- Vienna
Albert Kraler
Danube University Krems, Migration and Globalization, Faculty Member
Almost 20 years ago, UNHCR coined the term ‘protracted refugee situations’ to draw attention to the plight of refugees in extended exile and to promote durable solutions. However, the search for solutions for persons in longer-term... more
Almost 20 years ago, UNHCR coined the term ‘protracted refugee situations’ to draw attention to the plight of refugees in extended exile and to promote durable solutions. However, the search for solutions for persons in longer-term displacement has been at the heart of the international refugee protection regime ever since its beginnings in the early 1920s. What is more, in several major crises of displacement, mobility options have been a major component of successful strategies to resolve these situations. The emergence of a new term thus highlighted, more than anything else, the failure of the international protection regime to deliver a key promise, namely that displaced persons should be able to regain a degree of normality and to rebuild their lives
This working paper examines the history of the search for solutions to protracted displacement. Focusing specifically on the Horn of Africa, East Africa, the Middle East and South Asia, the paper analyses past policy responses that... more
This working paper examines the history of the search for solutions to protracted displacement. Focusing specifically on the Horn of Africa, East Africa, the Middle East and South Asia, the paper analyses past policy responses that explicitly or implicitly address situations of extended exile. In addition, the paper examines the potential of translocal mobility and connectivity as an individual- or household-level solution to displacement. The concern to find solutions for long-term displacement situations has been a key driver for the evolution of the international refugee protection regime ever since its initiation in the interwar period. Yet, only more recently have these efforts crystallised around the notions of 'durable solutions' and 'protracted displacement'. The emergence of the latter concept in the 1990s reflects challenges arising from the globalisation of the international refugee protection regime, the massive growth of displacement in the Global South ...
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Research Interests: Jordan, Democracy, Ethiopia, Italy, Greece, and 15 moreEurope, Federal Republic of Germany, Europa, International Comparison, Displacement, Flight, Griechenland, Italien, Flüchtlingspolitik, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Äthiopien, Demokratische Republik Kongo, Internally Displaced Person, and Flucht
Disclaimer: The content of this report is the exclusive responsibility of its author. It does not necessarily reflect the views of the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) and should not be relied upon as a... more
Disclaimer: The content of this report is the exclusive responsibility of its author. It does not necessarily reflect the views of the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) and should not be relied upon as a statement of ICMPD‘s views.
'Family migration' and 'integration' are intimately related concepts in policy discourses in Europe today. Assumptions about the relation between 'family migration' and 'integration' play a crucial... more
'Family migration' and 'integration' are intimately related concepts in policy discourses in Europe today. Assumptions about the relation between 'family migration' and 'integration' play a crucial role in shaping policies. This special issue aims to examine the axis between 'family migration', 'policy', and 'integration', both from a policy perspective, and from the perspective of individuals engaged in family migration. In this introduction, we first discuss scholarly work on family migration policies in Europe, which analyses how policies and discourses on family migration and integration participate in the politics of belonging. Second, we explore the fragmented and incomplete insights offered by existing research about the actual relation between family migration and migrant integration.
Family migration and integration are intimately related concepts in contemporary policy discourses in major migrant receiving countries. In these discourses, both family related migration as such and the migrant family as an institution... more
Family migration and integration are intimately related concepts in contemporary policy discourses in major migrant receiving countries. In these discourses, both family related migration as such and the migrant family as an institution are problematised with regard to their relation to integration. These policy discourses have led to a flurry of policy measures aimed at shaping patterns of family migration, family practices associated with migrant families in public debates (such as forced marriages) and the ‘quality’ of family migrants more generally. In addition, these policy discourses have contributed to a proliferation of studies on various aspects of family migration, family practices of migrant communities and family migration policies.
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Research Interests: Sociology, Demography, European Studies, Anthropology, Employment Law, and 14 morePolitical Science, Migration, International Migration, Undocumented Immigration, Employment, Spain, Belgium, Citizenship, Amnesties, International Migration and Immigration Policy, Germany, Austria, Employers, and Socio Legal Studies
Environmentally induced migration has gained increasing attention from researchers, activists and the media in recent years. While there is a broad consensus that environmental factors can play an important role in relation to human... more
Environmentally induced migration has gained increasing attention from researchers, activists and the media in recent years. While there is a broad consensus that environmental factors can play an important role in relation to human mobility, there has been no agreement on how environmental factors impact migration, forced migration and displacement and how much weight should be given to environmental factors as opposed to other drivers of migration. Global debates on policy responses to environmentally induced migration have particularly focused on displacement induced by environmental change and on how individuals displaced by environmental events can be protected through international instruments. More recently, there has also been increased interest in the role of the European Union (EU), especially in terms of EU policies on migration and asylum.
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Als Reaktion auf Appelle, die dazu aufriefen, Migrant/innen in Krisenzeiten weltweit besser zu schutzen und zu unterstutzen, wurde 2014 die Initiative Migrants in Countries in Crisis (MICIC) ins Leben gerufen, und zwar unter anderem von... more
Als Reaktion auf Appelle, die dazu aufriefen, Migrant/innen in Krisenzeiten weltweit besser zu schutzen und zu unterstutzen, wurde 2014 die Initiative Migrants in Countries in Crisis (MICIC) ins Leben gerufen, und zwar unter anderem von Peter Sutherland, dem UN-Sonderbeauftragten fur Migration. Im ersten Teil dieses Kapitels zeichnen wir die Entstehung der MICIC-Initiative nach und stellen sie vor dem Hintergrund von drei eng miteinander verflochtenen, gleichwohl unterschiedlichen Debatten dar: der Debatte uber Migrant/innen in Konfliktsituationen, der Debatte uber von Naturkatastrophen betroffene Migrant/innen und der Debatte uber in Transitlandern gestrandete Migrant/innen. Im zweiten Teil des Kapitels untersuchen wir anhand einer vergleichenden Studie zu sechs Krisensituationen, die vom International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) in Zusammenarbeit mit dem International Migration Institute an der Universitat Oxford durchgefuhrt und von der Europaischen Union fina...
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Generally speaking, “migration” in its broadest meaning – spatial mobility – can be regarded as part of the human condition. As with other social processes, forms, scale and directions of migration are heavily influenced by the political,... more
Generally speaking, “migration” in its broadest meaning – spatial mobility – can be regarded as part of the human condition. As with other social processes, forms, scale and directions of migration are heavily influenced by the political, economic, cultural, ecological and the social context in which migration occurs (Bade 2000, 11). Yet, not only are actual processes of migration shaped by broader historical forces; also the way migration (and spatial mobility more generally) is perceived, represented, and thus, socially (re-)constructed is similarly subject to history, or more precisely, historically, geographically and culturally variable “paradigms” of thought as well as specific “traditions” of thought within particular societies or social formations (e.g. science). Often, however, discourses on migration are more than just about migration; rather than employed as a factual reference to a particular more or less well defined social phenomenon, references to migration (or mobili...
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Clanek se venuje promene pojeti zamestnani v ramci regularizacnich politik ve Spanelsku, Francii, Rakousku, Belgii a Nemecku. Vzrustajici význam zamestnani jako podminky legalniho pobytu cizince v Evrope a regularizace jeho statusu odraži... more
Clanek se venuje promene pojeti zamestnani v ramci regularizacnich politik ve Spanelsku, Francii, Rakousku, Belgii a Nemecku. Vzrustajici význam zamestnani jako podminky legalniho pobytu cizince v Evrope a regularizace jeho statusu odraži zmeny v migracnim diskursu. Migrant si zaslouži, aby byl jeho pobyt legalizovan, pokud je ekonomickým prinosem pro spolecnost, nikoli proto, že nelegalni status jej cini zranitelným. Resume clanku, který vyjde v International Migration, 2013.
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European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) Schwarzenbergplatz 11 1040 Wien Austria Tel.: +43 (0) 1 580 30 0 Fax: +43 (0) 1 580 30 691 Email: information@fra.europa.eu fra.europa.eu facebook.com/fundamentalrights... more
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) Schwarzenbergplatz 11 1040 Wien Austria Tel.: +43 (0) 1 580 30 0 Fax: +43 (0) 1 580 30 691 Email: information@fra.europa.eu fra.europa.eu facebook.com/fundamentalrights twitter.com/EURightsAgency This report provides a comparative overview and analysis of data and information documenting discrimination in the workplaces and labour markets across the EU. It highlights developments that occurred between 2003 and 2008, and assesses the lack of data with a view to developing strategies to improve data availability and comparability at the EU level. While the total number of complaints of discrimination reported and processed has increased as a direct consequence of the implementation of the Equality Directives in the EU Member States, there are still barriers for victims that need to be reduced. The report highlights persistent patterns of inequality between migrants and minority groups in the labour market and the overall majority popu...
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This working paper offers a well-written and most comprehensive overview on regularisation.'Regularisation'is defined as any state procedures through which non-nationals who are illegally residing or are otherwise in breach of... more
This working paper offers a well-written and most comprehensive overview on regularisation.'Regularisation'is defined as any state procedures through which non-nationals who are illegally residing or are otherwise in breach of national immigration ...
The article gives a review and critical discussion of contemporary theories of migration. It investigates the political and social reasons for theorizing migration, the different contexts, which were important for the emerging approaches.... more
The article gives a review and critical discussion of contemporary theories of migration. It investigates the political and social reasons for theorizing migration, the different contexts, which were important for the emerging approaches. Although this branch of research is so strongly influenced, the authors observe certain progress in migration theories.
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Generally speaking, "migration" in its broadest meaning - spatial mobility - can be regarded as part of the human condition. As with other social processes, forms, scale and directions of migration are heavily influenced by the... more
Generally speaking, "migration" in its broadest meaning - spatial mobility - can be regarded as part of the human condition. As with other social processes, forms, scale and directions of migration are heavily influenced by the political, economic, cultural, ecological and the social context in which migration occurs (Bade 2000, 11). Yet, not only are actual processes of migration shaped
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The past 15 years have seen a growing number of studies investigating how migrants’ legal status affects their employment. Typically, this literature tends to view legal restrictions, conditions and opportunities as parts of a wider... more
The past 15 years have seen a growing number of studies investigating how migrants’ legal status affects their employment. Typically, this literature tends to view legal restrictions, conditions and opportunities as parts of a wider political opportunity structure circumscribing migrants’ agency
and their ability to secure gainful employment. But the reverse question – the effects of employment on residential legality –
has hardly been broached. This thematic cluster focuses on the role of employment for the legal status of non-nationals in Europe and the many ways in which work has come to determine migrant citizenship.
and their ability to secure gainful employment. But the reverse question – the effects of employment on residential legality –
has hardly been broached. This thematic cluster focuses on the role of employment for the legal status of non-nationals in Europe and the many ways in which work has come to determine migrant citizenship.
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Recent programs to regularize undocumented migrants suggest the increasing role of employment as a requirement for foreigners to legally reside in Europe. Taking as illustrations the cases of Spain, France, Austria, Belgium and Germany,... more
Recent programs to regularize undocumented migrants suggest the increasing role of employment as a requirement for foreigners to legally reside in Europe. Taking as illustrations the cases of Spain, France, Austria, Belgium and Germany, this article examines how regularization policies frame work. Employment provisions follow a civic-performance frame that breaks with the criterion of vulnerability. While secure forms of employment paying standard wages are privileged, the crisis has made such jobs even less accessible to migrants seeking to regularize or maintain their status. Residence permits granted through legalization have become increasingly temporary and conditional, often involving repeated transitions in and out of illegality. A vicious circle of “disintegration” thus threatens to set in where employment precariousness becomes both the source and the consequence of legal precariousness.