Abstract
The most recent contributions on solventless extraction techniques have been reviewed. This paper deals with those techniques that use solid phases, such as solid-phase microextraction, liquid phases, such as single-drop microextraction and hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextraction, and subcritical fluids, such as subcritical water extraction. In all cases, the most recent publications have been critically studied. Direct extraction and derivatization processes to facilitate the extraction of analytes in different areas have been included. Hyphenated approaches, if available, are also included in this review. Comparison of techniques organized by analytes and matrices also enhances this critical overview of solventless techniques.
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Abbreviations
- CCF:
-
Cooled coated fibre
- CFME:
-
Continuous-flow microextraction
- CME:
-
Capillary microextraction
- DLLME:
-
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction
- GC:
-
Gas chromatography
- HFLPME:
-
Hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextraction
- HPLC:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography
- HS:
-
Headspace
- ITE:
-
In-tube extraction
- LLLPME:
-
Liquid-liquid-liquid-phase microextraction
- LPME:
-
Liquid-phase microextraction
- MIP:
-
Molecularly imprinted polymers
- OSF:
-
Organic solvent film
- OTT:
-
Open-tubular trapping
- PHWE:
-
Pressurised hot-water extraction
- PLE:
-
Pressurised liquid extraction
- PPY:
-
Polypyrrole polymer
- SDME:
-
Single-drop microextraction
- SPDE:
-
Solid-phase dynamic extraction
- SPME:
-
Solid-phase microextraction
- SWE:
-
Subcritical water extraction
- UPLC:
-
Ultra-performance liquid chromatography
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Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge project AGL2004-07545 from the Spanish Ministry of Education, and University of Zaragoza and the Gobierno de Aragón for financing the Research Group T-10, GUIA.
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Nerín, C., Salafranca, J., Aznar, M. et al. Critical review on recent developments in solventless techniques for extraction of analytes. Anal Bioanal Chem 393, 809–833 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-2437-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-2437-6