Jerman

Federal Republic of Germany
*Bundesrepublik Deutschland* (German)
Federal Republic of Germany Bundesrepublik Deutschland (German)
	Flag Coat of arms
	Anthem: "Das Lied der Deutschen"; ("The Song of the Germans");
	Location of Jerman (dark green) – in Europe (light green & dark grey); – in the European Union (light green)
Capital om kakadayan bobos agayo	Berlin; 52°31′N 13°23′E / 52.517°N 13.383°E
Boros rasmi	German
Demonim	German
Government	Federal parliamentary republic
• President	Frank-Walter Steinmeier
• Chancellor	Olaf Scholz
Kotinanan perundangan	Bundestag, German Bundesrat
Area
• Total	357,600 km2 (138,100 sq mi) (63rd)
• Waig (%)	1.27 (2015)
Population
• Q3 2023 estimate	Templat:Increase neutral 84,607,016 (19th)
• Density	236/km2 (611.2/sq mi) (58th)
GDP (PPP)	2023 estimate
• Total	$5.537 trillion (5th)
• Per kapita	$66,037 (19th)
GDP (nominal)	2023 estimate
• Ginumu	$4.462 trillion (3rd)
• Per kapita	$52,823 (21st)
Gini (2022)	28.8; low
HDI (2021)	0.942; very high · 9th
Mato tusin	Euro (€) (EUR)
Zon timpu	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Date format	Day, month, year; Year, month, day;
Driving side	right
Calling code	+49
Kod ISO 3166	DE
Internet TLD	.de

Jerman toi ko' ngaran nokoimagon Republik Persekutuan Jerman (Templat:Audio-de, IPA: [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant]),^[11] bopo nga iso pogun id Eropah Tengah. Pogun nopo diti nga id piolitan do Laut Utara, Denmark om Laut Baltik id koibutan; Poland om Republik Czech id kosilahon; Austria om Switzerland id kabaatan; om Perancis, Luxembourg, Belgium om Belanda id kotonobon. Ginayo nopo do pogun diti nga kiikiro 357,021 km² om kiwaa iklim osuhatan kimusim. Miampai lobi 82 riong mogigion, ginumu nopo diti nga bobos ogumu id suang Kesatuan Eropah suai ko tinimungan mondidikot sompomogunan kotolu bobos agayo.^[12]

Nosuat no o rekod kokomoi Germania, iso kinoyonon i ionon do tulun-tulun Jermanik pogulu 100 M. Mimpuun do abad ko-10, minombontuk o wilayah-wilayah Jerman do toruntud Empayar Suci Rom i nokotindohoi gisom toun 1806. Ontok abad ko-16, nosiliu o kinoyonon id koibutan Jerman do longkod koguraan Reformasi Protestan. Sabaagi negara bangsa zaman moden, pinosompuru kawagu ii ontok Sangod Perancis-Prusia ontok toun 1871. Kalapas Sangod Pomogunan II, numaan kawagu pitongkiado o pogun diti do kuasa-kuasa Barat. Ontok toun 1990, pinisompuru kawagu o Jerman Timur om Jerman Barat.

Jerman Barat nopo nga pogun i minonuridong do Komuniti Eropah ontok toun 1957, om sumusuhut nosiliu Kesatuan Eropah ontok toun 1993. Pogun nopo diti nga soboogian mantad koiyonon aiso piolitan Schengen om mimpuun momoguno mato tusin miampai Eropah, Euro ontok toun 1999. Jerman nopo nga iso republik persekutuan berparlimen ii kiwaa 16 buah pogun bersekutu. Ibu negara nopo nga Berlin om kakadayan bobos agayo nopo nga Frankfurt. Minamung nogi o Jerman do PBB, NATO, G8 om minanain do Protokol Kyoto. Ii nogi nga ekonomi kotolu bobos agayo id pomogunan tumanud KDNK om pengeksport kakamot padagangon bobos agayo ontok toun 2007. Tumanud nilai mutlak, mongobi o Jerman do kouhupan koburuon bobos agayo id pomogunan,^[13] om balanja soudor dau nopo nga id taang koonom.^[14] Nakalantoi o pogun diti popoburu koposion di akawas om minonuridong iso sistem koumoligan sosial miampai pointongkop. Mongigit ii tonggungan oponsol id suang ahal Eropah om popotindogoi piuhupan ogirot mogikaakawo taang id pomogunan.^[15] Suai ko ii, nookunan nogi o Jerman sabaagi momuruan id suang mogikaakawo gana sains om teknologi.^[16]

Sajara

Puak-puak Jermanik

Tadon nopo kaaka dot tulun-tulun Jermanik nga mantad Zaman Gangsa toi ko id maso Zaman Bosi pogulu era Rom. Puak-puak diti nokoburu mantad id kaabatan, kosilaon om kotonobon do Jerman. Puak diti nakaanu nogi minomonsoi do pionitan labus miampai puak suai id Eropah Kotonobon miagal ko tulun-tulun iran, puak Balt om Slav miampai Puak Celt id gaul.

Maso pomorintahan di Augustus, songulun jeneral rom, Publius Quintilius Varus tuminimpuhun manganu kokuasaan id tanah Germania. Mantad pisangadan diti nakaanu manahak do puak germanik kokomoi koinganan taktik it naanu mantad tongoulun rom.

Empayor Rom Tolundu (962-1806)

Empayor zaman pintanganan diti naasil mantad pibobogian do Empayar Carolingia id toun 843, it pinointutun di Charlemagne id tadauwulan 25 Disember 800 om nokoingkakat id mogisuai-suai bontuk gisom id toun 1806.

Pomulihan om Revolusi (1814–1871)

Mantad kinorotuan di Napoleon Bonaparte, nakaanu mititimburungak oo Kongres Vienna id toun 1814 om pinopoingkakat do Koisaan Jerman (Deutscher Bund), ii no tu iso liga it oluwau ii pinopoiso do 39 negeri-negeri berdaulat.

Nuut

↑ From 1952 to 1990, the entire "Das Lied der Deutschen" was the national anthem, but only the third verse was sung on official occasions. Since 1991, the third verse alone has been the national anthem.^[1]
↑ Berlin is the sole constitutional capital and de jure seat of government, but the former provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany, Bonn, has the special title of "federal city" (Bundesstadt) and is the primary seat of six ministries.^[2]
↑ Danish, Low German, Sorbian, Romani, and Frisian are recognised by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.^[3]
↑ The Bundesrat is sometimes referred to as an upper chamber of the German legislature. This is technically incorrect, since the German Constitution defines the Bundestag and Bundesrat as two separate legislative institutions. Hence, the federal legislature of Germany consists of two unicameral legislative institutions, not one bicameral parliament.

Sukuon

↑ "Repräsentation und Integration" (id boros Jerman). Bundespräsidialamt. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 7 March 2016. Linoyog ontok 8 March 2016.
↑ "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 30 April 2020.
↑ Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 25 May 2020.
↑ Ralat maganu:Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama CIA
↑ "Flächennutzung".
↑ "Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 24 March 2021. Linoyog ontok 11 October 2020.
↑ "Population by nationality and sex (quarterly figures) [Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht (Quartalszahlen)]". www.destatis.de. Destatis - Statistisches Bundesamt. Linoyog ontok 5 January 2024.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Germany)". International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Linoyog ontok 10 October 2023.
↑ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income". Eurostat. Linoyog ontok 25 November 2023.
↑ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 8 September 2022.
↑ Max Mangold (stg.), ed. (1995). Duden, Aussprachewörterbuch (Kamus Sebutan Duden) (id boros Jerman) (ke-6 ed.). Mannheim: Dudenverlag, Bibliographisches Institut & F.A. Brockhaus AG. pp. ms. 271, 53f. ISBN 3-411-04066-1.
↑ "Kemasukan penduduk-penduduk asing berdasarkan kewarganegaraan mengikut tahun" (CFM) (id boros Inggeris). Institut Dasar Migrasi. Linoyog ontok 2008-09-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
↑ "Jerman penderma bantuan kedua terbesar di dunia selepas AS" (Cetakan semula) (id boros Inggeris). (dpa). 4 April 2008. Linoyog ontok 2008-09-02.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
↑ "15 pembeli terbesar pada tahun 2006". Arah aliran terkini dalam perbelanjaan ketenteraan (id boros Inggeris). Institut Kajian Keamanan Antarabangsa Stockholm. 2007. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 2007-08-14. Linoyog ontok 2008-09-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
↑ "Pemimpin Eropah? Jawapan-jawapan yang jauh berbeza" (id boros Inggeris). International Herald Tribune. 4 April 2008. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 2008-04-04. Linoyog ontok 2008-09-02.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
↑ Anna-Kristina Wassilew (6 Mei 2008). "Dengan Yakin Menuju Masa Depan bersama-sama Teknologi yang boleh diharapkan". Linoyog ontok 2008-09-02.

Noputan labus

Pogun id Eropah

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[2] From 1952 to 1990, the entire "Das Lied der Deutschen" was the national anthem, but only the third verse was sung on official occasions. Since 1991, the third verse alone has been the national anthem.^[1]

[4] Berlin is the sole constitutional capital and de jure seat of government, but the former provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany, Bonn, has the special title of "federal city" (Bundesstadt) and is the primary seat of six ministries.^[2]

[6] Danish, Low German, Sorbian, Romani, and Frisian are recognised by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.^[3]

[8] The Bundesrat is sometimes referred to as an upper chamber of the German legislature. This is technically incorrect, since the German Constitution defines the Bundestag and Bundesrat as two separate legislative institutions. Hence, the federal legislature of Germany consists of two unicameral legislative institutions, not one bicameral parliament.

[PresidentsOffice-1] "Repräsentation und Integration" (id boros Jerman). Bundespräsidialamt. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 7 March 2016. Linoyog ontok 8 March 2016.

[3] "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 30 April 2020.

[5] Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 25 May 2020.

[CIA-7] Ralat maganu:Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama CIA

[9] "Flächennutzung".

[10] "Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 24 March 2021. Linoyog ontok 11 October 2020.

[11] "Population by nationality and sex (quarterly figures) [Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht (Quartalszahlen)]". www.destatis.de. Destatis - Statistisches Bundesamt. Linoyog ontok 5 January 2024.

[IMFWEO.DE-12] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Germany)". International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Linoyog ontok 10 October 2023.

[eurogini-13] "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income". Eurostat. Linoyog ontok 25 November 2023.

[UNHDR-14] "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 8 September 2022.

[Duden6-15] Max Mangold (stg.), ed. (1995). Duden, Aussprachewörterbuch (Kamus Sebutan Duden) (id boros Jerman) (ke-6 ed.). Mannheim: Dudenverlag, Bibliographisches Institut & F.A. Brockhaus AG. pp. ms. 271, 53f. ISBN 3-411-04066-1.

[16] "Kemasukan penduduk-penduduk asing berdasarkan kewarganegaraan mengikut tahun" (CFM) (id boros Inggeris). Institut Dasar Migrasi. Linoyog ontok 2008-09-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[derma-17] "Jerman penderma bantuan kedua terbesar di dunia selepas AS" (Cetakan semula) (id boros Inggeris). (dpa). 4 April 2008. Linoyog ontok 2008-09-02.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[sipri-18] "15 pembeli terbesar pada tahun 2006". Arah aliran terkini dalam perbelanjaan ketenteraan (id boros Inggeris). Institut Kajian Keamanan Antarabangsa Stockholm. 2007. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 2007-08-14. Linoyog ontok 2008-09-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[19] "Pemimpin Eropah? Jawapan-jawapan yang jauh berbeza" (id boros Inggeris). International Herald Tribune. 4 April 2008. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 2008-04-04. Linoyog ontok 2008-09-02.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[20] Anna-Kristina Wassilew (6 Mei 2008). "Dengan Yakin Menuju Masa Depan bersama-sama Teknologi yang boleh diharapkan". Linoyog ontok 2008-09-02.

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