The Assyrian rebellion (Turkish: Nasturi Ayaklanması, "Nestorian Uprising")[5] was an uprising by the Assyrians in Hakkari which was administered by Assyrians at the time.[6] It began in July 1924 and ended on 28 September that same year.[7][8] This was the first rebellion in the newly formed Republic of Turkey. After the rebellion ended, 8,000 Assyrians were deported into Mandatory Iraq.[9]
| Assyrian Rebeillon | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence and Assyrian independence movement | |||||||
 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Assyrians |
| ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Malik Khoshaba Malik Yonan Malik Shamisdin Malik Ismael II |
Mustafa Kemal Pasha Süleyman Sabri Pasha Osman Avni Nurettin Pasha Mürsel Pasha Ferit Bey Ihsan Nuri | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
|
Tyari Tkhuma |
Turkish Armed Forces Kurdish tribes | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Less than 1,000 men[1] | 40,000+ men[2] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Low[3] | 1500+[4] | ||||||
(Another rebellion by the Assyrian community had taken place in 3–4 September 1924.)[10]
Background
editAssyrians of Tyari and Tkhuma returned to their ancestral land in Hakkari in 1922, shortly after World War I, without permission from the Turkish government. In 1924, the Vali (Ottoman term for governor) of Van wrote to Auli Beg who was the Agha of the village of Chal, telling him to inform the Assyrians in Hakkari not to worry about their visit. The Vali wanted to discuss whether they had come to Hakkari under the force of the British or wanted to live in Turkey as citizens. The Vali stated that if Assyrians were coming to live as citizens peacefully, they would be free to do so. If they were coming by force of the British, then they would need to return to Iraq. However, the Kurdish Agha Auli Beg lied to the Assyrians and stated that the Turks were planning to expel them by force and annihilate them.
In July 1924, Assyrians met with the Vali of Van. Two guards stopped them before meeting him, but they could not understand each other as the Assyrians were speaking Aramaic and the Turks were speaking Turkish. Another Assyrian man arrived, and the Turks said there were now three Assyrians. One of the Turkish guards lowered his rifle, and the Assyrian who had just arrived quickly shot at the guards without aiming, and the guards did the same. Both of them missed. However, there were Assyrians who were hidden who began shooting at the Turks and ended up killing a governor and six Turkish soldiers. The Vali was wounded in this attack and were later taken and surrendered to the British in Amediya.
Malik Khoshaba expressed his disappointment in what had happened, claiming the Kurds tricked the Assyrians into attacking the Turks just like they did in 1915. The Assyrians in Hakkari were put in a difficult situation because the majority of Assyrian fighters were in military service with the British in Iraq. The British reassured the Assyrians that they would assist them with the British army and airplanes.[11]
Battle
editA messenger was sent to Malik Ismael that told him that the Turkish army and their Kurdish allies were waiting to destroy them as they have occupied Julamerg and the district of Leon. A few Assyrian scouts went to the mountain of Istanbul and confirmed what the messenger had said and saw the large forces of Turks and Kurds.[12]
In the early morning the fighting began and the Turks were bombarding the Assyrians with artillery and machine gun fire. The Assyrians were significantly outnumbered and outgunned and were using British single fire rifles. The Assyrians were waiting for help from the British Army or Navy, but it never arrived, and they struggled in battle using inferior weaponry. Assyrians then retreated to Iraq.[13]
Assyrians then launched a counterattack after gathering in Amediya, in the face of Turkish machine gun fire and artillery. Assyrians defeated the Turks in a series of battles and captured several towns in Iraq and the Turks retreated to their border. The victorious battles by the Assyrians in the face of incredible odds were described as incredible by observers.[13]
British warplanes then arrived and dropped bombs in Asheeta, ending the conflict.[13]
Aftermath
editAfter the British bombed Asheeta, they ordered the Assyrians not to cross the Turkish border to attack and to come back to return to Iraq. Assyrians returned disappointed because the British did not live up to their word of helping them get their ancestral lands.[13]
References
edit- ^ Genelkurmay belgelerinde Kürt isyanları: Nasturi-Şeyh Sait-Raçkotan-Raman-Sason-Ağrı-Koçuşağı-Mutki-Bicar-Asi Resul-Tendürük-Savur-Zeylan-Oramar (in Turkish). Kaynak Yayınları. 2011. p. 49. ISBN 9789753436007. Archived from the original on 2023-04-07. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
- ^ Genelkurmay belgelerinde Kürt isyanları: Nasturi-Şeyh Sait-Raçkotan-Raman-Sason-Ağrı-Koçuşağı-Mutki-Bicar-Asi Resul-Tendürük-Savur-Zeylan-Oramar (in Turkish). Kaynak Yayınları. 2011. p. 62. ISBN 9789753436007. Archived from the original on 2023-04-07. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
- ^ Donef, Racho (2014). The Hakkâri Massacres: An Anthology of Documents Related to Massacres and Deportation of Assyrians in Northern Mesopotamia : Ethnic Cleansing by Turkey, 1924-25. Tatavla Publishing. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-9874239-1-7. Archived from the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2022-04-14.
- ^ Donef, Racho (2014). The Hakkâri Massacres: An Anthology of Documents Related to Massacres and Deportation of Assyrians in Northern Mesopotamia : Ethnic Cleansing by Turkey, 1924-25. Tatavla Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-9874239-1-7. Archived from the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2022-04-14.
- ^ Genelkurmay belgelerinde Kürt isyanları: Nasturi-Şeyh Sait-Raçkotan-Raman-Sason-Ağrı-Koçuşağı-Mutki-Bicar-Asi Resul-Tendürük-Savur-Zeylan-Oramar (in Turkish). Kaynak Yayınları. 2011. p. 35. ISBN 9789753436007. Archived from the original on 2023-04-07. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
- ^ Donef, Racho (2014). The Hakkâri Massacres: An Anthology of Documents Related to Massacres and Deportation of Assyrians in Northern Mesopotamia : Ethnic Cleansing by Turkey, 1924-25. Tatavla Publishing. pp. 167–174. ISBN 978-0-9874239-1-7. Archived from the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2022-04-14.
- ^ Olson, Robert (2013-12-18). The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292764125. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
(1) Nestorian (Nasturi) rebellion (12–28 September 1924); (2) Sheikh Said rebellion (13 February–31 May 1925); (3) Raçkotan and Raman pacifying operations
- ^ Ismael, Yaqou D'Malik. Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945. Ramon Michael. p. 173. Archived from the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
- ^ Dündar, Fuat. "When did the First World War End for Turkey ?". Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée (141): 141209–206 –. ISSN 0997-1327. Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
- ^ Olson, Robert (2013-12-18). The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292764125. Archived from the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
One of these was the Assyrian (Nestorian) rebellion of 3–4 September 1924 of Beyt Sebab, which, as indicated above, was itself very much related to the Sheikh Said rebellion.
- ^ Ismail, Malek Yakoub (2020-07-20). The Assyrians and the Two World Wars: First English Edition. Edessa Publications. pp. 252–253. ISBN 978-0-9837543-5-0. Archived from the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2022-01-09.
- ^ Ismail, Malek Yakoub (2020-07-20). The Assyrians and the Two World Wars: First English Edition. Edessa Publications. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-9837543-5-0. Archived from the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2022-01-09.
- ^ a b c d Ismail, Malek Yakoub (2020-07-20). The Assyrians and the Two World Wars: First English Edition. Edessa Publications. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-9837543-5-0. Archived from the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2022-01-09.