Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi (Arabic: أبو محمد المقدسي, romanized: ʾAbū Muḥammad al-Maqdisī; born 1959), or more fully Abu Muhammad Assem al-Maqdisi (Arabic: أبو محمد عاصم المقدسي, romanized: ʾAbū Muḥammad ʿĀṣim al-Maqdisī), is the assumed name of Assem ibn Muhammad ibn Tahir al-Barqawi (Arabic: عاصم بن محمد بن طاهر البرقاوي, romanized: ʿĀṣim Muḥammad Ṭāhir al-Barqāwī), an Islamist Jordanian-Palestinian writer. A Salafi jihadi ideologue, he has popularized many of the most common themes of radical Islam today, like the theological impetus given to the notion of Al Wala' Wal Bara', being the first to declare the Saudi royal family to be apostates or considering democracy a religion, and thus whoever believes in it to be an apostate,[2] but he is best known as the spiritual mentor of Jordanian jihadist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the initial leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq.[3] However, an ideological and methodical split emerged between Maqdisi and Zarqawi in 2004 due to Zarqawi's takfeer proclamations towards all the Shia populations in Iraq. Maqdisi opted for a more cautious approach towards targeted Shia killings, attempting to stop Zarqawi's radical ideological movement before Zarqawi's methods become counter-productive.[4]
Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi أبو محمد المقدسي | |
|---|---|
| Personal | |
| Born | Assem ibn Muhammad ibn Tahir al-Barqawi عاصم بن محمد بن طاهر البرقاوي 1959 (age 64–65) |
| Religion | Islam |
| Nationality | Jordanian |
| Era | Modern |
| Denomination | Salafi Jihadism |
| Main interest(s) | Preaching militant Islam and opposing any form of democracy |
| Alma mater | University of Mosul |
| Occupation | Cleric |
| Muslim leader | |
Influenced by | |
Influenced | |
The writings of Maqdisi still have a wide following; a study[5] carried out by the Combating Terrorism Center of the United States Military Academy (USMA) concluded that Maqdisi "is the most influential living Jihadi Theorist" and that "by all measures, Maqdisi is the key contemporary ideologue in the Jihadi intellectual universe". The Tawhed jihadist website, which he owns,[5] continues to operate; the USMA report describes it as "al-Qa`ida's main online library".
Background
editMaqdisi was born in 1959 in the city of Nablus, West Bank.[6] At a young age his family immigrated to Kuwait.[6] He later studied at the University of Mosul in Iraq. It was during this time he began to take on an Islamist world view.[6]
He began to travel around Kuwait and Saudi Arabia in order to visit with numerous religious students and sheikhs.[6] However he came to believe that many of these religious figures were ignorant of the true state of affairs in the Muslim world.[6] He then began to study the writings of Sayyid Qutb and Hassan al-Banna and the methods of the Muslim Brotherhood.
Maqdisi travelled to Pakistan and Afghanistan and met many of the Afghan jihad groups there at the time. In Pakistan he was based in the city of Peshawar, a center for the Afghan Jihad, remaining there for three years as a professor of religion, where he first met the later notorious Jordanian jihadist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, and also where he published some of his most famous books : Millat Ibrahim, considered to be his single most influential work, and Al-Kawashif al-Jaliyya fi Kufr al-Dawla al-Sa'udiyya, where he declared the Saudi state to be infidels.[7][8] He also confronted the members of Takfir wal-Hijra and wrote a book refuting their extreme views. In 1992, he returned to Jordan. He began to denounce the Jordanian government and what he believed were the man-made laws being implemented there. He was also the first prominent Islamist scholar to brand the House of Saud as unbelievers or takfir, and to hold the adoption of democracy as tantamount to apostasy.[9] His teachings gained many adherents and this earned him the attention of the Jordanian government, and he was arrested and imprisoned. During the years 1995–99 both he and al-Zarqawi were in prison together and he exerted a strong influence on al-Zarqawi, shaping his Islamist ideology. Their strategic plans were described by Fouad Hussein in his book Al-Zarqawi: The Second Generation of Al Qaeda.[10]
After they were released from prison, al-Zarqawi departed for Afghanistan while Maqdisi stayed in Jordan. He was later rearrested on terrorism charges for conspiring to attack American targets in Jordan. He was released again in July 2005, but arrested again after he gave an interview to al Jazeera. In 2009 he defended himself against "younger extremists accus[ing] him of going soft" by quoting the American Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, which identified him "as a dangerous and influential jihadi theorist."[11]
Maqdisi served a five-year term in a Jordanian prison for allegations of jeopardising state security and recruiting jihadists to fight in Afghanistan. He was released in June 2014 by the Jordanian government, in a move speculated to be motivated by their opposition to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[12] On 21 September 2014, he advocated for the release of British hostage, Alan Henning. Al-Maqdisi said, "Henning worked with a charitable organization led by Muslims which sent several aid convoys to help the Syrian people. Is it reasonable that his reward is being kidnapped and slaughtered? ... He should be rewarded with thanks. ..We call on the (Islamic) State to release this man (Henning) and other aid group employees who enter the land of Muslims with a guarantee of protection ... according to the judgment of Shariah law," he said."[13]
Maqdisi has also told those thinking of fighting for the Yemeni government against the Shia insurgency of the Houthis, that they should instead keep well out of the war against the Houthis because Yemeni's must not help Yemen's pro-Western government, which deserves to be overthrown.[14]
Jihadi relationships
editDr. Abdullah al-Muheisini, a Saudi expat and religious scholar who abandoned his life of wealth and privilege in Saudi Arabia to struggle side by side with the mujahideen in Syria, endorsed Islamic scholars like Al-Balawi, Eyad Quneibi, Tareq Abdulhalim, Hani al-Siba'i, Yusuf al-Ahmed, Abdulaziz al-Tureifi, Suleiman al-Ulwan, Abu Qatada al-Filistini, and Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi.[15]
Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı reported that the Turkistan Islamic Party was praised by Abu Qatada along with Abdul Razzaq al Mahdi, Maqdisi, Muhaysini and Ayman al-Zawahiri.[16]
Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi and Abu Qatada were referenced by Muhaysini.[17]
Upon the death of Omar Abdel-Rahman, condolences were given by al-Maqdisi.[18]
Tariq Abdelhaleem complained about Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham being criticized by Barqawi.[19] Tariq criticized on a statement on Hayyat by Barqawi.[19] Tariq posted a tweet defending Abu Jaber against Barqawi.[19] Nusra was criticized by Maqdisi.[20][21][22] An HTS spokesman was slammed by Al-Maqdisi[23] Barqawi was criticized by Tariq.[19]
Euphrates Shield was attacked and criticized by al-Maqdisi.[24]
Views
editDemocracy
editAl-Maqdisi elucidated his perspective on democracy in his book, "Democracy: A Religion":
“By legislating man-made laws rather than divine ones, they challenge the sovereignty of the Deity. This of course is shirk [idolatry] and is the most severe of the sins that one can commit against Allah. Because these legislators disbelieve in Allah and His divine law, it is the duty of every Muslim to fight them through jihad.”[25]
Al-Maqdisi defines democracy as:
“political philosophy that draws adherents to it, much like socialism and communism. In this way it competes with true religions such as Islam. In fact, democracy is greater than the cogs that put it to work, for if the people would demand of their representatives to inject the law with a more Islamic flavor, they would be told it contradicts democracy.”[25]
Works
edit- This is our Aqeedah
- Millat Ibrahim
- Democracy is a Religion
- The Obvious Proofs of the Saudi State's Disbelief
- ...So, Do Not Fear Them!
- Expecting the Best from Allah
- Delighting The Sight by Exposing the Doubts of Contemporary Murjiah
- Meezaanul-I'itidaal li-taqyim kitaab ul-Mawrid al-Zilaal fi-Tanbeeh ala' Akthaa al-Dhilaal[26]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Joas Wagemakers (11 Jun 2012). A Quietist Jihadi: The Ideology and Influence of Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi. Cambridge University Press. pp. 77, 239. ISBN 9781139510899.
- ^ Nibraz Kazimi, "A Virulent Ideology in Mutation:Zarqawi Upstages Maqdisi", September 12, 2005, Hudson Institute.
- ^ Kim, Ghattas (2020). "People". Black Wave: Saudi Arabia, Iran and the Rivalry That Unravelled the Middle East. New York: Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 978-1-4722-7113-6. OCLC 1138501625.
- ^ Allawi, Ali A. "The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace." Yale University Press, 2007.
- ^ a b USMA Militant Ideology Atlas, summary
- ^ a b c d e Democracy: A Religion!, Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, Al Furqan Islamic Information Centre, Australia, 2012 Revised Edition, pp. 8-12.
- ^ Jean-Charles Brisard, Zarqawi: The New Face of Al-Qaeda, Polity (2005), pp. 18-19
- ^ Joas Wagemakers, A Quietist Jihadi: The Ideology and Influence of Abu Muhammad Al-Maqdisi, Cambridge University Press (2012), p. 38
- ^ A Virulent Ideology in Mutation: Zarqawi Upstages Maqdisi Archived 2022-07-14 at the Wayback Machine, Nibras Kazim, September 12, 2005 hudson.org
- ^ Pepe Escobar. "Welcome to the civil war". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 2005-10-01. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Credentials Challenged, Radical Quotes West Point" By ROBERT F. WORTH, The New York Times, April 29, 2009
- ^ "Jordan releases anti-ISIL Salafi leader". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ "Wife of British ISIS hostage issues plea to husband's captors". Fox News. 2015-03-24. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ "Pity those caught in the middle". The Economist. 2009-11-19.
- ^ Heller, Sam (7 May 2014). "Abu Qatada al-Filistini, Suleiman al-Ulwan, Abdulaziz al-Tureifi, Yusuf al-Ahmed, Hani al-Siba'i, Tareq Abdulhalim, Eyad Quneibi and..." Twitter (in Catalan).
- ^ "Şeyh Ebu Katade'den Türkistan İslam Cemaati Mücahitlerine Övgü Dolu Sözler". Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı. 2 November 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
- ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (February 3, 2014). "Pro-al Qaeda Saudi cleric calls on ISIS members to defect". Long War Journal. Foundation for Defense of Democracies.
- ^ "New release from Shaykh Abū Muḥammad al-Maqdisī: "Shaykh 'Umar 'Abd al-Raḥman Died Today Alone in Prison"". Jihadology. February 18, 2017.
- ^ a b c d "د طارق عبد الحليم (@DMTAH)". twitter.com.
- ^ Caillet, Romain (23 February 2017). "Al-Maqdisi dénonce le « laxisme » de l'ex-Nusra et sa rupture avec al-Qaïda". Twitter (in French).
- ^ Caillet, Romain (23 February 2017). "Al-Maqdisi dénonce le " laxisme " de l'ex-Nusra et sa rupture avec al-Qaïda". Jihadologie. Archived from the original on 3 March 2017.
- ^ "New release from Shaykh Abū Muḥammad al-Maqdisī: "Woe To Those Who Give Less [Than Due]"". Jihadology. February 21, 2017.
- ^ Caillet, Romain (27 February 2017). "Al-Maqdisi dénonce les déclarations du porte-parole de l'#OLS (#HTS) sur al-Jazeera, acceptant les négociations en cas de départ de Bachar.pic.twitter.com/hHg53aNDLP". Twitter (in French).
- ^ "New release from Shaykh Abū Muḥammad al-Maqdisī: "Turkish Shield and Not Euphrates Shield"". Jihadology. March 2, 2017.
- ^ a b Ganor, Boaz (2015). Global Alert: The Rationality of Modern Islamist Terrorism and the Challenge to the Liberal Democratic World. Columbia University Press. pp. 15–16. doi:10.7312/gano17212.5.
- ^ "Introduction to the 2nd Ed. of "Manhaj ul-Anbiyaa fi Dawat Ila Allaah fihi Hikmat wa al-Aql" by Dr. Rabee al Madkhalee printed by Dar Miraath Nabawy Algeria 2016"
Further reading
edit- Wagemakers, Joas (June 11, 2012). A Quietist Jihadi: The Ideology and Influence of Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-10760-656-2.
External links
edit- Official website (in Arabic)
- Al-Jazeera interview, July 2005
- CTC Militant Ideology Atlas, compendium
- Abū Muḥmmad al-Maqdisī