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.ua is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Ukraine. To register at the second-level (example) domainname.ua, possession of the exact trademark (matching the domain name) is required. It is not required for third-level domains (.com.ua, .net.ua, etc.).
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Introduced | December 1, 1992 |
---|---|
TLD type | Country code top-level domain |
Status | Active |
Registry | Hostmaster Ltd. |
Intended use | Entities connected with Ukraine |
Actual use | Popular in Ukraine |
Registered domains | 549,180 (Jan 2021)[1] |
Registration restrictions | Must be the owner of a trade mark registered in Ukraine for second-level domains (and may only register if the domain name is the same as the trade mark); no restrictions for third-level domains |
Documents | Policy documents |
Dispute policies | Domain dispute resolution policy |
DNSSEC | Yes |
Registry website | Hostmaster |
History
edit- 1 December 1992: Registered in root zone
- 13 April 2012: DNSSEC enabled in root zone
- 26 February 2022: Domain servers transferred out of Kyiv for continuity reasons amid the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine[2]
Statistics
editAs of March 2017, around 10.78% of all the .ua domains were served via secured HTTPS protocol, with the Let's Encrypt Authority X3 being the most popular SSL certificate.[3] Nginx is the most popular web server, serving 68.97% of the .ua domains, followed by Apache serving 17.75% of the total .ua domains.[3]
Third-level & second-level domains
editTo remove the risk of cyber squatting, registration of second-level domains directly below .ua is restricted to owners of registered trade marks, who may register a domain name similar to that of the trade mark in question.
However, third-level domains can be registered beneath some of the following:[4]
Generic domains
edit- .com.ua:[5] paid, commercial organizations
- .in.ua:[6] paid, domains for individuals
- .org.ua:[7] paid, other organizations (non-commercial)
- .net.ua:[8] paid, network service providers
Special domains
edit- .edu.ua:[9] free, available only to proved educational organisations.
- .gov.ua:[10] free, available only to governmental organizations
- .mil.ua: free, available only to armed forces
- .dod.ua
Geographical domains
editThere are also second-level domains which are region-specific. These are less popular than the above list (making domain names more available) but they are sometimes restricted to organisations exclusively from within the region.
- .cherkasy.ua, .cherkassy.ua, .ck.ua: Cherkasy Oblast
- .chernihiv.ua, .chernigov.ua, .cn.ua: Chernihiv Oblast
- .chernivtsi.ua, .chernovtsy.ua, .cv.ua: Chernivtsi Oblast
- .crimea.ua, .sebastopol.ua, .yalta.ua: Crimea, Sevastopol, Yalta
- .dnipropetrovsk.ua, .dnepropetrovsk.ua, .dp.ua: Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
- .donetsk.ua, .dn.ua: Donetsk Oblast
- .ivano-frankivsk.ua, .if.ua: Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
- .kharkiv.ua, .kharkov.ua, .kh.ua: Kharkiv Oblast
- .kherson.ua, .ks.ua: Kherson Oblast[11]
- .khmelnytskyi.ua, .khmelnitskiy.ua, .km.ua: Khmelnytskyi Oblast
- .kropyvnytskyi.ua, .kirovograd.ua, .kr.ua: Kirovohrad Oblast
- .kyiv.ua, .kiev.ua: Kyiv
- .luhansk, .lugansk.ua, .lg.ua: Luhansk Oblast
- .lutsk.ua, .volyn.ua, .lt.ua: Lutsk, Volyn Oblast
- .lviv.ua: Lviv Oblast
- .mykolaiv.ua, .nikolaev.ua, .mk.ua: Mykolaiv Oblast
- .odesa.ua, .odessa.ua, .od.ua: Odesa Oblast
- .poltava.ua, .pl.ua: Poltava Oblast
- .rivne.ua, .rovno.ua, .rv.ua: Rivne Oblast
- .sumy.ua, .sm.ua: Sumy Oblast
- .ternopil.ua, .te.ua: Ternopil Oblast
- .uzhhorod.ua, .uzhgorod.ua, .uz.ua, zakarpattia.ua: Uzhhorod
- .vinnytsia.ua, .vinnica.ua, .vn.ua: Vinnytsia Oblast
- .zaporizhzhia.ua, .zaporizhzhe.ua, .zp.ua: Zaporizhzhia Oblast
- .zhytomyr.ua, .zhitomir.ua, .zt.ua: Zhytomyr Oblast
Mirror domains
editWhen registering a domain name in one of the mirror domains, a domain name of the same name in the second (other) mirror domain will automatically be reserved for the registrant.
- cherkasy.ua — cherkassy.ua: Cherkasy Oblast
- chernihiv.ua — chernigov.ua: Chernihiv Oblast
- chernivtsi.ua — chernovtsy.ua: Chernivtsi Oblast
- khmelnytskyi.ua — khmelnitskiy.ua: Khmelnytskyi Oblast
- kropyvnytskyi.ua — kirovograd.ua: Kirovohrad Oblast
- kyiv.ua — kiev.ua: Kyiv
- luhansk.ua — lugansk.ua: Luhansk Oblast
- mykolaiv.ua — nikolaev.ua — mk.ua: Mykolaiv Oblast
- odesa.ua — odessa.ua — od.ua: Odesa Oblast
- rivne.ua — rovno.ua: Rivne Oblast
- uzhhorod.ua — uzhgorod.ua: Uzhhorod
- vinnytsia.ua — vinnica.ua: Vinnytsia Oblast
- zaporizhzhia.ua — zaporizhzhe.ua: Zaporizhzhia Oblast
- zhytomyr.ua — zhitomir.ua: Zhytomyr Oblast
Geographic domains where new registrations have been terminated
edit- chernovtsy.ua: Chernivtsi Oblast
- chernigov.ua: Chernihiv Oblast
- dnepropetrovsk.ua: Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
- dnipropetrovsk.ua: Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
- kirovograd.ua: Kirovohrad Oblast
- khmelnitskiy.ua: Khmelnytskyi Oblast
- rovno.ua: Rivne Oblast
Reserved domain names
editThe administrators of the .UA ccTLD have decided to reserve public domains with transliterations of Ukrainian names for most Ukrainian geographical domains. Geographical public domains, initially based on phone area codes, were allocated during a conference of Ukrainian internet specialists in Slavsko in January 1993, following the delegation of the .UA country code top-level domain. Initially, these domains were mostly transliterations of Russian city names (e.g., kiev.ua, kirovograd.ua, sebastopol.ua). As the Internet transitioned from experimental to mainstream technology, new requirements and discussions for alternative names emerged. In December 1997, shorter, easier-to-remember two-letter names were introduced (e.g., ivano-frankivsk.ua became if.ua). The introduction of these new names aimed to address inherent flaws without replacing old names, allowing parallel registration in both traditional and new domains. These changes, led by domain administrators Dmytro Kohmanyuk, Ihor Svyrydon, and Hostmaster LLC, will ensure Ukrainian transliterations are reserved and mirrored to existing geographical domains, available to administrators by autumn 2008, contingent on compliance with .UA domain rules.[12]
- .cr.ua: Crimea
- .krym.ua: Crimea
- .kv.ua: Kyiv
- .lv.ua: Lviv Oblast
- .sb.ua: Sevastopol
- .sevastopol.ua: Sevastopol
- .sicheslav.ua:[13] Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
Technological domains
edit- admin.ua
- ipv6.ua
- ns.ua
- ua.ua
- www.ua
- xn--mqa.ua
- dnssec.ua
- rdap.ua
- epp1.ua
- epp2.ua
See also
edit- .укр, a second top domain for Ukraine, active from 2013, which has domains with Cyrillic characters.
- Internet in Ukraine
References
edit- ^ "Доменна статистика .UA за підсумками 2020 року". hostmaster.ua (in Ukrainian). 2021-01-22. Retrieved 2021-02-01.
- ^ "Сервера домену .UA переведено до країн Європи". hostmaster.ua (in Ukrainian). 2022-02-26. Retrieved 2022-02-27.
- ^ a b "Статистика українського інтернету". www.ukralio.com (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2017-02-17. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
- ^ "Public second-level domains". Hostmaster (in Ukrainian and English). Retrieved 2024-07-29.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Summary on com.ua". Hostmaster (in Ukrainian and English). Retrieved 2024-07-29.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Summary on in.ua". Hostmaster (in Ukrainian and English). Retrieved 2024-07-29.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Summary on org.ua". Hostmaster (in Ukrainian and English). Retrieved 2024-07-29.
- ^ "Summary on net.ua". Hostmaster (in Ukrainian and English). Retrieved 2024-07-29.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Summary on edu.ua". Hostmaster (in Ukrainian and English). Retrieved 2024-07-29.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Summary on gov.ua". Hostmaster (in Ukrainian and English). Retrieved 2024-07-29.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "NIC.KS.UA". Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
- ^ "Public domains in Ukrainian transliteration". Hostmaster (in Ukrainian). 2007-12-26. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Domain names sicheslav.ua, secheslav.ua, yelysavethrad.ua, elisavetgrad.ua, zlatopil.ua, inhulsk.ua, kropyvnytskyi.ua are reserved". Hostmaster (in Ukrainian). 2015-09-14. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link)