described to have played "key roles" in the Australian Paralympic movement’s development.[5] This included Anne Green, who was a Paralympics swimming coach and administrator, and the captain of his team at the 1968 Games, Dr. John Yeo.[5] With time, this was followed by the project shifting in direction and expanding its focus to involve other athletes as well.[5] However, this attempt has been subjected to criticism by members of the Australian Paralympic Oral History Project, as they hold the view that it is essential for the APC to include "narratives from actual participants", instead of focusing on "proxy or interpretive accounts" from those who are not part of the disabled community.[29]
Twenty years after Australia’s 2000 Paralympic Games, the winning participants reflected on their past and present experiences, describing the event’s impact as one that has strongly shifted "Australia’s perception of disabilities".[30] Former wheelchair racer, Louise Sauvage current focus centres around training, guiding and assisting other Paralympians to "achieve their goals" to contribute to the future of this movement.[30] Tim Matthews, a former relay team member claimed that "there was no doubt the Sydney event was a watershed moment for the disability movement" which extends to the global community.[30] As Tim believes that the disabled community has a "voice and a lot more exposure" today, his priorities centre around "giving back" by training and supporting members of Paralympics Australia, as well as working as a talent spotter for the organisation.[30]
In addition, the Games were utilised as a platform to showcase the culture of Indigenous Australian peoples to participants and audiences from different nations.[31] The culture of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples was described to be "rich", and the SOCOG worked in close collaboration with their communities to display their culture on a global scale, with the attempt to be inclusive in their approach.[31] The SOCOG also worked towards actively engaging Indigenous communities during the Games, to provide them with commercial, promotional, employment, ceremonies and cultural design opportunities.[31] This was actioned by its establishment of a National Indigenous Advisory Committee, which was delegated the responsibility to monitor and review the "cultural content, themes, materials and protocol" with respect to the events.[31] These events ranged from Olympics ceremonies, the Volunteers program, Olympics Arts Festivals, "traditional welcoming ceremonies" to the Olympic Youth Camp.[31] In particular, the Torch Relay was described to have paid a tribute to "many significant" and sacred Indigenous sites.[31] The Relay event both commenced and concluded with the recognition of Aboriginal athletes Nova Peris-Kneebone and Cathy Freeman, respectively.[31] Additionally, in the opening ceremony of the Paralympic Games, the torch was carried by an Indigenous athlete and wheelchair basketball player named Kevin Coombs.[32] Coombs had participated in the first Paralympic Games held in Rome in 1960 and was also assigned the role of serving as team captain during the 1980 Games.[32]
Honouring the athletes
edit
On 31 October, Australia Post began releasing stamps honouring a number of successful Paralympic athletes from the games. Featured on a 45c stamp was Siobhan Paton as the "Paralympian of the Year".[33]
Senator Lundy, on behalf of the Australian Labor Party, congratulated the athletes as well as coaches and supporting staff. She acknowledged the important dedication the athletes showed in making the games 'the best ever'.[34]
- "Most of all I would like to acknowledge all of those athletes who went out there to strive for their personal best and achieved it. Not every sport records the personal best outcomes, but I know that an incredible number of athletes in their endeavours over the last two weeks did achieve their personal best and will hold that memory in their hearts forever."
- Kate Lundy, Senator.[34]
Athlete testimonials
editLouise Sauvage later wrote of the 2000 Summer Paralympics and said:
- "Never in my years as a wheelchair racer had I experienced anything like the tremendous blast of noise and energy that swept me home to an Olympic gold medal that Sydney evening - Thursday 28 September 2000. And I probably never will again. After more races than I can begin to remember, this was a once-in-a-lifetime event. I learned that night that a crowd of 110,000 in a great stadium can muster an amazing physicality when it is willing someone to win. Making my challenge with 150 metres to go, out in Lane Three on the brick-red Stadium Australia track, I felt as if I were almost picked up and carried along by the roar of the crowd, the breath of the crowd. They propelled me to the line … to the gold. Only later was I told of how many people had risen to their feet almost as one, clambering on seats, to add their determination to my own in that 800 metres final. I will never forget the feeling that night, the 'rush' that supported my charge in the home straight. It is not easy to put into words"[35]
Kurt Fearnley looked back at his success during his debut games:
- "I debuted in the 2000 Sydney Paralympics, in front of family, friends and just about every person who had carried me to the start line. But the support within the Australian Paralympic team was the real game changer for me. The current Australian Paralympic legends opened up their homes to me, gave me much-needed equipment and helped me understand the significance of what it is that we do. We look after each other. We are responsible for leaving the sport stronger than when we started. We are not strong despite our disability, we are strong because of it. We are proud men and women with disability, who choose to test our levels of functionality to the extreme."[36]
Games outcomes
editBy nature, and based on "conventional wisdom", the Paralympic Games provided a platform for Sydney’s disabled community to be granted the opportunity for a "lasting legacy" of an increased degree of disability awareness and the development of accessible infrastructure, which would ultimately improve the demographic’s socioeconomic status.[37] To achieve such outcomes, the OCA was delegated the role of "developing a sustainable long-term plan" in relation to design, construction and the overall operation of the venues.[37] This was in response to the limited accessibility issue faced by the disabled community. Roles including the distribution of event information, ticketing and entire operation of the Games were conducted by the Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (SOCOG) and Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee (SPOC).[37]
Overall, the OCA undertook its responsibility by developing Access Guidelines, forming a body known as the Olympic Access Advisory Committee to specifically devise plans for disability and access issues, tailor-making an access guide for the Games and providing a critical written reflection on the event’s access operations.[27] As majority of the sporting events occurred at Sydney Olympic Park, the delivery of these enhancements for the disabled community was described as an "example of world best practice", and the venue has been regarded as the "premier access precinct in Australia".[27]
For example, prior to the Games, Sydney’s public transport system was not accessible to the disabled population, as "0% of public and private buses were accessible" and "less than 5% of rail stations accessible".[27] The Olympic Roads and Transport Authority (ORTA) was formed to plan, enable and maintain coordination between OCA, SOCOG and transport authorities. In response to the gap in accessing the public transport system, the ORTA was required to fulfil its role, however, minimal work was "undertaken to improve the access situation" in preparation for the Games.[27]
After the games, the Paralympic mascot 'Lizzie' was made available for the Australian public to purchase through Franklin stores. The Australian Paralympic Committee successfully claimed the rights to the mascot following the breakup of the SPOC. The APC saw value in the continuation and retention of the mascot in the community.
Prime Minister at the time John Howard announced increased government funding for Paralympic sport in the future. On 23 October 2000, the Sydney Morning Herald reported that Howard had committed to proving the Paralympians the same percentage increase as the Olympians.[16]
Involvement of the NSW Government
editThe Olympic Co-ordination Authority (OCA) holds the view that measuring the "success" of the Games is not confined to the "performance of Games venues and events", but also entails the "festive atmosphere, access, ease of movement, security and urban amenity" which shape the overall experience of tourists, local residents and participants.[7] To fund and regulate the entire experience, the NSW government established bodies such as OCA, SPOC and SOCOG. Although SPOC and SOCOG are independent and unique entities, they are similar in function and complement one another.[7] Due to this, "economies of scale" and operational efficiencies have been accomplished by collaboration between "operational methods and personnel".[7] The NSW Government’s involvement in conducting sporting events and providing public services was fully coordinated by the OCA. Additionally, the OCA was responsible for managing the "Government’s relationship" with the other actively involved organisations, SPOC and SOCOG, as well as providing the NSW Government with ongoing reports about the expenditures.[7] The Government also created and funded other organisations to cater for all aspects of the Games such as health, water management, transport and security. For example, the purpose of the Olympic Security Command Centre (OSCC) was to assign a "security and intelligence team" from NSW Police with the responsibility of meeting security requirements through organisation, preparation and management.[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Sydney 2000 – Sydney 2000". International Paralympic Committee. August 2001. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
- ^ "Sydney Paralympic Games Closed at High Tune", People's Daily, Retrieved 30 October 2000
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Spark, Elly; Connor, Gregory J. (1 April 2004). "Wind Forecasting for the Sailing Events at the Sydney 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games". Weather and Forecasting. 19 (2): 181–199. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0181:WFFTSE>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0434.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Australian 2000 Paralympic Team". Pandora Website. Archived from the original on 19 October 2000. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f "From Rome to Tokyo: Australia at the Paralympic Games". National Library of Australia. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ Darcy, Simon (1 October 2003). "The politics of disability and access: the Sydney 2000 Games experience". Disability & Society. 18 (6): 737–757. doi:10.1080/0968759032000119497. hdl:10453/1044. ISSN 0968-7599. S2CID 145643634.
- ^ a b c d e f Authority., New South Wales. Olympic Co-ordination (2002). The Sydney 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games : a report on the financial contribution by the New South Wales Government to the Sydney 2000 Games. Olympic Co-ordination Authority. OCLC 223580730.
- ^ "Sydney 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games" (PDF). NSW Treasury. 1999–2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ "Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee (SPOC)". NSW Government State Records. 1 January 2001. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ "Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games - Lizzy". International Paralympic Committee (IPC). n.d. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ a b Legg, David; Gilbert, Keith (2011). "Chapter 8: Sydney 2000: Moving from Post-Hoc Legacy to Strategic Vision and Operational Partnerships". In Darcy, Simon; Appleby, Louis (eds.). Paralympic Legacies. Illinois: Common Ground Publishers. pp. 75–95.
- ^ "A look back at the Sydney Paralympics". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 25 January 2002. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ Brittain, Ian (2012). From Stoke-Mandeville to Stratford: A History of the Summer Paralympic Games. Illinois: Common Ground LLC.
- ^ a b "PM Transcripts". Government of Australia. July 1999. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
- ^ a b c d e 2000 APC Annual Report (PDF). Sydney: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Cashman, Richard & Darcy, Simon (2008). Benchmark Games: The Sydney 2000 Paralympics Games. Petersham, NSW: Walla Walla Press. ISBN 978-1-876718-05-3.
- ^ "APC Board". Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Historical Results Database". International Paralympic Committee Website. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Australian Media Guide : 2000 Paralympic Games" (PDF). Australian Paralympic Committee. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
- ^ Brittain, Ian (2010). The Paralympic Games Explained. Routledge.
- ^ a b Masino, Pietro; Bellasio, Roberto; Bianconi, Roberto; Besana, Angelo; Pezzoli, Alessandro (13 May 2021). "Climatic Analysis of Wind Patterns to Enhance Sailors' Performance during Races". Climate. 9 (5): 80. doi:10.3390/cli9050080. hdl:11572/327974. ISSN 2225-1154.
- ^ "Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games". Parliament of New South Wales. 2000. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
- ^ "Sydney 2000 Paralympic Game, Wheelchair rugby". Official Website of the Paralympic Movement. 2000. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
- ^ "Paralympic "Murderball"". ABC Australia AM Radio. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
- ^ "ABC Annual Report 2000-2001" (PDF). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2001. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
- ^ "WeMedia Inc. Announces Largest Webcast in History - Live Now - Press Release".
- ^ a b c d e f g h Darcy, SA (1 February 2016). Paralympic Legacy - learning from the Sydney 2000 to prepare for Tokyo 2020. Nippon Foundation Paralympic Research. OCLC 1197503416.
- ^ Symons, Caroline (1 April 2010). "Benchmark Games. The Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games". European Sport Management Quarterly. 10 (2): 279–281. doi:10.1080/16184741003593244. ISSN 1618-4742. S2CID 154090629.
- ^ a b c Jobling, Ian F.; Naar, Tony; Hanley, Marian (September 2012). "The Australian Paralympic Oral History Project: Remembering, reflecting, recording and promoting disability in sport". International Journal of Disability, Development and Education. 59 (3): 295–303. doi:10.1080/1034912x.2012.697746. ISSN 1034-912X. S2CID 145693619.
- ^ a b c d "20 years on, athletes of the Sydney 2000 Paralympics look back at the games and how it transformed their lives". ABC News. 17 October 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g "A look back at the Sydney 2000 Olympics". www.records.nsw.gov.au. 9 September 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ a b "Kevin Coombs' life changed the moment he heard the click of the gun". ABC News. 20 December 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ "Australian issues surprise: Paralympic stamps". Glen Stephens. 2000. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
- ^ a b "Paralympic Games". Parliament of Australia. 2000. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
- ^ Sauvage, Louise; Heads, Ian (2002). Louise Sauvage: My Story. Harper Collins Publishers PTY Limited. ISBN 978-0732272630.
- ^ "ABC Ramp Up". ABC. 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^ a b c Darcy, Simon (October 2003). "The politics of disability and access: the Sydney 2000 Games experience". Disability & Society. 18 (6): 737–757. doi:10.1080/0968759032000119497. hdl:10453/1044. ISSN 0968-7599. S2CID 145643634.
External links
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