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{{Short description|Type of massive terraced structure of ancient Mesopotamia}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| align    = right
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| image2   = White Temple 'E at Uruk, 3500-3000 BCE.jpg
| image1   = White Temple ziggurat in Uruk.jpg
| footer=Anu ziggurat om White Temple id [[Uruk]]. Struktur piramid di pointopot, "Anu Zigurat", kitadawauwulan montok [[Sumerian]] montok lobi kuang 4000 Sobolum Masihi, om winonsoi o White Temple id sawat dii lobi kuang 4000 Sobolum Masihi.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crüsemann |first1=Nicola |last2=Ess |first2=Margarete van |last3=Hilgert |first3=Markus |last4=Salje |first4=Beate |last5=Potts |first5=Timothy |title=Uruk: First City of the Ancient World |date=2019 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-1-60606-444-3 |page=325 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=muCvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT325 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
'''Zigurat''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|z|ɪ|ɡ|ʊ|ˌ|r|æ|t}}; [[Cuneiform]]: 𒅆𒂍𒉪, [[Akkadian (language)|Akkadian]]: ''{{Lang|akk-Latn|ziqqurratum}}'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search Entry|url=http://www.assyrianlanguages.org/akkadian/dosearch.php?searchkey=ziqquratu&language=rawakkadian|access-date=2020-07-30|website=www.assyrianlanguages.org}}</ref> [[D-stem|D-stem]] of ''{{Lang|akk-Latn|zaqārum}}'' 'montok popokito, montok popoingkawas',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search Entry|url=http://www.assyrianlanguages.org/akkadian/dosearch.php?searchkey=2007&language=id|access-date=2020-07-30|website=www.assyrianlanguages.org}}</ref> serumpun miampai do  [[boros Semitik]] suai miagal do [[boros Hebrew]] ''zaqar'' (זָקַר) 'popokito'<ref>{{Cite web|title=מילון מורפיקס {{!}} זקר באנגלית {{!}} פירוש זקר בעברית|url=https://www.morfix.co.il/%d7%96%d7%a7%d7%a8|access-date=2020-07-30|website=www.morfix.co.il}}</ref><ref>intangai nogi Akkadian ''[http://www.assyrianlanguages.org/akkadian/dosearch.php?searchkey=5918&language=id zaqru]'' 'popokito, akawas', kopiagal do Hebrew ''[https://www.morfix.co.il/%D7%96%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8 zaqur]'' (זָקוּר) 'popokito, popoingkawas'</ref>) nopo nga' iso kawo struktur winonsoi di agayo id [[Mesapotamia]] kuno. Iti nopo nga' kibontuk do sebatian kitingkat do mogisusuhut id monikid tingkat toi ko' taang. Zigurat di okito kopio nopo nga' kohompit no [[Great Ziggurat of Ur]] id somok do [[Nasiriyah]],  [[Ziggurat of Aqar Quf|Ziggurat of Aqar Quf]] somok do [[Baghdad]], nohias no dinondo [[Etemenanki]] id [[Babylon]], [[Chogha Zanbil]] id [[Khūzestān]] om [[Tepe Sialk]]. Otumbayaan o Sumerian do poingion o kinorohingan id sawat do kuil dii, mantad di, imam om soosongulun di bobos pantangon di suai no milo sumuang id kinoyonon dii. Tongotulun Sumeria diti nopo nga' manahak do tulun diti do tutungkap miagal do tuunion, asil pomutanaman om nogi tinunturu patung sambayangan montok mamagayat diolo mion id kuil dii. 

==Sajara==
Hogot zigurat nopo diti nga' naanu mantad ''ziqqurratum'' (kinawas, timpak), id Assyria kuno. Mantad ''zaqārum'', montok maan poingkawaso. [[Ziggurat of Ur]] nopo nga' zigurat [[Neo-Sumerian]] winonsoi di Raja [[Ur-Nammu]], montok patahakon kumaa di [[Nanna/Sîn]] sabaagi tanda do kapamantangan kiikiro do abad ko-21 BC maamaso do [[Dinasti Kotolu do Ur]].<ref name="mesopotamia.co.uk">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/ziggurats/explore/zig.html |title=The Ziggurat of Ur |work=[[British Museum]] |access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref>

==Kotolinahasan==
[[Fail:Ancient ziggurat at Ali Air Base Iraq 2005.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Soboogian fasad winonsoi kawagu om winansayan do tukad montok sumalakoi id [[Zigurat of Ur|Zigurat of Ur]], ii winonsoi kopio di [[Ur-Nammu]], maamaso lobi kuang 2000 Sobolum Masihi]]
[[Fail:Chogha Zanbil, Ziggurat (model).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Chogha Zanbil]] Ziggurat (model). Lobi kuang 1300 Sobolum Masihi]] Winonsoi do [[Sumer]]ian laid [[Akkad]]ian, [[Elamites]], [[Ebla]], and [[Babylon]] o Zigurat montok kotumbayaan sandad. Monikid zigurat nopo nga' soboogian mantad do kuil kompleks i kohompit do winonsoi suai. I minongimpuun do zigurat nopo nga' pinopoinsawat platform maamaso timpu mantad do [[Timpu Ubaid]]{{Sfn|Crawford|1993|p=73}} maamaso do [[Millennium]] koonom Sobolum Masihi. Zigurat nopo nga' nokotimpuun sabaagi platform (koubasan nopo nga' alandui, apat pasagi toi ko' apat pasagi miagal). Zigurat nopo nga' [[Mastaba]] struktur miampai sawat di apatau. [[Bata]] di pinokoring momoguno tadau nopo nga' winonsoi sabaagi lugu do zigurat om pinotoguang o bata diti id soliwan. Monikid laang nopo nga' sorokookoro mantad do laang id siriba dii. Kotoguangon nopo diri nga koubasan no kigalas di mogisuusuai warana om haro [[astrologikal]] signifikan. Kadang-kadang, haro ngaran do raja diti pinosuat id bata kigalas diti. Numbur do simbau nopo nga' nulud mantad duo gisom turu.

Tumanud do puru arkeologi [[Harriet Crawford]],
{{Blockquote|''It is usually assumed that the ziggurats supported a shrine, though the only evidence for this comes from [[Herodotus]], and physical evidence is non-existent&nbsp;... The likelihood of such a shrine ever being found is remote. Erosion has usually reduced the surviving ziggurats to a fraction of their original height, but textual evidence may yet provide more facts about the purpose of these shrines. In the present state of our knowledge it seems reasonable to adopt as a working hypothesis the suggestion that the ziggurats developed out of the earlier temples on platforms and that small shrines stood on the highest stages&nbsp;...''{{Sfn|Crawford|1993|p=85}}}}

Akses kumaa kuil nopo nga' kosiliu do iso siri tanjakan montok iso boogian do zigurat toi ko' tanjakan lingkaran mantad kotimpuunon gisom timpak. Zigurat Mesapotamian nopo nga' okon ko' kinoyonon montok sambayangan publik toi ko' karamayan. Otumbayaan yolo do iri nopo nga' kinoyonon montok [[kinorohingan]], om monikid bandar nopo nga' haro kinorohingan poinsoosondii. Imam di noonuan no kasaga'an id zigurat toi ko' bilik id tapak, om kitonggungan yolo montok mantamong do kinorohingan dii om manahak toinsanan kominagan diolo. Imam nopo dii nga tulun [[Sumer]]ian ii bobos kikuasa om masyarakat do [[Assyro-Babylonian]].

[[Fail:Choqa Zanbil Ziggurat 1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Elam]]ite Ziggurat of Dur Untash id Persian [[Choqa Zanbil]] in [[Khuzestan]], [[Iran]], lobi kuang 1300 Sobolum Masihi]]
Iso zigurat di atamangan kopio nopo nga' [[Chogha Zanbil]] id kabataan do [[Iran]].<ref>{{Cite web |quote=It is the largest ziggurat outside of Mesopotamia and the best preserved of this type of stepped pyramidal monument. |title=Tchogha Zanbil |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/113 |access-date=July 15, 2017 |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> [[Sialk]] id zigurat, id [[Kashan]], [[Iran]], nopo nga' iso zigurat di bobos otuo, winonsoi di osopung alaf ko-3 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |editor1-last=Matthews |editor1-first=R |editor2-last=Nashli |editor2-first=H. F. |year=2013 |title=The Neolithisation of Iran: the formation of new societies |publisher=British Association for Near Eastern Archaeology and Oxbow Books |location=Oxford |page=272}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Fazeli, H. |author2=Beshkani A. |author3=Markosian A. |author4=Ilkani H. |author5=Young R. L. |year=2010 |title=The Neolithic to Chalcolithic Transition in the Qazvin Plain, Iran: Chronology and Subsistence Strategies |journal=Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran and Turan |issue=41 |pages=1–17}}</ref> Reka bontuk zigurat nopo nga' winonsoi mantad do tapak otigas ii pinopoion do kuil, kumaa sinundu matematik om pamansayan ii papahangkum do piipiro simbau om id sawat nopo nga' kuil.

Poomitanan nopo zigurat di ouhan nga Kuil Topurak id [[Uruk]], maamaso [[Sumer]] kuno. Zigurat di nopo nga impohon montok pinoingkakatan do Kuil Topurak. Kitudu iti montok popoinsomok do kuil diti kumaa syurga,{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} om popotounda do akses mantad tana maya do tukad. Otumbayaan o tulun Mesapotamia do kuil piramid diti nopo nga popioput do tawan om pomogunan. I kopiipio nopo, zigurat id Babylon i kingaran do [[Etemenanki]], kirati do "Walai impohon do tawan om pomogunan]] id suang do boros [[Sumeria]]. 

Tadauwulan pinamansayan nopo nga au noilaan, miampai tadauwulan di pinosogu nopo nga abad kohopod om apat gisom kosiam Sobolum Masihi, miampai bukti teks di popokito kaharaan id milenium kumoduo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=George |first=Andrew R. |year=2007 |url=http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/3858/2/TowerOfBabel.AfO.pdf |title=The Tower of Babel: Archaeology, history, and cuneiform texts |journal=Archiv für Orientforschung |issue=51 |volume=2005/2006 |pages=75–95}}</ref> Hali pia miagal di, au ogumu impohon do noolu mantad struktur tagayo diti, nga kinorubaan arkeologi om ponuatan sajara popoili do menara diti  id apat taang mogikaakawo warana, id sawat dau nopo nga haro kuil di olumis kopio kokitanan. Kuil diti nogi nga noritan do naca'at no om pinakakal o warana [[Indigo]], kopisudong miampai boogian sawat do taang. Noilaan nogi do kiwaa tolu tukad kumaa kuil, duo mantad dii (piniapit miampaping) roitan sabaagi do koinsawat sampapas no mantad kinawas zigurat.

==Pokomoyon om kapansalan==
[[Fail:قصر الزقورة.jpg|thumb|[[Bongunan Al Zaqura]] id Baghdad, winonsoi di toun 1970-an]]
Tumanud di [[Herodotus]], id boogian sawat monikid zigurat nopo nga haro o kuil, sundung aiso iso pia mantad kuil i noolu.{{Sfn|Crawford|1993|p=73}} Iso fungsi praktikal zigurat nopo nga kinoyonon takawas hinonggo tongoimam kaanu mogidu mantad waig di minkawas monikid toun, om momolondod do tana tosiriba om momoluyud kinoyonon soginayo ratusan kilometer, poomitanan, luyud 1967.<ref>Aramco World Magazine, Mac–April 1968, ms. 32–33</ref> Iso kaagu fungsi praktikal zigurat nopo nga montok koumoligan. Gama do aanu o kuil diti akseson momoguno tolu tukad,{{Sfn|Crawford|1993|p=75}} piipiro mongungumolig milo mogodu do tulun okon ko' imam mantad monuluku doo upacara id kuil id sawat do zigurat, miagal do ritual kotimpuunan miagal do [[misteri Eleusinian]], mogonsok taakanon korban om montutud to tayam korban. Monikid zigurat nopo nga soboogian mantad kompleks kuil i kohompit no liwang, linimput poopian, linimput ponsuan om tionon, id posorili nopo nga haro ido bandar,{{Sfn|Oppenheim|1977|pages=112, 326–328}} om kinoyonon do tulun montok sumambayang. Iti nogi nga iso struktur di osundu.

== Pongaruh ==
[[Fail:P^O Ferries, Channel View Road - geograph.org.uk - 3719771.jpg|thumb|Bongunan P&O id [[Port of Dover]].]]
Ponuatan alkitabiah kokomoi [[Menara Babel]] pinoungkait miampai [[Ulama]] nokoburu miampai goos do pamansayan saragaagayo do zigurat [[Mesopotamia]],<ref name="Harris 2002 50–51">{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Stephen L.|title=Understanding the Bible|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill|McGraw-Hill]]|year=2002|isbn =9780767429160|pages=50–51|author-link=Stephen L. Harris}}</ref> om khusus montok zigurat [[Etemenanki]] id [[Babylon]] gama do Menara Babel Stele<ref>{{Cite web|title=MS 2063 - The Schoyen Collection|url=https://www.schoyencollection.com/history-collection-introduction/babylonian-history-collection/tower-babel-stele-ms-2063| access-date=2020-07-30|website=www.schoyencollection.com|language=en-gb}}</ref> popotolinahas ponondulian i winonsoi di [[Nebuchadnezzar II]].

Tumanud piipiro surupu sajara reka bontuk [[piramid Mesir]], lobi-lobi po reka bontuk mogisiisimbau piramid bobos totuo ([[Piramid Zoser]] id [[Saqqara]], 2600 BCE), evolusi mantad zigurat i winonsoi id Mesapotamia kanto.<ref>"The stepped design of the Pyramid of Zoser at Saqqara, the oldest known pyramid along the Nile, suggests that it was borrowed from the Mesopotamian ziggurat concept." in {{Cite book |last1=Held |first1=Colbert C. (University of Nebraska) |title=Middle East Patterns, Student Economy Edition: Places, People, and Politics |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-96199-1 |page=63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOlgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 |language=en |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415042218/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOlgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 |url-status=live }}</ref> Karait o tulun suai do Piramid Zoser om Piramid Mesir di osopung kopio nopo nga naanu mantad pamalabangan di [[Mastaba]], i kibontuk do tirikohonon.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ErYsEAAAQBAJ&dq=pyramids&pg=PA44 How the Great Pyramid Was Built By Craig B. Smith]</ref><ref>"The earliest pyramid was the step pyramid of Djoser (2668-2649 BCE) at Saqqara, and was an evolution of the traditional [[Mastaba]] tomb, a bench-shaped superstructure" in {{Cite book |last1=Booth |first1=Charlotte |title=How to Survive in Ancient Egypt |date=29 April 2020 |publisher=Pen and Sword History |isbn=978-1-5267-5352-6 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvjtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |language=en}}</ref>

Bontuk zigurat nopo nga nakawaya koingkakaton id suang do inus winonsoi nokoburu om [[inus winonsoi Brutalis]] antakan di toun 1970-an. [[Bongunan Al Zaqura]] nopo nga bongunan karajaan i poinladsong id [[Baghdad]]. Borkhidmat iti sabaagi do upis kumaa [[luguan montiri id Iraq]]. Tua' pomusarahan kinapamansayan do [[Hotel Babylon]] id Baghdad nopo nga mantad zigurat. [[Bongunan Koisaan Chet Holifield]] ointutunan sabaagi do "zigurat" gama do bontuk dau. Iti nopo nga bongunan karajaan [[Amerika Syarikat]] id [[Laguna Niguel]], [[California]], winonsoi id pialatan do toun 1968 om 1971. Poomitanan potilombus kohompit no [[The Ziggurat]] id [[Kotonobon Sacramento]], California, om [[Bongunan SIS]] id London.

==Intangai nogi==
*[[:Category:Ziggurat style modern architecture]]
*[[Minoan palace]]
*[[Mound]]
*[[Pyramid]]
*[[Stupa]]

==Sukuon==
===Potikan===
{{Reflist}}

===Toud===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |first=A. Leo |last=Oppenheim |title=Ancient Mesopotamia |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=1977 |isbn=0-226-63187-7}}
* {{Cite book |first=Malachi |last=Tillison |title=Sumer and the Sumerians |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |year=1993 |isbn=0-521-38850-3}}
* {{Cite book |first=Harriet |last=Crawford |author-link=Harriet Crawford |title=Sumer and the Sumerians |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |year=1993 |isbn=0-521-38850-3}}
{{Refend}}

==Pambasaan potilombus==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |first1=J.A. |last1=Black |first2=A. |last2=Green |chapter=Ziggurat |title=Dictionary of the Ancient Near East |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bienkowski |editor2-first=A. |editor2-last=Millard |location=London |publisher=British Museum |pages=327–328}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Roger B. |first2=Linda |last2=Black |first3=Larry S. |last3=Krieger |first4=Phillip C. |last4=Naylor |author5=Dahia Ibo Shabaka |title=World History: Patterns of Interaction |publisher=McDougal Littell |year=1999 |location=Evanston, IL |isbn=0-395-87274-X}}
* {{Cite journal |first=T. |last=Busink |title=L´origine et évolution de la ziggurat babylonienne |journal=Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux |volume=21 |year=1970 |pages=91–141}}
* {{Cite journal |first=R. |last=Chadwick |title=Calendars, Ziggurats, and the Stars |journal=The Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies Bulletin |location=Toronto |volume=24 |date=November 1992 |pages=7–24}}
* {{Cite book |first=R.G. |last=Killick |chapter=Ziggurat |title=The Dictionary of Art |editor-first=J. |editor-last=Turner |location=New York & London |publisher=Macmillan |volume=33 |pages=675–676}}
* {{Cite book |last=Leick |first=Gwendolyn |title=Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2002 |isbn=0-14-026574-0}}
* {{Cite book |first=H.J. |last=Lenzen |title=Die Entwicklung der Zikurrat von ihren Anfängen bis zur Zeit der III. Dynastie von Ur |location=Leipzig |year=1942}}
* {{Cite book |author1-link=Michael Roaf |first=M. |last=Roaf |title=Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East |location=New York |year=1990 |pages=104–107}}
* {{Cite book |first=E.C. |last=Stone |chapter=Ziggurat |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East |editor-first=E.M. |editor-last=Meyers |location=New York & Oxford |publisher=Oxford |year=1997 |volume=5 |pages=390–391}}
{{Refend}}

==Noputan labus==
{{Commons category|Ziggurats}}
*[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/113 UNESCO Heritage site for Choqa Zanbil ziggurat, Iran.]
*[http://www.iranian.com/History/2004/April/Sialk/index.html Article on the status of Sialk ziggurat, Iran.]

{{Authority control}}
{{Ancient Mesopotamia topics}}


[[Category:Ziggurats| ]]
[[Category:Sumerian art and architecture]]
[[Category:Babylonia]]
[[Category:Pyramids in Asia]]
[[Category:Ancient Near East temples]]
[[Category:Archaeology of Iraq]]
[[Category:Earth structures]]
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