Air Forces Panama is an inactive United States Air Force (USAF) headquarters. It was assigned to Tactical Air Command, most recently to Twelfth Air Force. Its headquarters were located at Albrook Air Force Station and Howard Air Force Base in the Panama Canal Zone (later Panama). The organization was inactivated on 11 February 1992.
| USAF Southern Air Division 830th Air Division  | |
|---|---|
 Cessna OA-37 and Cessna O-2A over Honduras in 1984 | |
| Active | 1976–1992 |
| Country |  United States Panama |
| Branch |  United States Air Force |
| Role | Command of regional air forces |
| Part of | Tactical Air Command |
| Decorations | Air Force Outstanding Unit Award Air Force Organizational Excellence Award |
| Insignia | |
| Air Forces Panama emblem (Approved for Southern Air Division)[1][note 1] |  |
The unit was activated as the USAF Southern Air Division in 1976 to replace the United States Southern Command Air Forces as the USAF component of United States armed forces in the Panama Canal Zone. Southern Command Air Forces was simultaneously disestablished as a Major Command and USAF responsibility for South and Central America was transferred to Tactical Air Command. It was also renamed the 830th Air Division before receiving its final designation. After the transfer of the Panama Canal Zone to Panama, its remaining responsibilities were transferred to the 24th Wing, one of its former components.
The unit served during a period when USAF presence in Panama was gradually reduced, with some of its functions and organizations transferred to locations in the United States or discontinued. It operated its own aircraft, primarily in a forward air control and training mission, but also relied on airlift and fighter aircraft and crews rotating to its bases from other units. Although it focused on USAF representation, including training and foreign military sales, the unit also participated in Operation Just Cause and provided forces for Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm.
History
editAir Forces Panama was first activated at Albrook Air Force Station as USAF Southern Air Division, which replaced United States Air Forces Southern Command as the United States Air Force (USAF) component of the United States Armed Forces in the Panama Canal Zone in January 1976.[2] The division commander was also "dual-hatted" as the vice commander of United States Air Force Southern Command.[note 2]
The division also managed United States Air Force relationships with the Air Forces of friendly Latin American countries. One aspect of these relationships was the Foreign Military Sales program. It assisted Mexico in Mexico's purchase of Northrop F-5 Freedom Fighters. In 1984 the division delivered Lockheed T-33 T-Birds to Ecuador and Cessna A-37 Dragonflys to the Dominican Republic.[1] Many of the Foreign Military Sales programs were given operation names using the word "Peace" as their first element.[note 3]
Aircraft
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The division provided air defense of the Panama Canal, controlling fighter aircraft rotated through Howard Air Force Base. Initially, these were LTV A-7 Corsair IIs rotating from units of Tactical Air Command, but in January 1978, the responsibility for providing these planes shifted to the Air National Guard under Operation Coronet Cove.[3][4] The National Guard also deployed Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt IIs after 1985. In 1990, the A-7s were replaced by McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagles and General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons.[1]
Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft also rotated to Panama for airlift support in the region. When the division activated, these aircraft were provided by active units of Military Airlift Command, in Operation Volant Oak. In October 1977, this mission was also transferred to the Guard, along with units of the Air Force Reserve.[5] Since 1975, USAF airlift management had been centralized with Military Airlift Command (MAC), which had established the 1300th Military Airlift Squadron at Howard in March 1975. After October 1984, the division provided support to the 61st Military Airlift Group, whose 310th Military Airlift Squadron replaced the 1300th Military Airlift Squadron and operated several types of aircraft, including the Volant Oak Lockheed C-130 Hercules and the Alenia C-27 Spartan STOL aircraft.[6][7]
Disaster and humanitarian relief
editOn occasion the division provided disaster relief assistance to Latin American nations using assigned and rotational aircraft and forces. In 1979, during the Sandanista insurrection in Nicaragua, the division evacuated United States embassy personnel, American citizens and third country nationals from Nicaragua.[8] In 1988 Volant Oak C-130s were dispatched to Jamaica to provide relief after Hurricane Gilbert struck the island.[9] Similar relief operations were conducted in Antigua following Hurricane Hugo in 1989.[4] Other counties that received this type of support included Guatemala, the Dominican Republic, Panama and Colombia.[1]
Training foreign air forces
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The division's foreign military sales responsibilities gave it the mission of training recipients on the equipment they purchased. For example, it trained Mexican technicians in logistics and maintenance for the new F-5s aircraft their country had purchased. Not all training was performed at the divisions bases in the Canal Zone. The division deployed mobile technical training units to Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador and Honduras.[9] Division A-37 aircraft were used to conduct pilot training.[1][10]
The Inter-American Air Forces Academy was assigned to the division. The Academy provided technical training and education for airmen and officers from approximately fourteen Latin American countries [1] The academy also maintained a center for translating USAF training publications into Spanish for use by Latin American countries.[11] In October 1989, the academy moved to Homestead Air Force Base, Florida and was reassigned from the division.[4]
Other operations
editThe division participated in various training exercises,. Joint exercises included paratroop drops and close air support for Army troops. It also conducted numerous combined exercises with various Latin American countries.[1] The division also became involved in counternarcotics operations.[4]
Following the ouster of the Shah of Iran in the Islamic Revolution in February 1979, the Shah was temporarily removed to Contadora Island, Panama in December using aircraft assigned to the division. That year also saw the division performing hot weather testing of the Boeing E-4B Airborne Command Post aircraft.[8]
In December 1989, division aircraft, particularly OA-37s of the 24th Tactical Air Support Squadron flew missions supporting Operation Just Cause, the American effort to oust Manuel Noriega as the president of Panama. Noriega was taken into custody for trial on drug related charges and the operation was terminated on 11 January 1990.[12] The 24th Squadron flew 372 sorties during Just Cause. Unlike other OA-37s in the Air Force inventory, the 24th's Dragonflies retained a full attack capability because one of the squadron's missions was training Latin American pilots on both the attack and observation versions of the aircraft.[13]
The following year, the division deployed OA-37 Forward Air Controllers to Southwest Asia for Operation Desert Shield.[7] Its pilots continued to serve in Southwest Asia as battalion air liaison officers during Operation Desert Storm, even as the squadron was being inactivated at its home station.[14]
Reorganizations
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In January 1987, the unit's command relationships were shuffled and it focused on its mission in Panama, losing its responsibility for managing relationships with Latin American countries as it was reassigned to Twelfth Air Force. At the same time, its 24th Composite Wing was inactivated and the wing's subordinate units at Howard Air Force Base were assigned directly to the division and Col Harold E. Watson, the 24th Wing's commander became the division commander. .[1][3][15]
Much of the January 1987 reorganization was reversed two years later, when the name of the division changed to the 830th Air Division and the 24th Composite Wing was again activated.[1] The division also became United States Southern Command Air Forces's forward element with the reorganization, ending the previous arrangement in which the division commander was also the deputy commander of that command. The 630th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, which had been activated in 1988 and assigned to the division to manage the Caribbean Basin Radar Network Southern Regional Operations Center was transferred to the 24th Wing.[9] Three months later, the division returned to Albrook Air Force Station from Howard after an absence of almost twelve years.[1]
1990 saw continuing reductions in the division's footprint in Panama as its Directorate of Latin American Affairs moved to Twelfth Air Force at Bergstrom Air Force Base and the Permanent Secretariat of the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces joined the Inter-American Air Forces Academy at Homestead.[7]
In February 1991, the division became Air Forces Panama and once again assumed responsibility for the subordinate units of the 24th Composite Wing, which was inactivated.[3] The takeover of the 24th Wing's responsibilities resulted in a move of headquarters to the 24th's former location at Howard.[1] The assignment of the 24th Tactical Air Support Squadron lasted only two weeks, as it was inactivated on 1 March. The 24th Squadron was the last unit in the regular Air Force to operate the OA-37.[13]
Air Forces Panama was inactivated in February 1992 when responsibility for its area was assumed by Twelfth Air Force and it was replaced in Panama by the 24th Wing, which was once again activated and its commander, Brigadier General David Oakes became the commander of the wing.[1]
Lineage
edit- Established as the USAF Southern Air Division on 24 November 1975
- Activated on 1 January 1976
- Redesignated 830 Air Division on 1 January 1989
- Redesignated Air Forces Panama on 15 February 1991
- Inactivated on 11 February 1992[16]
Assignments
edit- Tactical Air Command, 1 January 1976
- Twelfth Air Force, 31 January 1987 – 11 February 1992[16]
Stations
edit- Albrook Air Force Station, Panama Canal Zone, 1 January 1976
- Howard Air Force Base, Panama Canal Zone, 15 August 1977
- Albrook Air Force Station, Panama, 1 March 1989
- Howard Air Force Base, Panama, 15 February 1991 – 11 February 1992[16]
Components
editWing
edit- 24th Composite Wing: 1 January 1976 – 31 January 1987, 1 January 1989 – 15 February 1991[16]
Groups
edit- 24th Combat Support Group: 31 January 1987 – 1 January 1989, 15 February 1991 – 11 February 1992[15]
- 24th Medical Group (see USAF Clinic, Howard)
- 1978 Communications Group (later 24th Communications Group): 1 September 1990 – 1 October 1991[9]
Squadrons
edit- 24th Air Base Operability Squadron, 15 August 1988 – 1 January 1989 (not operational)[9]
- 24th Comptroller Squadron, 15 August 1988 – 1 January 1989,[9] 15 February 1991 – 11 February 1992[17]
- 24th Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron, 31 January 1987 – 1 January 1989,[15] 15 February 1991 – 11 February 1992[17]
- 24th Supply Squadron, 31 January 1987 – 1 January 1989[15]
- 24th Tactical Air Support Squadron: 31 January 1987 – 1 January 1989, 15 February – 1 March 1991[16]
- 630th Aircraft Control & Warning Squadron (later 24th Air Support Operations Squadron), 1 April 1988 – 1 January 1989; 15 February 1991 – 11 February 1992[18]
- 4400 Air Postal Squadron, 31 January 1987 – 1 January 1989,[9] 15 February – 15 November 1991[17]
Other
edit- Inter-American Air Forces Academy: 1 January 1976 – 1 October 1989[4][19]
- USAF Clinic, Howard (later 24th Medical Group), 31 January 1987 – 1 January 1989,[15] 15 February 1991 – 11 February 1992[17]
Commanders
edit- Maj Gen James M. Breedlove, 1 January 1976
- Maj Gen Robert B. Tanguy, 6 April 1977
- Brig Gen Thomas E. Wolters, 27 June 1980
- Maj Gen William E. Masterson, 1 February 1981
- Maj Gen Henry D. Canterbury, 13 December 1984
- Col Harold E. Watson, 17 January 1987
- Brig Gen Robin G. Tornow, 22 June 1988
- Brig Gen David Oakes, 24 May 1990 – c. 11 February 1992[16]
Aircraft
edit|
Rotational aircraft
|
Assigned aircraft
|
Awards and campaigns
edit| Award streamer | Award | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 20 December 1989 – 14 February 1991 | 830th Air Division[16] |
 |
Air Force Organizational Excellence Award | 1 February 1981 – 31 January 1983 | USAF Southern Air Division[16] |
| |
Air Force Organizational Excellence Award | 1 January 1986 – 31 December 1987 | USAF Southern Air Division[16] |
| Campaign Streamer | Campaign | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Just Cause | 20 December 1989 – 31 January 1990 | 830th Air Division, Panama[16] |
See also
editReferences
editNotes
edit- ^ The heraldic description of the emblem is: Azure, issuing from base a demi-globe light blue gridlined argent below four rolled parchments arraswise of the second and of the third surmounted by a lightning bolt bendsinisterwise gules below four mullets of four points palewise one, two, and one or, all within a diminished bordure argent.
- ^ The Commander of Twelfth Air Force was the commander of United States Air Force Southern Command, which replaced the former major command.
- ^ Examples included Peace Pelican (C-130As for Bolivia), Peace Amazon (F-5s for Brazil), Peace Emerald II (AC-47s for Colombia), Peace Bonito (F-5s for Honduras), Peace Cargo (C-130As and T-33s for Mexico) and Peace Delta III (maintenance of F-16s for various nations). Abstract, USAF Southern Air Division History 1988.
- ^ Aircraft is Lockheed C-130B-LM of the 181st Tactical Airlift Squadron Serial 58-0734.
- ^ The division also operated civilian contractor CASA C-212 Aviocar aircraft from the late 1980s until 1 October 1991 that were stationed at Howard. Abstract History 830 Air Division [1991].
Citations
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Factsheet 830 Air Division". Air Force Historical Research Agency. 11 October 2007. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
- ^ Ravenstein, Organization of the USAF, p. 47
- ^ a b c Robertson, Patsy (26 November 2007). "Factsheet 24 Wing". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d e "Abstract (Unclassified), Vol. 1, History 830 Air Division CY 1989 (Secret)". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- ^ "Abstract, Air Force Reserve Participation in Operations Cold Oak and Volant Oak, 1976–1982". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 24 February 2015. The online abstract incorrectly attributes this report to Continental Air Command, which was inactivated earlier. It was most likely produced by Air Force Reserve.
- ^ Robertson, Patsy (29 January 2015). "Factsheet 310 Airlift Squadron (AMC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
- ^ a b c Guidas, Pearl M. "Abstract (Unclassified), Vol. 1, History 830 Air Division (undated, but content indicates 1990) (Secret)". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- ^ a b "Abstract (Unclassified), Vol. 1 History Southern Air Division CY 1979 (Secret)". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Abstract, (Unclassified) History USAF Southern Air Division CY 1988 (Secret)". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
- ^ "Abstract (Unclassified), Vol. 1, History Southern Air Division CY 1984 (Secret)". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
- ^ "Abstract, History Inter-American Air Forces Academy Jan–Jun 1974". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ^ Johnson, et al., p. 47
- ^ a b Darling, pp. 59–60
- ^ "Abstract (Unclassified), History 830 Air Division Aug 1990 – Sep 1991 (Secret)". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d e "Abstract (Unclassified), Vol. 1 History Southern Air Division CY 1987 (Secret)". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lineage, including assighnments, stations, components, commanders and aircraft in Air Force Historical Research Agency Factsheet, Air Forces Panama, except as noted.
- ^ a b c d Guidas, Pearl M. "Abstract (Unclassified), Vol. 1, History 830 Air Division (undated, but content indicates 1991) (Secret)". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- ^ Robertson, Patsy (10 March 2009). "Factsheet 24 Expeditionary Air Support Operations Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 26 March 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Abstract, History Inter-American Air Forces Academy Jul–Dec 1975". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 27 February 2015. (reassignment from USAF Southern Command)
Bibliography
edit
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
- Darling, Kev (2005). Tweet and the Dragonfly the Story of the Cessna A-37 and T-37. Glamorgan, Wales, UK: Big Bird Aviation. ISBN 978-1411647480.
- Johnson, David E.; Mueller, Karl P.; Taft, William H. (2003). Conventional Coercion Across the Spectrum of Operations: The Utility of U.S. Military Forces in the Emerging Security Environment. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. ISBN 0-8330-3220-8. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
- Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.
- Ravenstein, Charles A. (1985). The Organization and Lineage of the United States Air Force. Project Warrior. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 9780912799179. LCCN 84027361. OCLC 11497940. Retrieved 9 January 2015.